Power Supplies and Cases - Computer Hardware PDF

Power Supplies and Cases  Learning Objectives Explain the basics of electricity Describe the details about powering the PC Install, maintain and troubleshoot power supplies Learn about computer cases  Powering the PC requires a power supply unit(PSU) that transforms electricity to...

Power Supplies and Cases  Learning Objectives Explain the basics of electricity Describe the details about powering the PC Install, maintain and troubleshoot power supplies Learn about computer cases  Powering the PC requires a power supply unit(PSU) that transforms electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components. Converts AC to low voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a desktop computer. Understanding Electricity Electricity is simply a flow of negatively charged particles, called electrons, through matter. - type of energy that consists of the movement of electrons between two points when there is a potential difference between them. Volts(V)- pressure of the electrons in the wire is called voltage. Amperes(Amps or A)- amount of electrons moving past a certain point is called current or amperage. Wattage(watts or W)- amount of amps and volts needed by a particular device to function. Resistance(ohms Ω)- resistance to the flow of electrons.  A wire can only handles a certain amount of electricity. If to much electricity is pushed the wire may overheat and break. To make sure the right wire for the job, all electrical wires have an amperage rating, such as 20 amps. Circuit breakers and ground wires provide basic protection from accidental overflow. Circuit breaker- a heat-sensitive electrical switch rated at a certain amperage. Ground wire- provides a path of least resistance of electrons to flow back to the ground in case of an accidental overflow.  AC and DC AC- Alternating current DC- Direct current  Powering the PC Supplying AC The power supply connects to the power cord via standard IEC-320 connector. Before plugging anything into an AC outlet, take a moment to test the outlet first using a multimeter. Multimeter- volt-ohm meter(VOM) or digital multimeter(DMM) enables you to measure a number of different aspects of electrical current. Using Special Equipment to Test AC Voltage A number of good AC-only testing devices are available. These devices can test the voltages for an AC outlet. Surge Suppressors Surges or spikes are more dangerous than sags. A strong sag only shuts off or reboots your PC- any surge can harm your computer, and a strong surge destroys components. Every PC should use a surge suppressor device that absorbs the extra voltage from a surge to protect the PC.  A Joule is a unit of electrical energy. Joules are used to describe how much energy a surge suppressor can handle before it fails. While protecting your system, surge suppressors also come from telephone and cable connections. If you want a great surge suppression, you need to move up to power conditioning. Power conditioning- devices that serve to deliver a desired voltage to an electric load.  UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply(UPS)- protects your computer in the event of a power sag or outage. A type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. All UPS are both measured in watts and volt-amps(VA). Smart UPS- Ensures an optimally balanced and matched current supply to any load. Power to the Motherboard Modern motherboard use a 20-or 24-pin PI power connector. Some motherboards may require special 4-, 6-, or 8-pin connectors to supply extra power. Power to Peripherals: Molex, Mini, and SATA Many different devices inside the PC require power. These include hard drives, floppy drives, CD- and DVD-media drivers, and more. Molex Connectors - Common power connection for devices that need 5 or 12v of power. - Has notches called, chamfers that guide it’s installation. - providing power to the motherboard, fans, floppy disk drive, CD/DVD drive, video card, some older hard drive models, and more. Mini Connectors - A second type of connector - Often referred to as floppy power connectors. SATA Power Connectors(Serial ATA) - SATA (also referred to as Serial ATA) stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment, an industry-standard bus interface for connecting a computer's host bus adapter to storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDD), optical drives and solid-state drives (SSD). - SATA connectors are L-shaped , making it almost impossible to insert one incorrectly into a SATA drive. Splitters and Adapters - Splitters create more connection. - There are some cases where you need a SATA connector but have a spare molex. A simple adapter will take care of the problem.  ATX Has 2 distinguishing physical features - Motherboard power connector - Soft power Motherboard power came from a single cable with 20-pin P1 motherboard power connector. ATX power supplies also have atleast 2 other cables, each with two or more Molex or mini connectors for peripheral power. The power switch on an ATX system simply tells the computer whether it has been pressed. The BIOS or operating system takes over from turning the PC on or off. This is called soft power. Soft power prevents a user from turning off a system before the operating system’s shut down, enables PC to use power saving mode. All important settings for ATX soft power reside in CMOS setup.  ATX 12v 1.3 - First widespread update to the ATX standard, came out in 2003. - Introduced 4-pin motherboard power connector, unofficially but commonly called P4. The term “ATX” was dropped from the ATX power standard. The ATX12v 1.3 standard also introduced a 6-pin auxiliary connector commonly called an AUX connector to supply 3.3 and 5.0v current to the motherboard. The introduction of these two extra power connectors caused some problems, in particular in the AMD CPUs. The biggest flaw with ATX12v was its lack of teeth.  EPS 12v Server motherboards are thirsty for power and sometimes ATX12v 1.3 just didn’t cut it. An industry group called Server System Infrastructure(SSI) developed a non-ATX motherboard and power supply called EPS12v. The EPS12v power supply came with a 24-pin main motherboard power connector. It also came with a AUX connector, an ATX12v P4 connector, and 8-pin connector. Rails- term used to describe individual voltages within a power supply. In ATX12V PSUs 3.3V, 5V, 5Vsb, -12V, and +12V rails are present. Some manufacturers break the +12V into further separations for safety purposes, as described in the ATX12V. ATX 12v 2.0 - Has 24-pin connector, it is backward compatible with the older 20-pin connectors. - Requires two 12v rails for any power supply rated higher than 230 watts. - Dropped AUX connector and required SATA hard drive connectors. Other notable additional connectors is a 6-pin PCI Express(PCIe) connector. Some motherboards add a Molex socket for PCIe, and some cards come with a Molex socket as well. Higher end cards have a dedicated 6-pin connector. - Niche Market Supply Form Factors The demand for smaller and quiter PCs and, to a lesser extent. The rise of the BTX form factor has led to the development of a number of niche market power supply form factors. TFX12v- Small power form factor optimized for low-profile ATX systems. SFX12v- Small power form factor optimized for system using FlexATX motherboards. CFX12v- L-shaped power supply optimized for microBTX systems. LFX12v- Small power form factor optimized for low-profile BTX systems. Active PFC- comprised of a switching regulator operating at a high switching frequency, being able to generate a theoretical power factor of over 95%. It automatically corrects for AC input voltage, and is capable of a wide range of input voltage. Wattage Requirements Every device in a PC requires a certain amount of wattage in order to function. If the power supply cannot provide the required wattage needed the PC won’t work properly Examples of wattage requirements: Hard drives need 15 watts of power. Some Athlon 64 X2 CPU needs a whopping 110 watts at peak usage, with average use it needs around 70 watts.  Installing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting Power Supplies  Installing A typical power supply connects to the PC with 4 standard computer screws mounted. Unscrew the 4 screws and the power supply lifts out easily. Insert a new power supply, attach it using the same screws. ATX power supplies require special consideration. ATX power supply never turns off, as long as that power supply is connected to a power outlet. Always unplug it before doing any work.  Cooling Heat in computers are not ideal that’ why there are power supply fans that provide basic cooling for the PC. A dead power supply fan can quickly cause problems, even equipment failure. Some power supplies come with a built-in heat sensor to help regulate airflow. Cooling is the process of preventing the PC from overheating. Maintaining Airflow Computer cases helps fans keep things cool. An enclose case is more better than an open one, reason being for the fans to create airflow. The typical layout of case fans, it is located near the bottom of the front bezel of the case. Another important part in maintaining good airflow is ensuring all empty expansion bays are covered by slot covers. Slot cover not only maintain steady airflow, it also helps keep dust and smoke out your case. Reducing Fan Noise To reduce fan noise getting a manually adjustable-speed fans, larger fans, or quiet fans are some choices to go to. Many adjustable fans have a little knob you can turn to speed up or slow down. Larger fans that spin slower are another way to reduce noise, while maintaining good airflow. When Power Supplies Die Power supplies fail in 2 ways sudden death and slowly over time. When the power supply dies suddenly, first verify if electricity is getting power to the power supply. Assuming the system has electricity, to know if the power supply is working or not check the voltage coming out the power supply with a multimeter. No Motherboard If you don’t have a motherboard you trust to test, first try an ATX tester. Switches Broken power switches form occasional source of problems for power supplies that fail to start. Try shorting the soft power jumpers, a key or screwdriver will do the trick. Fuses and Fire If your power supply suddenly pops and stops working, looking inside it is not a good choice. If a power supply is malfunctioning inside, you want that fuse to blow. Class A- Ordinary free-burning combustible, such as wood or paper. Class B- Flammable liquids, such as gasoline, solvents, or paint Class C- Live electrical equipment. It Glows!! People has been modding their PCs in many ways, but the power supply is always being left out. Visiting stores like Directron.com which provide a variety of power supplies. Modular Power Supply A modular or configurable power supply consists of premade power supply units (PSUs) that can be combined and configured by the vendor or in the field to suit your specific needs. Rail Power When using a powerful CPU or video cards you can run to a problem called rail power. It is the lack of power being supplied or there is only a certain amount of power can be provided.  Cases A computer case, also known as a computer chassis, is the enclosure that contains most of the hardware of a personal computer. The components housed inside the case are referred as the internal hardware, while hardware outside the case (typically cable-linked or plug-and-play devices such as the display, speakers, keyboard, mouse and USB flash drives) are known as peripherals. Cases can come in many different sizes and shapes, which are usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard since it is physically the largest hardware component in most computers. Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and blade servers may include precise external dimensions as well since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures. QUIZ TIME!!!  Group Quiz General Gist The class will be divided into 2 groups which they will answer questions regarding the topic discussed. There will be 10 questions/ 10 round, which the groups will provide their chosen participant every round to answer(Note: once a participant has answered they can’t answer on the following rounds). How to answer?? Once the groups has their chosen participant a question will be viewed and the participant who is faster to write their answer on the white board will gain points. Mechanics for answering For the participants answering, a question will be viewed, then before writing they should wait until the presenters say the word “GO”. Once done answering the participants shall raise their hand for the presenters to know that they are done. Pointing system: Answered correctly and was first = 2 points Answered correctly but second = 1 point Wrong answer = 0 points Answered first but wrong = 0 points The first participant’s answer was wrong, the second was correct = 2 points Wrongly spelled correct answer = 0 points Total points to be collected = 20 points 1. What are the meanings of AC and DC respectively? Alternating current and Direct current 2. Transforms electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components.(Full name) Power Supply Unit  3. It is a type of energy that consists of the movement of electrons between two points when there is a potential difference between them. Electricity  4. It protects your computer in the event of a power sag or outage.(Full name) Uninterruptible Power Supply  5. It is an industry-standard bus interface for connecting a computer's host bus adapter to storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDD), optical drives and solid-state drives (SSD). Has the abbreviation of SATA. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment  6. It prevents a user from turning off a system before the operating system’s shut down, enables PC to use power saving mode. Soft Power  7. It is the first widespread update to the ___ standard, came out in 2003. It introduced 4-pin motherboard power connector, unofficially but commonly called P4. ATX 12v 1.3  8. It consists of premade power supply units (PSUs) that can be combined and configured by the vendor or in the field to suit your specific needs. Modular Power Supply  9. It is the enclosure that contains most of the hardware of a personal computer. Computer case or Computer Chassis 10. It is the process of preventing the PC from overheating. Cooling THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND PARTICIPATING! Presenters: Joshua Eperon Marvin Olivar Dhavon Requiña