Pols 101 Reviewer (PDF)

POLS 101 | REVIEWER POLITICAL SCIENCE = WHY IT HAPPENED IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE “MAN BY NATURE IS A POLITICAL ANIMAL”...

POLS 101 | REVIEWER POLITICAL SCIENCE = WHY IT HAPPENED IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE “MAN BY NATURE IS A POLITICAL ANIMAL” ECONOMY POLITICS What is POLITICAL SCIENCE CITIZENS - Is that branch of social science studies the state, politics, and –---- government -. It deals exclusively with the POLITICAL SCIENCE AND OTHER analysis and practical applications SOCIAL SCIENCES to politics. And the examination of political behavior. HISTORY - “History without political science has no fruit; and political science Derived from the greek word “polis” which without history has no root.” - John Robert means “city” and “scire” means to “know” Seeley SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE For instance, when political scientists try to predict the likely direction, which the Political Theory - is the study of global political economy takes, they would politics, concept, and the historical record be relying on history to predict political of political thought. behavior. Public Administration - implementation SOCIOLOGY - “In sociology, they call it of government policies ‘code switching’. I can feel just as comfortable in a room full of people who Comparative Politics - comparison of don’t look like me because I understand different political systems and patterns the social cues of class and race”. - Amy across the world. Sherald International Relations - the study of Sociology examines how individuals the connections and relations of countries navigate their social environments, amongst and against each other. political science analyzes how these dynamics influence power relations. The Public Law - law that governs the study of the interactions between the relationship between the government and people and the state private persons/institutions POLITICAL SCIENCE VS. POLITICS PHILOSOPHY - ANCIENT POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Political science understands a political Contributed to Political Science by phenomena while politics is a social activity analyzing justice, wisdom, and the (decisions are made in the society) city-state model. political in history = WHAT HAPPENED both deal with ideas about how families or among friends). It’s about people should live together in society. how people make decisions and When philosophy meets the problem of interact with each other, whether at politics, it’s identified as political home, in small groups, or even between philosophy countries on a global scale. Therefore, politics is everywhere—it’s about how Political philosophy deals with the idea of people organize and manage their public welfare—how governments can relationships in all areas of life, not just in help everyone in society—and focuses government. on the common good, which means doing what's best for everyone. DEFINING POLITICS Basically, political science uses philosophy to understand the deeper meaning behind Politics as the Art of government actions and decisions. Government - exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective PSYCHOLOGY - decisions BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF MANKIND Politics as Public Affairs - it is “Psychologists have been employed in only within a political community courts in trial of criminal cases” - Jose that human beings can live the Maminta Aruego “Principles of Political ‘good life’. Science” 1981 Edition Politics as Compromise and Concensus - a particular means of Psychology helps political science resolving conflict: that is, by understand human behavior, motives compromise, conciliation and and attitudes, which influence political negotiation, rather than through actions and governance. It does not force and naked power. only studies the internal aspect of humans Politics as Power - Politics is the but the external activities of mankind as activity by which differing interests well. within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a Political science and psychology help each share in power in proportion to other understand how people think, their importance to the welfare act, and make decisions within the and the survival of the whole larger political system. community. Basic Concepts of Politics POLITICS Power Order Politics is not just about governments or Justice the state. Instead, politics is a part of everything we do as a society. According –---- to Adrian Leftwich, politics happens in every group or social activity, APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF whether it’s formal (like in POLITICS governments) or informal (like within  PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH EMPIRICAL APPROACH Concerned with the clarity of concepts used in a specific discipline, what ‘should’, Rooted in 17th Century with the thoughts ‘ought’ or ‘must’ be brought about, rather of John Locke and David Hume. Developed than with what ‘is into 19th Century and adapted by POSITIVISM (Auguste Comte) intended to widen our knowledge and think base on an ethical perspective (subjective) - Modern Approach (monopolized in 20th century, which is also PLATO AND ARISTOTLE widely used to these modern days.) The founding fathers of this approach - Value-Free (meaning it doesn’t are Plato and Aristotle, also known as focus on morality or what is right the important philosophers in history. or wrong, but purely on facts and reality.) For Plato, a perfect society would be a - Interdisciplinary (meaning it benign dictatorship. integrates the other use of other disciplines such as sociology, What is a benign dictatorship? A benign psychology, economics, and more, dictatorship is a government in which one to have better understanding on person or a small group holds entire political behavior.) power but utilizes it to benefit the - Realistic (based on facts; what people, such as developing the economy happens in politics, not just about or providing services. theories or ideas about how things should be.) MIDDLE AGES, AQUINAS AND Uses “DESCRIPTIVE” approach. AUGUSTINE Use of Scientific Method. adapted Plato and Aristotle’s concepts “WHAT IS” Known as traditional approach to politics. (anchored upon benign BEHAVIORALISM dictatorship) - To predict and understand political This approach studies about what great behavior objectively and philosophers wrote, investigating quantitatively. their views and how they defended it. Behavioralism started during World It is not entirely objective, as it War I. explains problems of what is right, just, and fair. According to Frank Kent, political concepts were based on false It is about discussions of concepts, assumptions, and that actual morals, values, and beliefs. understanding are based on people’s actual actions and behavior.  referred to as power to According to David Easton, politics (Heywood,2009). could use the methodology of natural sciences. the potential ability to influence and affect others. Behavioralism seeks objectivity, and does not cater moral values or ethics. Concept In its widest sense the power of a person has indicated their ability to RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY produce intended effects upon the ‘formal political theory’ world around them to realise their Originated from 18th-century classic purposes within it whatever these economists, including Adam Smith. purposes happen to be (Morriss,1987). Rational Choice Theory developed in political science in the mid-20th Significance century, Power is the glue that holds nations together and gives them a semblance FROM ECONOMICS TO POLITICS of control. Without power, the agenda/s of a certain person or group will not be Decision-making based on rational met. Power is defined by the ability of self-interest. control and influence hence in the world of politics, obtaining power gives a COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS - weighing form of authority. the costs associated with their decision against desired gains TYPES OF POWER TERMS: Reward Power - people who are in 1.RATIONAL ACTORS - power can give rewards which are in form decision-makers who try to maximize of promotions, added benefits, salary their benefits. increase, training opportunities, or 2.SELF-INTEREST - serves as a compliments motivation behind the choices, driven by personal gain. The downside of this power is when the reward does not have enough value to 3.UTILITY - the level of satisfaction or others, the power is weakened. benefit derived from a choice. Coercive Power - based upon the idea of compulsion, someone is forced to do –---- something against their will; influenced to comply POWER - The ability to have a desired Often leads to problems because it often outcome to be achieved, with it abused and can lead to unhealthy and being sometimes described or dissatisfaction at work.  - Described by Steven Luke as “the Legitimate Power - this gives the influencing, shaping or determining elected, appointed, selected position of his very wants”. This is power authority the ability to administer to other expressed as ideological people. Leaders in this power can reward indoctrination or psychological or punish their subordinate as they are control. seen as a legitimate part of the formal leadership role. ITS ABUSES Expert Power - the force of exert power differs with the extent of knowledge or Whether be it in and outside of the fields perception that the person being of social sciences in general, the ability of influence attributes to the social agent an entity or an individual to obtain power within given area have consequences through which this has become ideal to abuse one’s power. If has someone has a particular expertise within an organzation, they can In the exercise of power, one must have often persuade employees, who trust accountability in order for the and respect them. prevention of such social revolts and movements that can further implicate Referent Power - leaders in this form of further chaos. power are often seen as a role models and their power is often treated with admiration and charm. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ; popular, personal acceptance, approval WHAT IS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY? - A set of ideas, values, and opinion ITS FACES exhibiting recurring patterns. It provide plans for political policy Decision-making making in an attempt to change a - According to Thomas Hobbes, his social and political arrangement. suggestion was power is an ability Example: liberalism, conservatism, of the agent to affect the behavior socialism, anarchism, religious of a ‘patient’. This face suggests fundamentalism, fascism, feminism, that power consists of actions marxism. with consciousness influencing what the decision will be made. LIBERALISM - industrialized ideology of the west, embracing a Agenda-setting range of rival values and beliefs. - As suggested by Bahrach and - In the earliest form, it is a political Baratz in their seminal essay doctrine that advocates for ‘The Two Faces of Power’ constitutional and later (1962), non-decision-making is representative government. the second face of power. Individualism - human individual is Thought-control given the most importance Freedom - can act according to his - Freedom is linked to personal desire, but individual liberty is not without development and individual limitations flourishing, not just survival Reason - utilizing debates and arguments to settle differences and NEO-LIBERALISM misunderstandings. Therefore, violence - Developed by free market and bloody strife can be avoided. economist Friedrich Hayek and Equality – political equality (one person, Milton Friedman one vote; one vote, one value) and to - Believes unregulated market legal equality (equality before the law) capitalism delivers efficiency, wherein it is believed that all humans are growth, and prosperity born on equal footing. Toleration - guarantee of individual liberty and a means of social enrichment CONSERVATISM - starkly where moral, cultural, and political autocratic and reactionary (Joseph diversity as a measure of pluralism is de Maisstre) desirable. - Change in order to conserve Consent - Representation and - Embrace the cause of reforms democracy are necessary for the liberals. under [paternalistic banner of One Consent of the governed is essential. Nation (Edmund Burke) Constitutionalism - advocate results from the diffusion of government power PATERNALISTIC CONSERVATISM through the check and balance - Emphasize that the members mechanism. government respect for within the society have obligation individual rights, such as the right to towards each other equal protection of the laws, the right to - Consistent with the traditional suffrage, the right to form associations, conservatism emphasizing the right to the free exercise of religions, organicism, hierarchy, and duty the right to freedom of expression and peaceable assembly, the right against NEO-CONSERVATISM self-incrimination, the right to travel and - Reasserts nineteenth century the liberty of abode. conservatism social principle - Shared values and common CLASSICAL LIBERALISM cultures are believed to foster - Emphasize extreme individualism, social cohesion and enable civilized humans are viewed as self-reliant existence. and egoistic - Authority is seen as guaranteeing - Individuals are seen as the social stability. proprietors of their own capacities, owing nothing to society and MARXISM - developed by Karl others. Marx and to a lesser extent of Friedrich Engels MODERN LIBERALISM - Known as the major enemy of - Emphasize the sympathetic western capitalism, particularly in attitude towards state intervention the international communist movement  - Karl Marx argued that class Community - human beings are societies, including capitalism, are seen as social creatures linked by a transitory and developed a labor common humanity theory of values to analyze the exploitation of workers by the Fraternity - Comradeship as they capital-owning class. share common humanity; Cooperation and collectivism are preferred over competition and CLASSICAL MARXISM individualism. - The core of classical Marxism is a philosophy of history that Engels Social Equality - the equality of described as the materialist outcome as opposed to equality of conception of history or Historical opportunity and it is important to Materialism. the socialists. - Karl Marx emphasized the importance of economic life and Need - basis of the distribution of ther conditions under people material benefits should be produce and reproduce their means measured by need, rather than of subsistence. merit or work. Karl Marx’s “from each according to his ability, to HISTORICAL MATERIALISM each according to his need” - Material Conditions - Base and Superstructure Social Class - goal is to - Class Struggles eradicate economic and social - Mode of Production inequalities because of the fact Primitive Communal that the elimination of inequalities Master and Slave is not (actually) realistic, socialists Feudalism are content with chipping away at Capitalism the economic and social - Dialectical Materialism inequalities in society. Thesis Anti-Thesis Common Ownership - as the Synthesis end of socialism itself or as a - Revolution and Social Change means of generating broader equality. Material resources to be SOCIALISM - Socialism emerged harnessed for the common good. as a political creed in the early 19th century, reacting against industrial capitalism. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY – - Early forms of socialism had a Advocates for a balance between fundamentalist, utopian, and Market and State revolutionary character. - Advocates for a balance between individual and community. KEY POINTS - Modern social democratic thought focuses on the underdog, the weak and vulnerable.  - Balances acceptance of capitalism - Feminist thinking is divided into as a wealth-generating mechanism liberal, socialist, and radical and desire for wealth distribution schools of thought. Liberal based on moral principles. feminists focus on enhancing women's legal and political status PRINCIPLES and improving their educational and career prospects. Welfarism Redistribution FASCISM - Fascism is a child of Social Justice the 20th century, originating from the interwar period. - Its two main manifestations were NEW SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - Mussolini’s Fascist dictatorship in Refers to social-democratic parties' Italy (1922–1943) and Hitler’s Nazi attempts to combine old-style dictatorship in Germany social democracy with (1933–1945). neoliberalism. - Fascism represents a revolt against - Characteristic themes include belief Western political thought, in the death of socialism and the overturning values like rationalism, embrace of liberal ideas of equality progress, freedom, and equality. of opportunity and meritocracy. - Not all fascists view themselves the same. Italian Fascism was based CHARACTERISTICS on extreme statism, while German Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler was a The new social democracy is fusion of expansionist German also known as: nationalism and anti-Semitism. “Neo-Revisionism” or “The Third Way” ANARCHISM - Central theme: Adopts liberal ideas of Political authority, especially the equality of opportunity and state, is evil and unnecessary. meritocracy. - Anarchism intersects liberalism and socialism, forming 'ultraliberalism' Breaks with socialist and 'ultra socialism'. egalitarianism. KEY POINTS FEMINISM - Feminist aspirations date back to Ancient China, but The will for a non-coercive were not rooted in political theory society until Mary Wollstonecraft's A The rejection of the state Vindication of the Rights of apparatus Women. Anarchy means “Without - Feminist theories aim to enhance Rule” the social role of women and challenge the structure of male power. RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALIST  - It reflects concerns about CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALISM environmental damage caused JEWISH FUNDAMENTALISM by economic development and the ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM declining quality of human HINDU FUNDAMENTALISM existence. SIKH FUNDAMENTALISM BUDDHISM AND JAINISM FUNDAMENTALISM THEORIES OF THE STATE - The theoretical backbones that ASIAN VALUE - Asian values' offer various rival claims about the gained popularity in the 1980s and state powers nature, origin, and 1990s due to Japan's economic development. Thus, the idea of the superpower status and the success state being an essentially of 'tiger' economies. contested concept was born from disagreements between disciplines. - Asian values criticized the cultural bias in human rights construction, THE PLURALIST STATE - Power is advocating for social harmony and spread among broad variety of cooperation. groups and should not only be held by a single/group of CHARACTERISTICS elites. Thus, autonomy should be enjoyed by disparate functional Values include loyalty, duty, and groups within a society. respect for authority. Types of Pluralists: Social cohesion is priority, through - Moderate Pluralists - Top Down moral principles and strong Approach (e.g. Harold Laski, a government. political theorist). - Extreme Pluralists - Non dependent Economic growth is a natural on the state: GIVE AND TAKE (e.g. development of social cohesion and Robert Morrison MacIver, a strong government sociologist) THE CAPITALIST STATE - According GREEN POLITICS - Green to this theory, the state exists to politics develops an eco-centric preserve the interests of the world-view, presenting the human bourgeoisie (capitalist class) by species as part of nature. maintaining the status quo of economic inequality and - It offers an alternative to the preventing any revolutionary anthropocentric stance of other change that might threaten the ideologies, viewing the natural capitalist system. A capitalist world as a resource for human state aims to balance the interests needs. of businesses with social welfare to sustain economic vitality. - CLASSICAL MARXIST - state is a order in a society they view as prone tool of ruling capitalist class to disorder without strict control. - INSTRUMENTAL MARXIST - state is Such states might lean toward directly controlled by capitalist autocracy, with limited democratic class. input.) - STRUCTURAL MARXIST - state's role is to maintain the capitalist system, even without direct THE PATRIARCHAL STATE - State manipulation by the ruling emerged through an evolutionary class. process, it began with the - GRAMSCIAN CAPITALIST - family, the smallest unit of society. In the patriarchal family, emphasize the role of cultural the head or father wielded hegemony. great power and influence over the other family members. In the Philippines, the patriarchal THE LEVIATHAN STATE - The theory of state evolution has its central feature of this view is that prototype in the barangay. the state is a centralized This theory focuses on the role authority that exists to maintain order. This pursues of gender in the functioning of interests that are separate from the state. It suggests that the those of society and that those state is a reflection of interests demand an unrelenting patriarchal social structures, growth in the role or reinforcing male dominance and responsibilities of the state itself. female subordination. The state, - without a strong state, life would be in this view, perpetuates gender “nasty, brutish, and short,” and inequalities by upholding laws therefore individuals consent to give and institutions that benefit up some freedoms in exchange for men over women.) security - Hobbesian Leviathanists - In this RADICAL FEMINISM - participates view, people give up certain in the oppression of women's freedoms in exchange for security thoughts in law and institutions. and order. LIBERAL FEMINISM - promote - Libertarian Leviathanists - This women’s rights and equal advocates for a minimal state, or representation within state "night-watchman state," that should institutions. only exist to protect individual rights MARXIST FEMINISM - oppression and enforce contracts. They believe in the necessity of a state but see it of women is tied to both as having a very limited role. economic exploitation and - Authoritarian Leviathanists - gender inequality, with the Advocates for a highly centralized, state perpetuating this dual authoritarian state, often to maintain system of domination.