Portfolio (4).pdf

2019 Capstone Portfolio 1 Group 21108 Alpha The Leader Mohamed Wael Team Researcher Adham Mohamed Designer Yousef Ahmed...

2019 Capstone Portfolio 1 Group 21108 Alpha The Leader Mohamed Wael Team Researcher Adham Mohamed Designer Yousef Ahmed Writer Ramy Said Presenter Fares Ayman 2  Table of Contents Introduction ………………………………………. (4) Egypt Grand Challenges ………………………… (5) Problem to be solved ………………………….... (31) Research ………………………………………... (39) Prior solutions ………………………………….... (44) Design requirements ……………………………. (58) Selection of solution …………………………….. (60) Selection of prototype ………………………….. (63) Materials and methods ……………………...…... (65) Test plan ……………….……………………….. (68) Data collection ……………….…………………. (69) Analysis ………………………………………… (71) Recommendation ……………………………….. (73) Learning out comes ……………………………. (74) Citation ………..…………………………….... (78) 3  Introduction - In stem schools, every semester there is a project it is called capstone it is based on the grand challenges which Egypt faces. This semester our capstone challenge was to deal with two of Egypt grand challenges which are urban congestion and population grows. The main challenge of the capstone was to find a way to make connection with two places which have a water surface between them, and in the next few pages we will tell you more about the grand challenges which faces Egypt, the main problems of our capstone, the prior solutions for it, our solution for the problem and how we will build it 4  Egypt Grand Challenges 1- Alternative Energy 2- Recycling 3- Urban Congestion 9- Improve Scientific and Technological 4- Public Health Issues Environment for All 5- Industrial and agriculture 10-Reduce and Adapt to the Effect of bases of Egypt the climate change 6- The Pollution 11-Arid Areas 7- increase the sources of clean water 8- Population Growth 5  1- ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES - Energy is very important in people’s daily life. Without energies, man cannot do anything in his life. Energy gives people a push to do their work. In the past, there were many traditional sources of energy as petrol, natural gas, coal…etc. and as a result there was a lot of pollution that caused a lot of problems. But now the world has more technology than the past. Now there’s a new type of energy which is called ALTERNATIVE ENERGY. Alternative energy is the energy which is generated from a natural source that is not depleted when it is used. It gained its popularity because it does not harm the environment. The renewable energy is growing successfully worldwide and is predicted to super pass fossil fuel use due to some factors as falling prices and The Paris Climate Agreement. Alternative energy is seen by many people and organizations as a route to mitigate and lessen the climatic change which is caused by a problem brought on in part, by the widespread use of fossil fuels. 6 -Types of alternative energies Wind energy: Wind energy is produced by wind turbines near shores. Geothermal energy: geothermal energy is captured from hot water or hot rock found a few miles beneath the earth’s surface or shallow ground or even from deeper down from the extremely high temperatures of Magma. This heat can be used directly to generate electricity. Solar energy: Solar energy is sustainable form for renewable energy, which can be used to generate electricity. Biomass energy: Where plants and animal matter can be burned to create heat or drive a turbine to generate power or electricity. 7 - Advantages of alternative energy 1-Greater access: Renewable energy as solar energy provides an opportunity to decrease energy production based on fossil fuels. Nearly 600 million people in Africa live without an access to electricity. 2-Climate Change: Fossil fuels generate carbon dioxide emissions and gases which causes climatic changes, but renewable energy is carbon neutral, so it does not cause global warming. 3-Health and economic: Renewable energy use has resulted in lower deaths and less illness and also reduced health care costs. 4-Job creation: Compared with fossil fuels, renewable energy production creates more jobs as production requires more labor. The Union of Concerned Scientists found by a study in 2009 that renewable energy would create three times as many jobs as an equivalent amount of output from fossil fuels. - How to improve Alternative Energy Egypt possesses an abundance of land, wind speeds and sunny weather making it an excellent location for renewable energy sources. Egypt intends to increase the supply of generated electricity from renewable sources to 20 % by 2022. We can improve Alternative Energy by using the existing technologies in an effective way, by investing more money to improve our electricity systems and making smart policy decisions that moves the country towards a clean energy future. 8 We can increase alternative energy by: - Increasing solar panels in Egypt’s desserts. - Increase wind mills in areas which has a large speed of wind as in Zafarana area - Increase in using nuclear energy as Dabaa station. Increase the use of hydropower energy 2-recycling All over the world, recycling has become a new way of thinking about the Environment. All of the scientists think about how to recycle all of unused things. Every day there are a lot of unused things which damage the environment. - The meaning of recycling The recycling starts from the past. The first human recycled the bone of the animals to build a thing to hunt animals with. So, the people from the old days know what is the meaning of recycling. Recycling is to find a way to use all of the things that people think it is rubbish to create a new thing that they can use to make your life easy 9 - The importance of recycling The recycling from the past helped the first human to solve his problem. The recycling has a lot of importance. It saves our environment from the dangerous of the things that can populate it. The recycling help people to find a new way to create things that they need in their life. The recycling is useful but why people don’t use it in their life. 3-urban congestion Urban congestion is a major problem facing some countries such as Egypt This problem affects the social status of this country and sometimes its economy 10 Urban congestion results from several reasons: 1-Increasing the number of cars on the roads and not using public transport 2-Public roads are not equipped to withstand the large number of cars 3-work zones 4-bad weather 5-Lack of places for pedestrian crossing 6-Traffic lights are disabled and not equipped 7-Obstruction in the road leads to stopping traffic And Many other reasons… 11 The cities with the biggest traffic jams: major world cities where the average commuter spent the most hour in congestion in 2018: 1- Bogota: 272 hours 2- Rome: 254 hours 3- Dublin: 246 hours 4- Paris: 237 hours 12 Total fuel wasted due to congestion,1982-2014 13 Urban congestion in Egypt: With a population of 19 million, a fifth of Egypt's population, the Greater Cairo metropolitan area contributes significantly to the Egyptian economy in terms of GDP* and employment. It is expected to see a further increase in the population, which could reach 24 million by 2027, and in return will also.increase its importance to the country's economy Traffic jams are a growing problem in the metropolitan area of Cairo and have negative repercussions on the quality of life and the economy. In addition to the time you spend stuck in traffic, you can use it to do meaningful things. Traffic congestion leads to unnecessary fuel consumption, increases vehicle consumption and harmful emissions that result in low air quality, increases business transport cost. GDP*: Gross Domestic Product 14 Proposed solutions for urban congestion: 1- Diversify and develop transportation in large cities 2- Attention to infrastructure, especially rain drainage channels to drain water during heavy rain 3- Allocate pedestrian crossing points 4- Development of highways and traffic lights 5- Establishing a bridge network, tunnels and interest in the idea of floating bridges 6- Development of subway and train network 7- Change working hours and school day times so that students and workers do not go out simultaneously 8- Adjust speed limits in some public roads to ease congestion 9- Expand streets and roads and add lanes dedicated to the huge vans 10- Eliminate slums and remove them 15  4-Public Health Issues Public health is "the science and art of disease prevention, longevity and health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, private and public communities as well as individuals. The public health works to keep live going through: 1-Provide vaccinations and health services. 2-Promote healthy behaviors. 3-Providing environmental justice from healthy habits. 4-Promote a culture of healthy choices. The public health works to: - Reducing health problems. - Detecting its causes. - Providing services to treat them with justice and efficient 16  5-Industrial and agriculture bases of Egypt First, Industry: Industry means the change in the form of raw materials to increase its value and to be suitable to human needs and requirements. Problems facing Industry: - The absence of many factories. - Dependence on Traditional industry. - The lack of industrial machinery and equipment. - The lack of Egyptian industrial products. - The lack of Egyptian exports for imports. How to solve it: 1- Increase the number of factories in Egypt. 2- Increase the number of industrial schools in Egypt. 3- Develop the industrial machines to be modern. 4- Supply the man power educated. 5- Work to increase Egypt resources. 17 Second, Agriculture: It is the science of practicing farming including cultivation and how to grow crops and keeping animals to provide food, wool and other materials. Field crops: There are many major field crops as: Cereals: it represents one of the most important major fields in agriculture where it is grown on nearly 500 000 feddans. Vegetables: As tomatoes which is grown in three reasons on about 3% Egypt’s total planted area. Fiber crops: As cotton which has been the most important fiber crop in Egypt and the leading agricultural export crop. Food legumes: In includes a number of bean crops that are used for human consumption such as broad beans. 18  Sugar crops: As sugar cane which is the main sugar crop in upper Egypt. 90% of the yield is used for sugar extraction. It grows in large areas in Nile delta. And it is used in industry. Forage crops: As Egyptian clover and berseem. It is the major winter forage crop cultivated in Nile valley and its delta. It occupies an area which totals 1.2 million feddans. How to increase agriculture in Egypt? First of all, it is important to dig more canals to transport the water of the Nile river to the areas which has no water, so there will be more cultivated lands that will increase the production of crops. through these crops we could build a factory which uses these crops to produce local products that decrease the amount of exportation in Egypt 19  6-pollution Pollution is one of the most essential problems to be solved in daily life. Many countries and governmental organization try to solve this problem by a lot of attempts like urge people to: - save energy, by Rationalizing the use of electrical appliances - walk or ride to work or home instead of driving - use environmental cleaning products - recycle plastic and household waste As for the government they can use NPI* data to assist with environmental planning and management, passing laws to protect the environment and reduce pollution, develop a budget for recycling and provide equipment for this process, provide environmentally friendly electric vehicles and Not to cut trees indiscriminately for any political or economic reasons NPI: National Pollutant Inventory 20 Types of pollution: Air pollution: Air pollution from harmful emissions from uncontrolled factories that appear as black emissions and sometimes invisible, making these.emissions more dangerous Water pollution: Contamination of drinking water such as river water as a result of throwing human waste in it or throwing chemicals that are not visible in it, making it dangerous and not usable for human or agriculture Land pollution: Contamination of agricultural land due to chemical leaks from factories near those lands to soil or disposal of human waste in an unregulated manner and without recycling 21  7- increase the sources of clean water Clean, accessible water for all is a necessary a part of the globe we would like to measure in and there's ample H2O on the earth to realize this. water is the cause of the spread diseases: However, because of unhealthy economic science or poor infrastructure, numerous individuals together with youngsters die once a year from diseases related to inadequate installation, sanitation and hygiene. Water scarceness, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, bread and butter selections and academic opportunities for poor families across the globe. 22 Water is limited: At the present time, over a pair of billion individuals reside with the chance of reduced access to fresh resources and by 2050, a minimum of one in four individuals is likely to measure in an exceedingly country stricken by chronic or continual shortages of H2O. Drought in specific afflicts a number of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger and deficiency disease. Fortunately, there has been nice progress created within the past decade relating to drinking sources and sanitation, whereby over ninetieth of the world’s population currently has access to improved sources of drinking water. To improve sanitation and access to potable, there has to be exaggerated investment in management of fresh ecosystems and sanitation facilities on a neighborhood level in many developing countries within Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia 23  8-population growth - Every year there are a lot of babies that are born. And there are a lot of people that die. The deference between the people who die and the babies who born is the population growth. All over the world it has a lot of results some in sometimes it is good and helps some countries and it is sometimes bad to some countries and that what we are going to talk about in the next few lines the percentage of population growth in the last 200 years: After the world population increased by 400% over 20th century, population growth has slowed considerably, The fastest world population growth rate was already reached in the late 1960s, and it has been decreased since that time. While the world population increased by 2% every year in the 60s. now, it increases by only 1% 24 when population growth becomes good for some countries: Some countries need a high population growth, that because they need more people to live in the country so that they work on increasing the population of this country by wor-king in increasing the percentage of born babies and decreasing the percentage of died people. 25 when population growth becomes bad for some countries: - Everyone sees in the newspaper or television that there are a lot of countries which suffers from hunger and people there can’t find the food which can stop their hunger and saves them from death. That’s may happen from the population grows. Population growth when it is a huge increase in the number of born babies and the percentage of died people still like before or decreased so that the population growth become very high so the resources can’t be enough for the people and works late so they have less time to do their work. Population growth can be good when it is high for some countries and can be a disaster for other countries so how we can solve this problem? 26  9-Improve Scientific and Technological Environment for All - It is known that science and technology are the key to development, because technology and science which anything they develop in usual economic. Advances in science and technology drive the developing weather and climate information system. Scientific, operational, and, increasingly which encouragement business. The scientific understanding generated by developing and using data and products, together with improvements in instrumentation and computation, lead to a new set of requirements or problems. To take full advantage of the benefits of technology, as well as to recognize, or even avoid some of its pitfalls, we must become better stewards of technological change. 27  10-Climate change - In the last few years, the temperature of the earth is changing sometimes it gets so hot. the climate is changing and it is gets hot most of the time because of global warming which is caused by the increase in the carbon dioxide which comes from the fuels in cars when it burns So, after all of that we can know that climate change is the change in the temperature. how it effects the world? Climate change can case a lot of affections around the world which can cause a lot of deserters. Climate change can cause the poles to melts which can cause an increase in water level in the oceans and seas around the world which can cause floods in the sea shore cities. Climate change can also cause a lot of other disasters like destroy the environmental live in a place. when it changes, some animals can’t live in a high temperature so they die. 28  11-Arid areas - Desert cover more than one fifth of the earth’s land, and they are found on every continent. Deserts cover around 25500000 km2 or approximately 20 percentage of the world land mass. Arid areas cause: 1-Increasing the temperature 2-Lack of water 3-Arid climates 4-Locations: As most of the world’s arid climates lie just north and south of the tropical rain forests of the tropical rain forests of the equator. 29 As Shawn in the next figure Egypt includes three deserts: 1-The Eastern 2-The western 3-Sina - These harsh environments are characterized by high day temperature and solar radiations,cold winter nights,sscarce precipitations and very low relative humidity. 30  Problem to be solved - This semester, the big idea of the capstone project was to connect between two places which have water surface between them and from the ancient time this problem faced the human so it caused a lot of the modern ways to be discovered. First it started with the boots which people usually used to transfer in first then after the human thought that he needs a bigger way of transport they used the ships until we reached all of our civilized progress. But until now there isn’t a specific way that all people used to connect between this places so each one uses his own way to cross the water surface but what cause the problem harder in Egypt that the population growth is high so every year there is more congestion because some areas are very congestion and other are arid areas so we will take about each one of the causes in the next few pages. 31  First, the population growth What happens if the population growth problem was solved?? Population growth is one of the most essential problems that needs to be solved. Although population ratios in the 20th & 21st centuries have increased very much, but it can be solved, stopped, or even reversed. We need to take action to reduce the impact of those of us already here, including through reducing consumption to sustainable levels. The most effective step could be taken to achieve our goals is to limit Family size. The UNITED NATIONS made a study to know the range of projection for future population growth which is based on assumptions about how long people will live. Its prediction is in the middle of that range which is 9.7bn in 2050 & 10.9bn in 2100. The UNITED NATIONS also calculated that if every family had a fewer child than it assumed there will be one billion fewer people than expected by 2050 & and nearly 4 billons by the end of the century. 32 If The problem was solved: We will have more food to sustain higher populations. The earth will not suffer from overcrowding. There will be less catastrophes. The consumption of finite natural resources will decrease. Decreasing of population will lead to higher wages and better quality of life. Here are some tips to reduce population: BRING BIRTH RATES DOWN: SOME Countries have had success in reducing their birth rates , as Thailand which succeeded in reducing its fertility rate by nearly 75% in just two generations with a targeted, creative and ethical family planning program. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN EGYPT BY ADVERTISING, MAKING POSTERS AND PROMOTING AWARENESS ABOUT THE DANGERS OF INCREASING THE POPULATION AND HOW IT WILL AFFECT LIFE IN EGYPT 33  REMOVING BARRIERS TO CONTRACEPTION ALLEVIATING POVERTY EDUCATING GIRLS What happens if the population growth problem was not solved?? Increased rates of respiratory disease More lung and bladder cancer More skin cancer Proliferation of infectious diseases Fewer nonrenewable resources Decreased economic growth Higher unemployment rates Water scarcity Increased agricultural runoff Food shortages Overcrowded public transportation Mass plant and animal extinction 34  Second, urban congestion - Major cities and countries around the world pay a hefty price due to traffic congestion; however, the costs Cairo incurs have reached very high levels of around 4% of the country’s GDP Traffic congestion in Egypt has many causes: fuel subsidies result in cheap petrol and diesel, which in turn result in more private cars on the streets, meanwhile the lack of parking areas results in cars having to turn back or park incorrectly on the streets prompting further traffic jams. Although the number of metro commuters is high, the metro only reaches a limited number of places in the city. Also, public transport buses are few in number and outdated, thus prompting people to use other buses and taxis to get by. However, the latter generally need to be cleaner, safer and be able to better load and unload passengers. There are also few areas for pedestrians to cross the streets and street peddlers often occupy these areas and the sidewalks, making things worse. Moreover, there are many problems related to the construction of roads where there are few street lights, stop signs and crossroads; people also find awful corners and U- turns that are either very sharp turns or are very narrow thus not allowing drivers to make smooth U-turns. Drivers 35 also behave badly and irresponsibly added to the poor implementation of traffic laws, which causes the public to undermine traffic regulations. Economic costs incurred due to traffic congestion in Cairo may reach almost a 4% loss from the Egypt’s annual gross domestic product (GDP). Not only are these economic costs limited to an increase in the amount of time taken to get from one place to another, but also include a rise in costs due to excessive fuel consumption as well as having negative effects on people’s health due to air pollution, accidents and economic production effects. Combined, the economic cost resulting from traffic congestion reaches about 4% of Egypt’s GDP; in other words, Egypt suffers a loss of nearly EGP 50 billion every year due to traffic congestion. 36 If this problem is solved: - If Egypt solved this problem, the economic resulting from the traffic congestion will disappear. people will go to their work early, won’t delay what they have to do because they were late and won’t think about the day and the time and where they are going because it won’t depend on this factors if you solved urban congestion … If this problem is not solved: if you live in a large city like Cairo or any area where there are lots of commuters on the road, then you are probably familiar with the effects of traffic congestion. What you may not realize is the extent of the effects heavy traffic congestion can have. This gridlock can have a tremendous impact on your personal life, career, your future and even your safety. Finding a solution to traffic congestion could mean a vast improvement in the quality of life in your area. 37 Delays: The first thing many people think of when it comes to congested roadways is the delay. During the morning commute, there is additional stress because delays caused by traffic can make people late for work. And at the end of the day, the afternoon rush hour is again a frustrating time because the workday is done and people want to get home to relax, and traffic is preventing it. These delays are the effects most people feel because they are universal to everyone who has to maneuver through congested roads. "Just in Case" Time: A secondary effect of traffic congestion related to delays is the inability to estimate travel times. Those who regularly travel congested areas know approximately how long it usually takes to get through a particular area depending on the time of day or the day of the week. These experienced city drivers have to build in time "just in case" the traffic is bad. This takes If this problem is not solved away from leisure time and time to do other tasks throughout the day. Also, on a day when the traffic is unusually light the built in extra time may be of no use and the person arrives too early 38  RESEARCH There are 11 grand challenges that face Egypt which need to be solved over the three years in STEM. Our project this semester is going to solve two of the grand challenges which face Egypt which are urban congestion and population growth with their consequences on the environment and the society. so we began to search about these topics in order to collect the greatest amount of data that may help us solve or at least decrease urban congestion and population growth and also help people get into other sides of rivers or canals. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM: So at first, we began to search in order to solve a certain question which is: what is the problem? We can identify the problem as follows; the obstruction of routes connectivity and people mobility on the level of districts and villages, and a necessity to develop a cost-effective floating bridge that can solve people’s needs. 39 FACTORS RELATED TO THE PROBLEM: the spread of waterways: The first problem is the spread of waterways across Egypt. Where will we construct the floating bridge? There are many places in Egypt that need constructing bridges. We began to search about the places which meet the same criteria that needs to be solved as places which have urban congestion, population growth and people that need to cross to the other size of the river or the canal to reach their wanted destinations as schools, hospitals or governmental organizations. Depending on The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, we searched about different governorates in Egypt. Studies showed that Aswan has a high range of population condensation in small areas and the increase of the population in a small period of time, in addition to the lack of bridges. In Aswan there is only one bridge (Aswan Bridge), the impressive cable stayed bridge which is a vital link connecting the Nile valley and Aswan to the mega projects in Toshka and the new valley although it has many advantages to Aswan but, we also need to construct more bridges to help solve more problems and facilitate life all over the country, not Aswan only. 40 design and the constructing method: another problem related to the discussed problem, after we chose the place, we began to search about the design and the constructing method for the prototype. We first started by a simple design of a cuboid for the prototype but after long searches, we found that it doesn’t have resistance against water and air currents. The idea was changed to be a trapezium in order to increase the surface area touching the surface of water to have the ability to load more weights on it. Then after studying and searching the idea deeply a defect was found which is that it would let water rise up to the upper surface of the bridge so the transiting people through would be subjected to dangers. After discovering this defect, there was a modification on the idea to be a flipped trapezium with the same criteria of the first trapezium in order to solve the problem but found that it would miss equilibrium. Finally, the perfect design was chosen. The latest modification that combines all advantages of the cuboid and trapezium from where the resistance to water and stability is two inversed trapeziums above each other. 41 Materials: We also searched about materials that can be used in the prototype. At first the different types of varnishes were searched about to find the most appropriate for the project. varnish is a solution of resin or resinous substances (such as common resin, amber, copal, shellac) in alcohol, turpentine or oil. it enhances and gives warmth to the grain of the wood and is resistant to impact, heat, abrasion, water, and alcohol. And it is also can be used as a topcoat over worn finishes. there are many types of varnishes as: standard, flott, and glassy varnish. But standard varnish was chosen because it has the following advantages: Provides radiant beauty to the wood. Helps to prevent hairline cracks and absorb the effects of scratching and external damage. Helps in reducing the transfer of moisture between the wood and the surrounding weather. Provides softness and lasting flexibility. 42  For the glue, thermal silicon was mainly used to fix and stick the underwater pipes that is broken or needed to be fixed. It is also developed for hot running cars’ engines. thermal silicon withstands temperatures from (-62 Celsius to +399 Celsius). It cures to make gaskets of any shape or size immediately. Its pressure resistance is up to 5000 psi which makes it ideal as a gasket maker that resists cracking, shrinking, and migrating caused by thermal cycling. making it superior than normal silicon that withstands temperature from 5 Celsius to 40 Celsius as well as it causes respiratory health problems while using in building the prototype, which is not healthy enough for the human uses. USED SCIENTIFIC LAWS: Finally, we searched about the scientific laws that were used after that in the project. The project couldn’t be completed without searching and using scientific laws which are considered the scientific base for the capstone this semester. We searched about the buoyance force where it helped us to calculate the weight of the displaced fluid to get the density of it. Another scientific law was searched about which is density, which equals mass divided by volume. This low helped to calculate the density of the bridge. The third law that was searched about was the center of mass, it helped to calculate the point of the center which we would put loads on. 43  Prior solutions Beside the flouting bridge there are many other ways to transport like: Ferries: Ferries are a means of transport used to transport people, vehicles and products from side to another side. The ferries are used in areas with large water surface where water travel is faster and cheaper. The types and sizes of ferries vary depending on the use where small ferries are used in small rivers and lakes to transport passengers and small vehicles, while large ferries are used in large lakes and bays to transport vehicles, people and products from one place to another Ferries in Egypt: The Nile River ferries, or 'ferries of death' as many people call it in Egypt, are the most prevalent means of transport. It is the main means of movement of villagers and hamlets in many centers in the east of the Nile, which do not have bridges, which makes them depend on them mainly for several times per day. 44 Bridges: - There are various types of bridges classified based on span, materials, types of bridge structures, functions, utility and position etc. Types of Bridges based on Type of Super Structure: Truss bridges: Truss is member consisting connected elements to form triangular units. In case of truss bridge the super structure is provided with trusses. Generally, trusses are made of steel. There are several types of trusses are available. Arch bridges: Arch bridge is curve shaped bridge, in which horizontal thrust is developed and is restrained by the abutments at each end of the bridge. There are many types of arch bridges are there. In some cases, the arch may be under the deck slab also. Suspension Bridge: In case of Suspension bridge, deck slab is suspended with the help of cables and suspenders. These will give good appearance. For long span bridges, this type of suspension is suitable. 45 Types of Bridges based on Function: Foot bridge: Foot Bridge is generally constructed for humans to cross the roads or rail route or any canal by foot. Vehicles are not allowed in this bridge. Highway bridge: High way or road Way Bridge is used for road transportation. These are constructed over rivers or another routes to allow road way traffic. Girder type bridges are used as highway bridges over rivers or canals. Railway Bridge: Rail bridges are constructed for rail transportation. Truss type bridges are preferred for railways but how ever R.C.C bridges are also used. Road cum Railway Bridge: This type of bridge is useful for both road way and railway transport. It may be of one floor or two floors. If one floor is there then, rail and road way are arranged side by side. Otherwise roadway on top deck and railway in bottom deck is preferred. 46  First, the population growth Empower women: Studies show that women with access to reproductive health services find it easier to break out of poverty, while those who work are more likely to use birth control. Make education entertaining: The US-based Population Media Center gets creative to reach women. It has radio soap operas, which talks about specific stories about reproduction health problems, they have been heard by as many as 500 million people in 50 countries. As in Ethiopia, there are 63 percent of women seeking reproductive health services reported tuning in. Government incentives: At UK charity Population Matters believe there should be a senior government official responsible for addressing population-related issues. They urge governments to promote “responsible parenthood” and say subsidies should be limited to the first two children unless the family is living in poverty. 47 Promote family planning: Simply educating men and women about contraception can have a big impact. As in Iran which introduced a national family planning program in 1989, so its fertility rate fell from 5.6 births per woman to 2.6 in a decade. One-child legislation: It is applied in countries which has high population growth as China, at the time of China’s high controversial one-child policy, its fertility fell from six births per woman in the 1960s to 1.5 in 2014. 48  Second, urban congestion 1- The new administrative capital: The establishment of the administrative capital east of Cairo city, due to its privileged location and proximity to the Suez Canal area and regional roads and major axes. The target population during the first phase is about 0.5 million people in addition to the number of 40 to 50 thousand government employees to be transferred to the new headquarters, with planning to increase the Capacity to 100,000 employees after the first three years. The total area of the city is 170 thousand acres, the population at the completion of the growth of the city is 6.5 million people, the jobs generated about 2 million jobs 49 Location of the new administrative capital: The new administrative capital is located on the borders of BADR City in the area between Cairo-Suez and Cairo-Ain SOKHNA roads, just after New Cairo, Future City and MADINATY. The location of the new administrative capital of the most important distinguishes it, about 60 km from Ain SOKHNA and Suez and areas of central Cairo. Services in the new capital: 1- The new capital has a large central park called “Capital Park” with over 1,000 acres of land and more than 10 kilometers in length - about 2.5 times the size of New York's Central Park. The first model was built only on an area of about 7 acres. 2- The new capital project will be connected to a new railway line with all railway networks in the republic. 3- A 16-kilometer international airport will be established in the administrative capital. 4- The electric train project will be connected to 10th of Ramadan City and BILBEIS by electric train. 5- city will contain several other services such as: Convention Center - Medical City - Sports City - Exhibition City. 50  = However, one of the weaknesses of the administrative capital was the financial cost, as 200 billion Egyptian pounds were spent on the first phase of the capital under difficult economic conditions that Egypt is going through in this period. 2- New Road Network: In record time, 5,000 square kilometers of the national road network, or 24% of Egypt's total roads, were built, raising its ranking to 75th from last year, up from 118th in terms of improving road quality, according to Global Competitiveness Report 2017/2018. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) said that the total length of paved roads network at the level of the Republic reached 179.9 thousand km in 2017/2018 compared to 176.9 thousand km in 2016/17 with an increase of 3 thousand km with an increase of 1.7%. 51 While the total number of bridges was 36326 bridges, of which 1757 bridges belonging to the General Authority for Roads and Bridges by 4.8%, 57 bridges belonging to the New Urban Communities Authority by 1.0 %, 1053 bridges belonging to the National Railway Authority of Egypt by 2.9%, 33021 bridges under the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation 90.9%, 8 bridges belonging to the National Authority for Tunnels accounted for less than 1.0% of the total. 52  Third, Arid areas -There was a previous solution to solve this problem and this huge project was cancelled by the Egyptian Government and it was named Toshka project: It was said that this project will add an area of up to 540 thousand feddans for the agricultural area, being irrigated by the Nile water, through Sheikh Zayed Canal that is share from the water of the Nile about 5.5 billion m3 per year. If a project like this is built, it will a lot of problems like Overcoming the food gap, providing job opportunities for many young people, especially those from Upper Egypt, Encourage the reconstruction, housing and development of these areas and alleviate human pressure on the Nile Valley and Delta. It’s our turn solve this problem or develop it by built many projects like it by Digging branches of the Nile to cover the rest of the country by water and Reconstruction of the desert, it can cost a lot of money to set up, but its effects will be important in the end. 53 AL- QATARA PROJECT: Dr. Sameh Metri, who said the second solution is desalination of sea water by solar energy technology focused on many experiments for years, and this technology consists of a solar reflector and a central cylindrical unit containing materials to absorb the heat of the sun and the separation of water molecules Salt, a fan to expel water vapor, and a vapor condensing unit to flow fresh, salt-free water. Regarding how the Qattara Depression project uses this fresh water, he stressed that fresh water from hundreds of huge units, located next to the Mediterranean shore, flows through a canal or a huge pipe to the edge of the Qattara lowland, 56 km from the sea shore, to drop these large amounts of water Fresh on rotary turbines, lying at a depth of 60 meters from the sea, to generate clean electrical power. 54 The revenues of the project: reach about LE 200 billion (this is the return of desalination of sea water only and the use of salt in industries). Pure, suitable for all uses (drinking, irrigation, industrial uses) equivalent to 57 billion cubic meters per year and a huge rate of electrical energy equivalent to 210,000 MW per year, the rate of production more than the high dam, which produces only 2100 MW by 100 times, this makes us do not need funding from any country, as well as the production of pure and high-value salt to contain iodine equivalent to 7.5 billion tons per year. Which is in the valley and the delta to this new land which will become green. Hence, the project raised again Dr. Sherif El-Ghamry to explain to us the work of the project from the executive point of view. A complete document was prepared about the project. “Ghamry” illustrates the stages of the project: Phase1: An international road that cuts the Western Desert between the Nile River and the Egyptian Industrial River in Western Sahara 55 Phase2: a complete integrated plan for the development of Western Sahara in a thorough and thoughtful manner. The third phase: the conversion of the Qattara depression to Lake Qattara, where the Qattara depression is a low located in the Arab Republic of Egypt in the Western Desert extends from east to west, its eastern tip approaches the Mediterranean Sea at the area of Alamein, an area of about 20,000 square kilometers, and a length of about 298 It is 80 km wide at its widest area, with a maximum drop below 134 meters below sea level. 56  -The area of the depression, which is about 5 million feddans equivalent to the size of a country such as Kuwait, has remained idle untapped throughout human history because of the difficulty of moving or living in them or building agricultural communities. Moving sand dunes cover the lower ground in the central and southwestern part, and there are salt marshes sediments of 150 km2 and 30 km2 under the edges of the northern and northwestern walls of the depression. Other small swamps extend along the southern edges, where they are filled with desert dust and salt deposits. Salt-clay layers also cover some areas of the lowland, especially in the far south. The valuable project benefits are: 1- Generate clean electricity of experts 80 billion kilowatts per year. 2- Making changes in the climate of the region. 3- Production and huge fisheries 4- Planting 20 million feddans as a first stage. 5- Establishing new residential, industrial and urban cities 6- Exclusive tourism projects. 7- Absorption of more than 80% of Egyptian unemployment. 8- Creating a port that relieves pressure on Alexandria port 57  Design requirements Capstone Design Challenge: The team researched floating bridge design, and applied the design requirements and select a design for a floating bridge to prototype. This bridge should be designed to help vehicles and pedestrian cross rivers or canals. There are many types of floating bridges. Some have the “deck” cars and pedestrians use touching the water. Other designs have the deck supported above floating structures and not touching the water at all. we researched different designs and choose one to use for the team. we will have limited types of materials that we may use for our prototype, and our goal is to make the bridge work well while minimizing the materials we use. 58 Material Requirements: sticks: we will Craft sticks to build the body of the bridge Glue: we must use glue to stick the stick each with the other String: we should use string if we want to tie the bridge parts or use it in creating the bridge if we need to use it Water proof: we should use a material as a water proof to protect sticks from the water Design requirements: 1- The length of the bridge should be between 50 cm and 75 cm and we have decided that it will be 75 cm 2- The width of it will be 32 cm 3- The height of the bridge should be 9 cm 4- It should sink only 4 cm with masses above the bridge 5- We will measure and record the difference in vertical displacement -Delta h- (mm) as a function of load (kg) which placed on the bridge. Load masses to be put on the center of the bridge should increment by 50 gm (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 6- we will count and record all of the materials we use for your final design, including number of craft sticks and amount of string. we will describe how we tried to minimize the amount of materials we used 59  Selection of Solution After the talking about the problems which we want to solve it and after we talked about the prior solutions of it. We are going to talk about the solution which we have chosen. We chose floating bridge. from what is the floating bridge built? sometimes, floating bridge is built from wood. Wood has less density than the water so it floats above it. One of the bridges which is made of wood is Hobart bridge in Australia.it was open in 1943. It is 961m long. Another example for floating bridge is Dongjin Bridge. It is in Ganzhou, china. It is 400metre long, made up of wooden planks placed on around 100 wooden boats linked together with iron chains. One of the most famous floating bridges around the world is Evergreen Point Floating Bridge.it is in Seattle in U.S.A. it is 2,350 meters. 60  It was open in 2016 The six-la State Route 520 across the Lake Washington from Seattle to its eastern suburbs. It features 77 concrete pontoons secured to by 58 anchors tethered to steel cables. Twenty-one of the pontoons that support the deck and superstructure are each 1 m and weigh 10,000 tons. Fifty-four supplemental pontoons used to stabilize the weight of the bridge weigh 2,300 ton cross pontoons weighing 9,200 tons each at each end connect the deck to the fixed bridge approaches using hinges. strength points in floating bridge: In everything there is strength points and weakness points. First, there are a lot of strength points in the floating bridge like it is easy to build and don’t cost a lot of money too. It helps to get across water like Suez cannel which have some floating bridges across it. The first is the martyr Ahmed el manse floating bridge. 61  It is in area number 6 in Ismailia. It consists of 3 pentons with a length of 85 meters and a width of 15 meters and a maximum length of 275 meters. It was opened in December in 2017. The second bridge is the martyr Abanub gerges floating bridge in the arch in Ismailia. It is 350 meters long. The third is al Nasir floating bridge. It was the first of his kind which linking between port said and port Fouad. It is 421 meters long. It weighs 2600 ton. It thinks 40 cm without any thing on it and 60 cm with cars on it. the weakness points in the floating bridge: Everything in our life have weakness points like it have good points. In the floating bridge, weakness points are less than the strength points of it. One of the weakness points is that if any part of the bridge has any problem and needs to be repaired the all work in the bridge will stop until it finish repairing. Another problem is that if any flood has come it will sink under water. in our opinions we think that the two problems are the most dangerous problems which can be defined as a weakness points in the floating bridge and in the next chapters we will talk about how we can solve this. 62  Selection of the prototype We searched about the possible designs for our prototype that it should contain the following properties: 1- It should be cheap as possible 2- It should have low density than water so it could float above water 3- it should be a simple design which don’t take a lot of materials in using or take more exertion to make 4- Although it should be simple, but it also should be special and creative After we put that rules in choosing the design of the prototype we thought that the reason of doing this project is to help people in Egypt by solving the challenges which faces Egypt. we need to know the real dimension of the bridge so we decided to choose a place to put the bridge in. after searching we found that there is a lot of places which need the project to be enforcement in but we had to decide only one place to put the bridge in so We chose the bridge to be exactly between Nagaa AL Hamdlab an Photo 2 Nagaa Ash shalabab which are in (the place where the team chose to be the place for the bridge) Aswan. 63 Aswan has a high range of population and lack of bridges, so people there depended only on ferries to cross the river. From there studies we concluded that it wasn’t a safe method for people and as a result there was a large number of death cases. - then We started to think about the way of building the prototype. first, we wanted to build the bridge like trapezium it’s big base is in the bottom to increase the surface which it attached to the water that it can help it to float above water but after we studied the design with more focus we found a big defection that it will help water to get above the surface so if it happened in real it can cause a catastrophe so we decided to change the design we really didn’t do a lot of changes. We just flipped it so it could help to protect the bridge from this defect but we also found another defect.it had no stability so we changed it for the second time and it was the perfect design. It will be formed from two trapeziums each one is opposite to the other like photo 3 Photo 3 In the design (Cross section for the prototype) requirements the maximum length was 75 cm and we decided to use it all to increase the volume of it also the width will be 30cm for the same reason. 64  Materials and methods First, materials: To build our prototype we used many materials we summarized them in the next diagram: Name Photo cost Amount Varnish 15 L.E for the 1 kg half kg Sticks 10 L.E for the About 7 box which boxes have hundred pieces. Thermal silicon 10 L.E for the About 17 tube tube 65  - From this diagram we conclude that these materials are costless which is 285 L.E for all the prototype at total. Second, methods: 1- First, starting by cutting the sticks’ edges to make it straight and easy to use. The length of the stick was 15, so one cm was cut from each edge to get rid of the curve at the edge (13 cm). 2- Second, started to fix sticks together with the thermal silicon and fixed it with special way which is the interlacement of sticks. it is a way to connect by or as if by lacing together to form all slides one for the bottom and the other for the surface with length 75 cm “LENGTH” and 32 cm “WIDTH” for each. 3- Third, constructed the five supporters which have 2 purposes; the first, to support the prototype and the second, to help construct the structure of the lateral sides of the prototype. The supporters were constructed by an angle of 75 degrees, this angle lies between the two trapeziums, with a length of 30 cm and height of 9 cm. at equal distances from each other which is 18.5 cm to support all the prototype. 4- Fourth, constructing vertical struts to help support the prototype even more. 66 5- Fifth, constructing the lateral sides of the prototype with the same method used in constructing the slides. 6- Collecting and fixing all the slides and supporters with thermal silicon together to form the prototype. 7- Performing a primary test for the prototype without the lid to make sure of air blanks present inside the prototype. 8- Trying to fill the blanks with thermal silicon. 9- After filling the blanks, the prototype was testing. 67  Test plan After we knew the design requirements that we need to build for building the bridge we built two test plans and the first was to test materials and how it can survey and the second was to test how we would build the bridge Test Plan: At first, the center of mass was determined for the prototype by using two pieces of string. The two pieces of string were attached to the corners of the prototype in order to form the intersection of the two diagonals so the center of mass could be determined. Second, the gradient to the side of the prototype was formed in order to determine the immersed part under the surface of water. In the arrangements, the aim was to increase the magnitude of the loads by half kilogram until delta height reaches 4 cm third record all of the result and try to increase the weight of the loads which the bridge carried until delta height reached 4 cm by studying all of the mistakes and solve it and try again. 68  Data collection After finishing our prototype, we made a primary test plan in order to discover the defects done during constructing the prototype and also fill the blanks between the wooded slides and each other. So after finishing these procedures, we concluded these results when loading weights on the prototype: *(10-2) m Mass Height (10-2) 0 kg 1.3 cm 1 kg 1.7 cm 2 kg 2.1 cm 3 kg 2.5 cm kg 4 kg 3 cm 5 kg 3.5 cm *(10-2) m 6 kg 3.9 cm 7 kg 4.3 cm 8 kg 4.7 cm 9 kg 5.1 cm 9.5 kg 5.3 cm kg 69 We used some tools like: 1- Brushes 2- Measuring tape 3- Scissors 4- Gloves We made three tests at the first the impressed part was 4 cm and the loads weights 9 kg At the second the loads weights 9.5 kg At the third the loads weights 9.5 kg And the average of it = 9.5+9.5+9 ÷3 = 9.3 kg And we concluded that: The precision =0.5 - That mean that we are accurate enough to save people’s life 70  Analysis After having results observed from the test plan and discussion. So thoughts were that the results can help in the real life to solve two problems which can destroy every single hope to increase the community. If the project is applied in the real life it would help to decrease the problem of the urban congestion because as it was mentioned before that the bridge would be constructed in Aswan, exactly between Nagaa AL Hamdlab and Nagaa Ash shalabab. Studies showed that there is a high range of population in that area and the presence of schools and hospitals that people need to cross the river for. That place was chosen because there are no bridges in Aswan except one bridge which is called (ASWAN BRIDGE) that caused people to stay for hours waiting on the bridge to get across the river. Throughout the bridge this problem was solved by different methods that will help more people to cross the river safely. Based on the results of the test plan, the ratio between the submerged part in the water and the upper surface is 1.43 which is appropriate for the stability of the bridge so the bridge would work properly without having any errors, so people could cross the river safely and faster than before. The results for the test plan showed that if the prototype was applied in reality it would solve a lot of problems in Egypt. 71  The project couldn’t be completed without using this lows which are considered the scientific base for the capstone this semester: 1- force of buoyant = Density * Acceleration due to gravity * Volume of displaced fluid This low helped to calculate the weight of the displaced fluid to get the density of it 2- density= Mass/ Volume This low helped to calculate the density of the bridge 3- center of mass where it is a point (x, y) x= m1x1+m2x2+m3x3/m1+m2+m3 y=m1y1+m2y2+m3y3/m1+m2+m3 It helped to calculate the point of the center which we would put loads in Conclusion: After finishing our prototype to make sure that if the project is applied in the future, it will be successful and that it will help people to get across the rivers and canals with safe and cheap way as possible. The project has achieved the main goal of it by solving the urban congestion if it applied in the place which we have chosen to be put it in (Aswan). It is formed from two 3d trapeziums which are put above each other. It carried 9.5 kg above it with only 4cm of delta height. That it was very successful as it carried this weight with only submerged part of 4 cm. So in the real life it would be successful. The floating bridge is the best way to get across water surface because it is safer than the ferry which increases death rates the yea 72  Recommendations Anything in our life has benefits and disadvantages so, for our prototype it combines the two terms. From the benefits, low price, which is considered one important strength point as it can be constructed in many places so it wouldn’t cost much money. The second major benefit, is that the bridge will solve two main Egypt grand challenges which are represented in urban congestion and population growth. The third main benefit is that the design of the project is constructed to be two inversed trapeziums above each other as it withstands water and air resistance. This design has been chosen to be in Aswan as it is the most appropriate place that meets the same criteria. The only main disadvantage is that it is less steady than the design of the cuboid, so for the interested in applying this project in reality, here some recommendations that will help you to apply the project with less faults: - first, interested researchers should search about the relation between height and stability. Second, you can use Epoxy as a glue to fill the blanks between sticks and to construct the prototype. An important hint that must be followed is that you must deal with standard weights in order not to get wrong results. 73  Learning outcomes Computer science: in the second l.o in the computer science we learned to use the sketch up program with it’s different tools like push/pull, move, rotate, offset and tap measure tool. They were important tools we used to build a 3d shape for our prototype. First we drew tringle then we used push and pull tool to make it 3d then we used the move tool to move the sides of the surfs to make it a 3d trapezium then we used the protractor to measure the angles of the shape, then we copied the shape again and moved it to be on the upper surface by move tool and in the next step we used rotation tool to rotate the shape and make the small surface in each shape facing each other and at the end we used the erase tool to delete all the extra parts at the whole shape. Biology: In the first l.o in the biology, we learned about the infection diseases which is spread in the areas that have high percent of the residential density like the HIV which is spread by the tuber culosis bacteria. the project can solve the problem of urban congestion which Egypt suffer from in all of its history in the Nile valley. 74 Chemistry: We learned through our studies the scientific methods which is considered the most important part in our study, without studying the steps of scientific methods we wouldn’t be able to get the right information we needed for our project, so we wouldn’t achieve our goal in the project. We learned which sites have trusted information and other untrusted sites that may lead us to wrong information, learned how to discover the defects in the project and how to solve it in short time by the best way. in real, the effect of the scientific methods is not only in our project but it is also having a lot of effects on our whole life with all of its parts. Physics: In the first l.o in the physics we learned to use the SI units and how it would help us in measuring the different units which people all over the world can understand it. We mainly used the meter for the unit of measuring the dimensions of the bridge. standard units will help everyone all around the world to be able to exude the same sample of the prototype by different ratios from the prototype. Physics: In the fifth l.o in physics, we learned how to calculate and identify the center of mass for any object even if the shape is irregular or if it is regular. 75  this concept helped to know the point which we can put loads in and protect the bridge from being unstable. The center of mass can be calculated by the next low’ when it is a point (x, y) x= m1x1+m2x2+m3x3/m1+m2+m3 y=m1y1+m2y2+m3y3/m1+m2+m3’ Geology: We studied in our learning outcome 3 the different building materials present in Egypt as limestone which is the most abundant rock in Egypt with percentage of 65.8% of the rocks in Egypt, granite which is the layman's name used for any light-colored igneous rock that is used in construction, dolomite which is any dark colored igneous rock, trap rock and quartzite. Based on our studies we chose trap rock to build the bridge from if it was applied in real as it is solid and widely spread in Egypt and also because it is better and superior to limestone as it doesn’t react with water and acids aggregate to cement when subjected to abrasion. They can substitute for limestone as a concrete aggregate and when a durable aggregate is needed. So we chose trap rock because our bridge will be subjected to water so we will not use limestone because it will react with water and acids forming a fizz. 76 Math: In the third l.o, we learned about the cross section and how to get it and we used it to make supports its shape is like a two 2d trapeziums each one of them small bases are facing each other. We used the cross section to explain our idea for the teachers because our idea isn’t simple and the best shape which can explain it was the cross section of the prototype. Math: In fifth l.o, we learned how to get the area of composed figure and its volume. Our prototype is composed so we needed to know how to get the volume because from the volume we get the density which we need to know to know if it would float above the water or if it couldn’t float above it. Mechanics: In the first l.o in the mechanics we learned about how to draw a graph, how to read it and how to write the data on it. We used what we have learned to draw the graph of the increasing of immersed part of the bridge by increasing of the loads on it and the graph of the delta height 77 Social studies: In social studies, in the second l.o, we studied about the different surface manifestations and we knew that there is a lot of water surface in Egypt some of it is pure water like the river Nile and Nasser lake. Other are salty like the red sea, the Suez cannel, the Mediterranean Sea and the salty lakes in the north. This helped us to choose the place which we will put the bridge in if it was applied in real. From this studies we concluded that the best place to put the bridge in is in Aswan because in the Nile valley have high residential density which causes the diseases to infect in this area a lot. Citation Crossing the Nile by Ferry. (n.d.). Written by Kamel Zachert. retrieved December 4, 2019, from: http://www.egyptiansidekick.com/crossing-nile-ferry/ To know the population in Aswan. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4,2019, from: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx# To know about the history of global ferries all over the world. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4,2019, from: www.calstockferry.co.uk/ 78 Population of the world. (n.d.).Retrieved December 4,2019, from: https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth Roser, M., Ritchie, H., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2013, May 9). World Population Growth. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from: https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth Recycling Basics. (2019, November 13). 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