POLSC 131 Notes - Knowledge Sources PDF

**[POLSC 131 NOTES]** [HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?] **THE SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE** - Epistemological Framework - This framework examines the various ways through which individuals acquire knowledge and understand about the world. Each of these bases plays a significant rol...

**[POLSC 131 NOTES]** [HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?] **THE SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE** - Epistemological Framework - This framework examines the various ways through which individuals acquire knowledge and understand about the world. Each of these bases plays a significant role in shaping our beliefs, decisions, and perceptions of reality. - *What is Epistemology?* - **Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that considers how people come to learn what they know.** Derived from the Greek word *episteme*, meaning knowledge or understanding, epistemology refers to the nature and origin of knowledge and truth. Epistemology proposes that there are four main bases of knowledge: divine revelation, experience, logic and reason, and intuition. These influence how teaching, learning, and understanding come about in the classroom. - Epistemology is mainly concerned with the following 4 areas: - Analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification - The scope of knowledge and justified belief - The means of production of knowledge and justification - Skepticism about different knowledge claims - *What are ways of knowing?* - In theory of knowledge, we recognize four ways of acquiring knowledge about the world - Socrates: If you act accordingly to what you know - element of consistency\* - submit all options through these various lenses (put through examination) - ˆcommon heritage of mankind - **(1) FAITH: belief in the unseen** - Derived from a belief in divine sources or higher powers revealing truths about existence and the universe - Often plays a significant role in religious contexts, where individuals rely on sacred texts, spiritual leaders, or personal experiences to understand the nature of reality and moral principles - Though, you do not have to be a person of religious upbringing, to uphold this faculty - **(2) EXPERIENCE**: **observations using the different senses** - Acquired through direct observation, interaction and engagement with the world - Ex. firsthand encounters, sensory perceptions, and practical involvement in various situations, events, or phenomena - Both positive and negative experiences contribute to the development of an individual\'s understanding and perspectives - Not necessarily your own, can be through other's experiences - Handicap of experience: cannot experience everything, this is not possible: - There are things you do not need to know and you can already ascertain the knowledge based on others experiences - **(3) LOGIC** **AND REASON: makes use of symbols, ideas and terms which are constructs** - relies on the application of systematic reasoning, critical thinking, and logical analysis to derive conclusions and make informed judgments - emphasizes the use of deductive and inductive reasoning to evaluate arguments, identify patterns, and establish coherent explanations for complex phenomena or concepts - communication of knowledge - handicap of logic: inventions of the mind that we accept as common because it facilitates understanding - **(4) INSTINCT/INTUITION (Kutob): individual's instinctive awareness or understanding of a situation or problem, often without relying on conscious reasoning** - based on past predictions - involves the ability to perceive or comprehend something immediately, without the need for explicit evidence or logical analysis - guides decision-making and problem-solving processes, providing insights that may not be readily accessible through other cognitive processes - **The Element of Time -** As people get older, they become more gut feel (intuitive) or faith based - go through changes as we age - red diamond gets bigger (w/ symmetrical proportion) - while they are important, they do not stand alone, they are not independent of each other - none of these options are bad or good - - - - - [THE STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE OF COMPARATIVE ASIAN POLITICS] **MAPPING SOUTHEAST ASIA** *The two major geographic subdivisions of Southeast Asia are the Mainland Southeast Asia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.* *[Southeast Asia ]* - \*land mass - "Peninsular" - **MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (6): Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam** - characterized by diverse landscapes, mountain ranges, fertile plains, and river valleys - influenced the development of agriculture, trade routes, and cultural interactions within the region - \*island parts - insular/maritime/archipelagic (PH) - **ARCHIPELAGIC/INSULAR SOUTHEAST ASIA (6):** **Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines** - Comprises the islands and archipelagos of SEA - known for its abundant marine resources, tropical rainforests, and diverse ecosystems - influenced by trade and cultural exchange due to its strategic location along major maritime trade routes - father north = Islamic religion - point of contact with SEA - Arabia - tip of Indonesia - Arabian seafaring (for trade) - has element of coercion and colonization - PH configured with islands - eery shelters and isolated - not part of spice trade' - common heritage of mankind - *PHILIPPINES:* - *Where do we get the oil? Why don't we have it?* - we are bombarded by wind and wave coming from the right - we need to harvest these energies (cheap, renewable resources) [Abbott & Fahey: FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS] - Data confirms Munck and Snyder's findings - an overwhelming majority of published articles were both quali and empirical, and most lacked explicit theoretical framework - "Curious disjuncture between rising methodological demands and underlying descriptive nature of much of comparative politics) - Majority of articles does not attempt to make causal inferences, but instead largely descriptive - "Formally scientific" research is a weakness not just in comparative analysis of East Asia but also in comparative politics as a whole **[THEORETICAL RETROSPECTIVE ON COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS]** - non-state actors, topics outside domain of government - compare - finding commonalities - contrast - finding differences *Why compare government and politics?* - **learning,** broadening, reflecting - factual and introspective - classifying**/typologizing** - nomenclature and descriptive concerns - **political hypothesizing** - causality/correlation, experimenting and modeling - **prediction and control** - public policy, planning and advocacy - analysis → to break down \*hard to compare through time with the same object 1. Gather data first (from phenomena, etc.) 2. Identify factors that you want to analyze 3. Study each country's position (w/ same actors or different periods. 4. Comparing is still possible despite their differences 5. Case studies = study 1 country (ex. Local politics in the PH) and compare it to another country [Challenges of Comparison] - **Demanding** - presupposes knowledge of more than 1 political system - **Similarity issue** - "sameness' can be deceiving (meaning and significance) - **Interdependence** - organicity (as Lee would cite Ratzel in Essays in Political Geography) of independent actors undermining theory testing - establishing relationship whether dependent or independent - **Multitude of variables** - isolation and exclusivity problems - **Question of representativeness** - generalizing from limited and potentially biased sample [APPROACHES IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS] - **Traditional Approach** - what has been proposed by philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau) - parliamentary vs. presidential forms - unitary vs federal - constitutions and constitutionalism - fundamental rights - written/unwritten - flexible and rigid constitution - **Features & Shortcomings of Traditional Approach** - non-comparative approach (description of govt institutions in one and more countries and the developments we could help explain them) ---\> political developments - descriptive and formal approach---\> formalism preempted informal groups - parochial groups - biased towards western systems; non-western and culturally backward (unexplored) - static approach - emphasis on sovereignty and its location in the state; social change and econ growth ignored - **Culture** - "consists in patterned ordered **systems of symbols** which are objects of the **orientation of action**, internalized components of the **personalities of individual actors** and **institutionalized patterns** of social systems" - primarily a system of symbols conveyed through the medium of ordinary words or more complex artistic expression which evoke selective responses from the people in established social system - "**psychological** orientation toward social objects" - "people thrive in SYMBOLS" - **Political Culture** - totality of fundamental values, sentiments and knowledge that give form and substance to political processes - stems from the beliefs, opinions and emotions of individual citizens toward the government - to what extent can "political culture" explain the form and stability of its system of government: - range of acceptable attitudes - problems with definition - generalization and specificity issues - **Other Approaches/Variants of Leading Approaches** - **Structural Functionalism** - tries to identify necessary activities (functions) of all political systems and then to compare the manner in which these functions were performed - **Systems Theory** - considered the structures of public sector as an open system having extensive input (support & demands) and output (policies) interaction with its environment - **Marxism -** looks into class conflict, differences in polities as explainable by interests respectively held by ruling and ruled classes - **Corporatism** - iterates central role of state and society interactions and the role of social interests in influencing policy - **Institutionalism -** central role on structures in shaping politics and individual behavior; formal institutional patterns - **Governance -** has similarities with structural functionalism as to belief that certain tasks must be performed to govern a society but then posits that these can be done in a number of ways; social actors are lead units under study **POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS** - What is the difference between government and governance? - Is it possible to have a government without governance? Governance without government? Government - actors Governance - processes Governance without government Government without Governance → Global Governance, *\*\*Not only the government that can have governance* **Elite Political Culture** - Elite political culture - held by those closest to political power - "More coherent and consequential" per Hague and Harrop, Why? - Not all elites are oppressive BUT having that amount of power may lead to oppression - *Who gets what and how? At whose expense?* - More accountable to the public because of their social capital - ELITE: exert power and influence through the amount of resources they have (can be money, networks, popularity, religion, policy, wealth, education, access to resources etc.) - UP students are "elite" → given a privileged position → can be called leaders - Elite is not always bad, they can also fight (in a position but not ALWAYS abusing that privilege and position) - Can be defined based on **social status (**wealth, education, access to resources) **political power, intellectual/academic achievement, cultural/artistic excellence, economic influence, media, mobilization and education)** **Syncretic vs. Eclectic**: Religion and politics in Southeast Asia exhibit a **syncretic** disposition, meaning there is a tendency to blend or combine different religious and cultural elements. It also mentions the accommodation of diverse religious practices within certain political and identity contexts. - *[Syncretic Disposition]*: Refers to the merging or blending of different religious beliefs and practices. In the context of Southeast Asia, religions such as Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and indigenous belief systems coexist, there is often a syncretic approach. This means that people may incorporate elements from different religious traditions into their practices, creating a unique and blended form of spirituality. - *[Animist and Paganist Features]*: Associated with indigenous or traditional belief systems, may not be condoned in mainstream religious practices. This could imply that, despite the syncretic tendencies, there are still boundaries or limits to what is considered acceptable within the mainstream religious framework. - *[Accommodation in Identity and Electoral Politics]*: The mention of Indonesia\'s santri, abangan, and prijaji adherents finding accommodation in identity and electoral politics suggests that individuals with different religious orientations or practices can still find acceptance within the political and social spheres. This accommodation may involve recognizing and respecting the diversity of religious beliefs in the political and identity discourse **Syncretic**: Syncretism involves the [blending or amalgamation] of different beliefs, practices, or traditions into a [cohesive and integrated whole]. It often occurs when different cultural or religious elements come into contact and influence each other, resulting in a new, hybrid form. - In a syncretic religious practice, one might find a combination of rituals and beliefs from multiple traditions, creating a unique and culturally rich expression of spirituality. **Eclectic:** Eclecticism involves the [selection and incorporation of] elements from various sources without necessarily [integrating them into a unified system]. It allows for the eclectic individual to draw from diverse influences without adhering to a specific tradition or set of principles. - Ex. Eclectic art style might incorporate elements from different artistic movements and time periods, creating a diverse and varied aesthetic. [SOUTHEAST ASIA: An Introductory] **Two Ways of Presenting A Map** - If you go to north and south, the boxes get rectangular, nearer to equator (it becomes more square) - Middle would be more realistic and contour, but those in the poles are more distorted 1. **Tissot's Indicatrix/Map** - This type of map projection tries to be [true to form or shape] but ends up [distorted or untrue particularly as to area] - Nicolas Tissot\'s indicatrix is designed to quantify the level of distortion in a map projection. - The idea is to project a small circle (i.e. small enough so that the distortion remains relatively uniform across the circle\'s extent) and to measure its distorted shape on the projected map. - circles intersecting in equator side are smaller, go to south it becomes medium size, go north it goes large size - Bigger circle = more distorted longitudes - True to shape but not true area/scope - 3rd world is more defiant 2. **Gall-Peters Projection/Map** - This type of map projection tries to be [correct pertaining to size] but ends up distorted as to shape or form. - It offers a representation of the nations in their true proportion to one another, which provides a helpful corrective to the distortions of traditional maps for countries to fit on a flat surface. - The Gall--Peters projection is a rectangular, equal-area map projection. The projection is named after James Gall and Arno Peters - No squares, all rectangles - True to the area but distortion is in shape - True to scope (in terms of the land area) - [**Wallace Line**:] refers to a hypothetical boundary or demarcation separating the highly distinctive faunas of Southeast Asia and Australia. Species west of the line have a predominately Asiatic origin and those to the east show a mixture of Asian and Australian origins - Wallace's line refers to a bio-geographic boundary that separates Asian animals from Australian ones. The boundary was slammed after the 19th century naturalist - Alfred Russel Wallace - who noticed a sudden change in fauna after crossing a 35km (\_-20mi strait between the Indonesian islands of Bali and Lombok - **[Huxley's Modification]** - Separates Palawan's flora and fauna from the rest of the Philippines 3. **Tissot's and Gall-Peters** - Flat oval in north and south, middle is extended oval - Use to check maps Biophysical Notes - **SOUTHEAST ASIA: Waters and Lands** - Straits are choke points - Canals can radicalize the flow of economy and politics - River bodies: - [Irrawaddy (also known as the Ayeyarwady River):] The principal and lengthiest river in Myanmar, it courses through the central part of the country from north to south. - The longest river in Myanmar which flows from North to South originating in the Kachin River at the N'mar and Mali River's confluence - Water from these 2 rivers stem from the Himalayan Glaciers - [Mekong River]: A crucial international river spanning East-Southeast Asia, ranking as the twelfth longest river globally. - one of the major rivers in the world, flows through this region, shaping its geography and providing fertile land for agriculture - [West Philippine Sea:] Positioned in the western region of the Philippines, this area is embroiled in a broader regional dispute influenced by a complex interplay of historical, legal, and geopolitical factors. - [Pacific Ocean:] The Earth\'s largest and deepest oceanic division, linking the continents of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. - Straits: - [Makassar Strait:] This strait lies in-between the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a vital regional shipping route in Southeast Asia. - [Sunda Strait:] This strait lies in between the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. It connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean. - [Malacca Strait:] This strait connects the Pacific Ocean to the east with the Indian Ocean to the west. It is considered a major sealane of communications and trade in the world - Gulfs: - [Gulf Of Thailand/Gulf Of Siam]: shared borders with Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. It serves various common purposes, including trade, resource utilization, and transportation. - ["Mandala Concept"] → Early Southeast Asia exhibited a pattern of diffuse political power that was distributed among principalities. - This organizational structure, known as the mandala arrangement, was prominently observed in historical cases such as Bagan, Sri Vijaya, and Majapahit - there existed a federation of kingdoms or vassalized polities under a central dominant center, despite the presence of a dominant center, local political power held a position of primacy - In other words, while there was a central authority, the autonomy and influence of local principalities were significant, contributing to a decentralized political structure in the region - Geographical factoids - Mainland and archipelagic SEA - Area of more than 4,493,940 km\^3 (1.73 million square miles) - Demographics - population is far from being homogenous, various ethnic groups - More than (CHECK PPT) - (CHECK PPT) - Climate - Chiefly tropical (hot and humid all year round; with a lot of rainfall - Tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during monsoon season Sea Land Area Ranking (IMyT) 1. **Indonesia** 2. Myanmar 3. Thailand 4. Malaysia 5. Vietnam 6. Philippines 7. Laos 8. Cambodia 9. Brunei 10. **Singapore** Population Ranking (IPV) 1. **Indonesia** 2. Philippines 3. Vietnam 4. Thailand 5. Myanmar 6. Malaysia 7. Cambodia 8. **Laos** ------------- --------------------- **COUNTRY** **CAPITAL** *MAINLAND* Vietnam Hanoi Laos Vientiane Cambodia Phnom Penh Thailand Bangkok Myanmar Naypyidaw Malaysia Kuala Lumpur *INSULAR* Philippines Manila Timor Leste Dili Indonesia Jakarta Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Singapore Singapore Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan ------------- --------------------- SEA is bigger (2x) than the US The Mekong River - A transboundary river in SEA - World's 12th longest-river and the 7th longest in Asia, about 4,350 km - Drains an area of 795,000km\^2 - Discharging 457 km\^2 of water annually - Water would come from China. In summer, China would order its dam to shut down (so no water will come out) and therefore no water will go down the pipeline, so all the areas will have drought - Cutting across many northern countries in SEA Tonle Sap - A combined lake and river system - When it rains, naiipon yung water → overflow - In summer, it dries out - Whether dry or wet season, Tonle Sap is filled with fish - A combined lake and river system of major importance to Cambodia - **Largest freshwater lake in SEA** - A ecological hotspot that was designates as a UNESCO biosphere in 1997 *Why is there hardly a consensus between the South China Sea dispute among ASEAN nations?* - **Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia** → indifferent to South China Sea dispute (they are neighbors of China), borders with China, and China invests heavily in these countries - ASEAN decides by unanimity, not majority - China by sheer common border would invest revenue in Cambodia - There's a tribe order where China would meet on a constant basis → forces a united effort from them if we start being concerned with their problem of Mekong - *Quid pro quo* (you scratch my back, I scratch yours) with ASEAN countries - "They are indifferent to us because we are indifferent to them" - Our relationships are founded on common values and interests Backdrop of the Region - More known as the land south of China and east of India - Referred to by ancient navigators as the **"Lands Below the Winds"** - The **most culturally diverse region** in the Pacific - If similar ethnic identities, it is easier to unify the country (Israel, Japan, Vietnam) - Disadvantage: - Homogenous countries: 60% majority (such as Tagalog) → forging a common front would be more difficult to achieve - Indonesia and PH are similar - If homogeneity would mean that they would succeed more, will those that are not homogenous not be able to succeed and develop? - "I disagree with the theory that those who are ethnically common will go ahead of us" - "Countries which are heterogenous can squander not having unity" - "The development in the US, (racism, sexism), may have some modifications, more than sheer ethnic commonality or homogeneity - Just because homogenous, you will move forward OR because heterogeneous you will not develop - Thailand bordering on homogenous, heterogenous SEA had been a cosmopolitan region accustomed to a **diversity of peoples, customs and trade goods** even before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century - Long distance travel was not new to the people of the region - Used to the arrival of foreign delegations rather than individual trading vessels (used to having several trading vessels) SEA does not have that much violence, homogeneity has made us more TOLERANT with others, and does not result in conflict and resort to war (??) We are a peaceful and cooperative region Mandala =/= state Sulu would invade the coastal areas **Southeast Asia Command** - Established in August 1943, following an agreement between US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill - Meant to dispossess Japan during the Pacific War - Led by Vice Admiral Lord Louis Montbatten, SEAC's Supreme Allied Commander - SEAC was based in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - Covered Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore and Sumatra - Was eventually expanded following the Potsdam Conference (July 1945) in Germany of Marshal Stalin, Harry Truman and Winston Churchill and successor, Clement Atlee - Absorbed the Southwest Pacific Command under Gen. Douglas MacArthur who was assigned to lay siege of Japan's homeland - SEAC included - Netherlands East Indies (except West Timor) - Northern Borneo - New SEAC mission was to recover Allied POWs and civilian internees and force the surrender of the Japanese forces - British-Indian troops restored French authority in southern Vietnam - Met armed opposition from Indonesian nationalists, especially in Java in the "Battle of Surabaya" - In mid 1946, following the Dutch-Indo accord, British-Indian troops withdrew from the region  **INDIAN** - Mahayana Buddhism via China in the north to Vietnam - Theravada Buddhism via Sri Lanka in the South to Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia (since 11th century) - Mahayana (picture) - Theravada (picture) - IC\^2E - differences of Mahayana and Theravada: reincarnation Common: make use of the Lotus flower/plant (Southeast Asian and East Asian) - Rice cooked with lotus leaves - LOTUS as a *motif* In Cambodia (**Angkor Wat**): motif of spires are actually buds of the lotus flower - Buddhism - Tip of Angkor wat resembles the lotus flower - Lotus flower = represents purity and emerges from murky water Indonesia (**Borobudur):** top view of architecture is a centric circle - In Sailendras Java (Hindu) - More wider lotus (compared to Cambodia) - Mandala influence - Not Buddhist temple - More Hindu - *Stupa:* yellow circle in the middle and other circles surrounding it - [Mandala concept]: supposedly (to western minds) how political power is represented in Southeast Asia; inspired by Indian political principle - Emanating power from the center - West: basic political unit = nation state (defined too rigidly, boundaries are solidly established) - Has to be established - Asian: nation-state is not that rigid; concept of Mandala (derived from religious affiliations) → power radiates from the center, there are overlaps of territories - we have kingdoms or empires - Territories are circles that can overlap (not rigid) - We accept the overlaps (do not fight to assert that) - Mandala can be for some but not ALL - Archipelagic teacher of SEA is explanatory to concept of mandala - Jakarta and Indonesia - has an island in the middle - Indonesians: center of universe, huge nail that was put into the island of Java - Center of the universe - Kingdom that is central to everything (Chinese believed this) - There was the sun and nail that was placed in the middle (where Aztecs were) Myanmar - Bagan/Pagan - Consists of various buddhist temples - Theravada Buddhism influenced the empire People across the planet have firm conviction/hallucination that THEY are the **center of the universe** Implications: - Countries are ethnocentric to justify their superiority over the other - Intrinsically that interest is to raise the flag that we are not an inferior people - Mandala: hos SEA can form unity amongst themselves Major Influences - Pan Regional Traits **ISLAMIC** - Islam entered SEA via 15th century primarily via Malacca and Aceh following centuries old trading from Middle East to India to China - By late 17th century was dominant religion from the western tip of Sumatra to Mindanao - SEA Islam is syncretic, proselytizers as tolerant (Indonesia: santri, abangan and prijaji) - Santri → Islamic aspects of syncretism are generally related to trading - Abangan → animistic aspect and overall Javanese syncretism; associated with the peasantry - Prijaji- Hinduist aspect→ bureaucratic element **CHRISTIANITY (was eclectic)** - Brought about by Portuguese and Spanish expeditions in the early 16th century - Unlike the syncretic accommodation of the other religions, Christianity, esp. Roman Catholicism did not welcome indigenous traditions **CHINESE** - Food, language, sports/pastimes - Customs, traditions, families - Identity, ethnicity... **EUROPEANS et al** - Included not only the Portuguese and Spaniards but also the Dutch, British and Americans - From the early 16th century to the turn of the 20th century - Whatever E&A accomplished was in view of the support of influential locals Thailand (undergone changes) but still the same Long history of colonialism - Britain - Burma, Malay, Sarawak, Brunei - French - Indochina - Netherlands - East Indies - United States Struggle for independence - Japanese occupation (1941 - 1945) - Colonial powers return (1945-early 1950s) - Charismatic political leaders in the struggle for independence (especially in SEA) - ex. Vietnam: - Bad: Leaders perpetuate themselves and government does not check them - Good: when there is sustained good governance Their Legacies - Leaders of the independence movements - Negotiations with colonial powers - Charisma and popularity among public - Long periods of authoritarian rule - Today their political successors still play important roles in respective countries **Ho Chi Minh - VIETNAM** - President of North Vietnam (1945 - 1969) - Ho's successors in the Communist Party of Vietnam - Was a chef before - Ho chi minh tried to salvage the Vietnamese people - *What happens to the founding fathers after they die?* - How are they treated in history? - In the PH, when they die, "wala na"; have shorter memories - Lee Kuan Yew: asked for no shrine or mausoleum for him, people might be inclined to perpetuate his dead body instead of the Singaporean polity **Sukarno - INDONESIA** - Indonesian President (1949 - 1966) - Separate public activities from private self - pulled out Indonesia from UN - Sukarno's daughter: ***Megawati Sukarnoputri*** - Vice-President (1999 - 2001) - President (2001 - 2004) of Indonesia **Lee Kuan Yew (LKW) - SINGAPORE** - Prime Minister of Singapore (1959 - 1990) - Chosen successor: Prime Minister ***Goh Chok Tong*** (1990 - 2004) then ***Lee Hsien Loong*** - Helped Singapore rise in power after separation from Malaysia - Accused of nepotism (he groomed his son to rule next) - Had 2 deputy PMs - Lee Hsien Loong - Goh Chok Tong (became PM) - LKY still reigns - Not a dynasty, but same ideologies and legacy as former PM - LKY became his adviser (became the Senior Minister) - Make a meritocratic polity (para di masayang ang pinaghirapan) - Select your protege, and then train them like guardians for the next term Aung San's daughter - **Aung San Suu Kyi:** main opposition leader in Myanmar Second Generation Leaders - After initial state and nation building, the 2nd generation leaders gained power through institutional/democratic means - Periods of authoritarian rule - Periods of economic growth - Periods of fragile democracy - Who is favored: people who are related (nepotism) Indonesia always had a positive GDP growth rate If there is positive growth, who benefits Military w/ legitimate use of violence PH positive GDP growth rate until the fall during Marcos' rule Geographic Constant: Archipelagic Nature - Allows us to easily be integrated into other countries' culture - Filipinos seen in Cambodia, etc. - Singapore Constant: Garden Republic - Island but not isolated from the rest of the world, it is embedded between two islands, adjacent continental features - Surrounded by other territories - Does not get earthquakes, far from typhoons - Small center of SEA *("a little red dot")* Turkey → Turtina - Rebranding