Adrenal Gland Past Paper PDF

The Adrenal Gland Last Endocrine Lecture: Lecture 4 Dr. Christine Bell Office Hours: Thurs 10:15-11:15 AM on Zoom  Learning Objectives 1. How is the adrenal gland organized and what hormones are produced where? 2. What does each hormone do? 3. What is the feedback pathway...

The Adrenal Gland Last Endocrine Lecture: Lecture 4 Dr. Christine Bell Office Hours: Thurs 10:15-11:15 AM on Zoom  Learning Objectives 1. How is the adrenal gland organized and what hormones are produced where? 2. What does each hormone do? 3. What is the feedback pathway modulating levels of cortisol? 4. What are the effects of cortisol on the body? 5. What happens when cortisol is not properly regulated? 6. What are glucocorticoids and how are they used as therapeutics? 7. What are some of the effects of increased epinephrine on the body? The adrenal gland This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY The adrenal gland: Organization of Tissue Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis Adrenal Medula The adrenal gland: Hormones Class of Hormone Example Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone – acts on Zona Glomerulosa (regulate mineral balance kidney to increase Na+ – ex. Na+) reabsorption Glucocorticoids (regulates Cortisol, Corticosterone glucose metabolism) – acts on Zona Fasciculata Androgens Dehydroepiandrosterone (regulates testosterone) –when turned on, will Zona Reticularis Estrogen stimulate armpit hair Progesteron growth Adrenal Medulla Stress hormones – Epinephrin (stimulates sympathetic Norepinephrin nervous system)  The adrenal gland - Structure of hormones is based on cholesterol Cholesterol The structure images here are for context. They are not content. Do not memorize these structures  Hormones of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Target Tissues The adrenal gland – Cortisol regulation - CRH Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary ACTH - Cortisol Zona Fasciculata  Cortisol Levels Cortisol Regulation CRH - + ACTH - + Cortisol p. 69/70  Cortisol Widespread Action Cortisol Muscle Adipose Protein catabolism Lipolysis Proteins Triglycerides Amino Acids Glycerol + effects on bone Fatty acids  Cortisol Widespread Action Gluconeogenesis Liver Protein degradation Muscle Other substrates Fat breakdown Glycerol Adipose (lipolysis) Amino Acids Glucose Cortisol Widespread Action Cortisol Immune system Liver Immune Gluconeogenesis suppression Impacts blood glucose  Cortisol: widespread actions Cortisol Widespread Action Cortisol Muscle Adipose Immune system Liver Immune Protein catabolism Lipolysis Gluconeogenesis suppression Proteins Triglycerides Amino Acids Glycerol Impacts blood glucose + effects on bone Fatty acids p. 71  Cushing’s Disease: Hypersecretion of Cortisol Gluconeogenesis Liver Protein degradation Muscle Fat breakdown (lipolysis) Adipose Anti-inflammatory Immune cells q hyperglycemia q muscle wasting (atrophy) and weakness q thinning skin with tearing q stunted growth and osteoporosis q increased infections, adipose redistribution What are Glucocorticoids? Use: Suppression of allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, acute transplant rejections; Pain relief – cortisone shot for joint pain. Can be given as replacement therapy as well. What are Glucocorticoids? Examples – Context not content – do not memorize  What are Glucocorticoids? Side Effects Side Effects: increased appetite – potentially leading to weight gain acne thinned skin that bruises easily increased risk of infections mood changes, mood swings and depression diabetes high blood pressure osteoporosis (weak and brittle bones) withdrawal symptoms caused by suppression of the adrenal glands Information: NHSinform  The Adrenal Medulla The Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine: A fight and flight hormone Type of hormone: a hydrophilic amine (catecholamine) Trigger for release: Sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system Target tissue effects: increases gluconeogenesis increases heart rate relaxes lung airways increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels MEDULLA EPINEPHRIN MEDULLA p. 73  Learning Objectives 1. How is the adrenal gland organized and what hormones are produced where? 3 layers- each producing a specific type of hormone 2. What does each hormone do? Review hormones and targets 3. What is the feedback pathway modulating levels of cortisol? CRH to ACTH to Cortisol 4. What are the effects of cortisol on the body? Muscle, adipose, immune, liver 5. What happens when cortisol is not properly regulated? Cushing’s 6. What are glucocorticoids and how are they used as therapeutics? Mimic Cortisol, many effects 7. What are some of the effects of increased epinephrine on the body? SNS effects, recall ANS lecture