Poli Sci 001-Notes PDF

Chapter 1-political theory Socrates ○ Platos ○ 5 forms of government Meritocracy: ruled by the best the best who rule should rule Timocracy: ruled by the strongest...

Chapter 1-political theory Socrates ○ Platos ○ 5 forms of government Meritocracy: ruled by the best the best who rule should rule Timocracy: ruled by the strongest Military dictatorship Oligargy: ruled by the wealthy Democracy: riled by many or all Tyranny: unjust rule ○ Each form deteriorates as we go down the list Also people with honor power ○ Platos said democracy is the worst form because the people are dumb and do not know what’s best for them Aristotle ○ Gov types according to Aristotle Monarchy (good): ruled by one Aristocracy (good): ruled by few Democracy (good): ruled by many or all Tyranny (bad): unjust rule oligarchy(bad): ruled by the wealthy democracy(bad): Is bad and good because you can vote for what’s best for everyone/others but also can vote for the benefit of yourself and not for the benefit of others ○ Good form: rulers for the benefit of others ○ Bad form: rulers rule for the benefit of the rulers *****religion is linked to democracy; Christian = democracy, monarchy = in eastern religions, etc *****Montesquieu Said once you are in a type of government, it is very hard to change Romans ○ Republic Combines all three forms Monarchy: emperor (was used for foreign affairs); one ruler ○ president Aristocracy: senate (domestic policy); few rulers, the elite ○ congress Democracy: plebiscite (veto on senate); many/all ○ state/people ○ theocracy-5th form of government Ruled by religion ○ Federalism-”6th form of government”  Divine right of kings ○ Eventually, it imploded upon itself due to the struggle between religion ○ Is a theory where the king is appointed by god and no one can say otherwise If kings were “bad” the king would say ‘I am a bad king because you are bad people” Thomas Hobbes ○ We live in a hobbism society ○ All previous people questioned what is the best type of government and he says to go back to the past in a time when government didnt exist aka state of nature State of nature: war of all against all Perfect freedom ○ Right to everything ○ When giving up the right to freedom/right to everything we can get security Then we can get a sovereign and they determine who gets what and why aka politics Perfect equality ○ Our differences made us equal You might be stronger and I might be smarter and that makes us equal When we leave the state of nature, we still keep our equality Social contract ○ an unwritten agreement between individuals in which they relinquish their natural freedoms and submit to a sovereign authority in exchange for protection from the chaos and violence of a "state of nature John Locke ○ Always leave half (of natural resources) to the next generation ○ The flaw of state of nature ??? ○ Family becomes your first type of “government” Paternal power Husband (sovereign) ⇒ wife (enforces rules) ⇒ children (subjects) ○ Believes money is important and a good invention Because he believed money never spoils but it does because of inflation ○ Classical liberalism Popular consent The people have to consent to being governed ○ 2 types of consent Expressed consent Tacit consent: is the fact that you consent by staying Aka voting with your feet  ○ Ex. People are leaving california because they dont like it here because of the laws, too expensive, the homelessness Popular sovereignty Because the people consent to being governed means that they are sovereign They are involved in the making of the rules at some point Limited government The government is limited to doing those things by what the people (the majority say) consent to it Are there things the government cant do? ○ Cant force a religion Individualism My individualism is reflected by the government by how i interact with the government ○ How I vote ○ Basically a little bit of my personality is in the government because of things like how i vote The government must treat me as an individual and can't treat me as a group Equality Equality of opportunity ○ We are all equal to succeed based on our abilities Equality of outcome ○ You cannot have quality of opportunity unless you end up in the same place Ex. Zuccerberg’s kids will have more opportunities than me Private property People thought it was more than what you own but first, you have to own things Are my things, an extension of me because if i dont have security for my things then i might not have quality of life We also own our thoughts and the government cannot take that away ○ Economic development Barter feudalism Mercontice Capitalism Regulated capitalism in the us because it can mess up supply and demand Socialism: regulation of production by the government Communism: regulating production and consumption  Marxism: Rousseau and Montesquieu ○ Rousseau Jefferson believed we should live in an agrarian (everyone’s farmers) style ○ Montesquieu Believed in mercantalism which is an economic theory and policy that emphasizes a country's ability to accumulate wealth and power through trade Indirect democracy You vote for people and those people make the laws Separation of powers ○ Direct vs indirect democracy Direct democracy Everyone votes directly for every law ○ You needed 70% to pass laws Indirect democracy You vote for people and those people make the laws Separation of powers ○ Separation of powers Carrot or the stick; bribing or threatening you Carrot is law-making Stick is enforcing the law But if the person or people who is making the law and is also enforcing them then that is tyranny ○ This is why there should be a separation of powers Lawmaking is legislative and congress Enforcing is executive power and president ○ Bicameralism 2 enduring factions of society The rich and the poor ○ There are always more poor people than rich and if thats so they will always vote to redistribute wealth (according to Montesquie) 2 chambers One represents the rich and another represents the poor like congress??? Madison ○ Pluralism Most theorists believed that people can only live in a society where most think the same because democracy will work better vs a diverse society Compromise Society might not get everything they want but they will get some things ○ Federalism  The division of power between national and state government Uniquely an American idea 2 sovereigns John stuart mill ○ Defended freedom of conscience ○ Governmental censorship ○ Societal censorship Like cancel culture Ideology ○ An individual’s coherent set of beliefs about the purpose and scope of government Scope is how far can the government go to protect us economics Social policy ○ Like abortions ban Foreign policy ○ conservative/liberal Conservatives Believe that the government that governs best is the one that governs the least Liberals believe that the government that governs best is the one that governs more Conser (rep) Liberal (dem) economics r d Social policy d r Foreign policy d/r Us history Colonies ○ Primarily purpose of colonies was to export raw materials to england Was against the law for colonies to produce things ○ The king of england ruled the colonies Rebellion ○ 7 years war 1763 Fought primarily in North America against the british vs the french and native americans ○ Sugar act 1763 People weren't that mad about this tax because it wasn't that much ○ Stamp act 1764 Many more items were taxed  Anything that needed a government receipt was taxed which was a lot of items Parliament resented the Stamp Act ○ Tea act 1773 Not so much a tax but a monopoly The tea act hurt John Hancock because he was a shipper and he was not allowed to anymore ○ Coercive acts 1774 The king of England sent a bunch of troops and did not let them go until the tea was paid ○ 1st continental congress Draft of rights Freedom from a standing army Trial by peers Representation for tax Boston massacre The king didn't like the draft of rights so they sent more troops Lexington and Concord 4/19/1775 British troops were on a search and destroy mission What every revolution needs ○ Money John Hancock, a rich man at the time Wanted to be a part of British aristocracy but could not because he was a bastard Smuggled rum and snuggled tobacco out of Didn't get french help until 177? ○ Force George Washington (but was the third choice) First president under the constitution He started the 7 years war He was great at strategy His first battle was the battle of brooklyn heights His advisor was Alexander Hamilton who was a genius Was more of a strategic thinker than a tactical thinker ○ Lawyer John Adams Wrote the declaration of independence The justification in case we needed to but we won so it didn’t matter ○ Public relations Sam Adams Wrote a lot of inflammatory articles which lead to the Boston massacre, etc Thomas Paine  Wrote a panphlet called common sense ○ outline the reasons for the revolution The king wouldn't let them be free ○ Talked about the economic problems ○ How the colonies were exploited ○ Genius Alexander Hamilton Was very influential in writing the constitution James madison Gave concepts for our constitution and federalism ○ Diplomat Thomas Jefferson Along with John Adams and Benjamin Frankin, they wrote the Declaration of Independence Was in France during the revolutionary war According to legend, he fathered 7 children with his slave,sally hemmings Did the Louisiana purchase Benjamin franklin Was the elder statesman, early 70s Was a Renaissance man Invented many things Declaration of in Independence ○ 3 parts The first 2 paragraphs were written by thomas jefferson John locke’s idea was first paragphrah List of grievances Last 2 paragraphs were written by ben franklin ○ List of grievances Written by john adams Complaints Says he, the king, as in one person is the problem/villain Last 3 written by ben franklin ○ Was a one time document to declare independence and the reasons for it ○ 2nd paraph Classical liberalism is in the 2nd paragraph Equality Popular consent Popular sovereign Private property Limited government Articles of Confederation  ○ Seriously flawed ○ Sovereignty with the states Supermajority to do anything ○ Problems with the articles Money Have 13 different currencies Treaties Some states declared peace with Britain so each state could make its own treaties Trade wars Ex. If North Carolina wanted to ship their tobacco, they had to go through Virginia, etc and they taxed NC to use their rodes and then the shippers do not want to pay for the tobacco because NC raised the prices so much Constitutional Convention ○ To fix the articles of Confederation ○ Participation 12 state participation Rhode Island did not participate ○ 55 Men ○ Did it in secret Representation and the Great Compromise ○ Virginia plan: representation by population The large states Sovereignty depends on the population ○ New Jersey plan: representation by statehood Small states Representation based on statehood Every state gets the same amount ○ Great compromise two house legislature, Connecticut compromise House of representatives by population Senate by statehood Ratification of the constitution ○ federalists/anti-federalists ○ Timeline of ratification ○ Bill of rights California history Pre-history ○ Times before recorded history, over 100 tribes, with over 100 languages Spanish era 1542-1822 ○ Mission fort era ○ Missions were the center of military, political, economic, and social life  ○ Spanish were not concerned with governing California, they were more concerned with converting natives to catholicism Mexican era 1821-1848 ○ Mexico city is too far away from California to govern effectively ○ Large immigration to cali caused the Americanization of cal People were moving west and the west ports were important ○ Leads to mexican American war ○ Found gold which led to the war Southwest ceded to the US in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Part of this treaty is Mexicans get rights of the land but Stanford, the first governor of california, took that right Statehood 1848-1850 ○ California became a state in 1850 ○ California is the first state to admit that is not touching another state ○ Large immigration due to the gold Consolidation power 1850-1902 ○ Period of discrimination and consolidation of power by white elites led by Leland Stanford He was the legal system Progressive era 1902-1929 ○ The current California government created ○ Called Direct democracy through the propositions ○ Assembly was created with 80 members, senate was created with 40 members Has not changed since 1906 when the state had a population of 400000 Depression and WWII 1930-1950 (high levels of immigration to california) ○ Large immigration into California due to both the Depression and WWII Post WWII 1950-1980 ((high levels of immigration to california) ○ Large growth because of post-war industrial boom ○ Suburbanization and freeways You could live closer to work ○ GI bill brings a lot of people to come to california Today 1980-??? (high levels of immigration to california) ○ Most diverse state ○ Worlds 6th to 8th largest economy ○ Politically 5 states Different counties vote differently ○ Are the most underrepresented because our population proportionally Chapter 3-Federalism Defined ○ The division of power between the national and sub-national governmental units aka (states)  But is not the same as branches of government ○ Separation of powers ○ Division of power between the branches of government Division of power of judicial, executive, legislative ○ Checks and balances ○ Finite power Founders thought Power was limited They thought the people had no power which is why they separated the power Types of Powers ○ Enumerated (powers listed) Powers that are specifically listed (in the Constitution) Ex Power to declare war ○ Implied (powers implied from the listed powers) By far most powers Implied from the listed powers Ex. the border, the constitution doesn't say to protect the borders but it does talk about giving visas, allowing people into the country ○ Reserved (powers set aside for the states) Aka Police powers Types of reserved powers Police ○ What kind of crimes is considered a crime Fire Health ○ Ex. Different states had different policies regarding covid *Education Morality ○ Ex. Some states have laws on how to have sex ○ Concurrent (powers shared by the state and national gov’t) Criminal law It is both a state and national crime to try and shoot someone ○ Makes it a national crime because they tried to shoot a public official Shared between national and states, or executive and legislative, or legislative and judicial ○ Denied (powers government does not have) E. expo facto law ○ Inherent (not listed but so obvious government has them) Ex. immigration Violates the concept of limited government Saying you have powers but they just “forgot” to write them down Types of federalism ○ Dual Sovereignty (1789-1865)  Nullification Can refuse national laws in states ○ Ex. drug laws Is like a layered cake National and state have strict things that each of them can do ○ There is a strict line to separate them Civil war was a symptom of dual sovereignty Abraham Lincoln got the power to fight the Civil War through the Articles of Federation which some say was unconstitutional. ○ Dual Federalism (1865-1913) States have less power because the states can't leave (except for Texas) ○ Cooperative Federalism (1913-1964) Block grants Like a marble cake where the colored marble part If the national states give the states money, then they have the power to regulate those powers. ○ Ex. if you do not have seat belt laws then we can reduce your block grant by 20% Almost like extortion ○ Transportation, healthcare ○ Block grant An amount of money Ex. national gov can give Cali money for transportation so they can use it to build roads ○ Creative Federalism (1964-1968) Didn't last very long Like a fruit cake Categorical grant Going to a specific project Ex. give you $5000000 for the 5 freeway Can also give money to private programs This means national government can regulate ○ New Federalism (1968-1992) Formula grants Are based on a formula that doesn't help/is more unbiased Ex. each state gets $1 for every mile of road it has Each state gets a $1 for every student it has But can lead to deficit spending ○ Representative Federalism (1992-now) Unfunded mandates States are represented in Congress so the states don't need to get money and need to follow the laws. Ex. homeland policy  They have to make reports on homeland things and the national government doesn't give the states money and they have to follow the rules. Ex. gun control States have to regulate gun control but don't get paid for it Why so much federal power? ○ 16th Amendment (income tax) prior, there was no income tax which would go through sales because it would tax consumption vs income ○ 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators) ○ Complex economy (need national standards for wages, food) Ex. We’re getting food from all over so we need to regulate it Ex, you get benefits if you live below the poverty line ○ Mobility (people move, people want consistency) As people move states, they want the same benefits and bring those ideas into the new state. How to increase states' rights? ○ Can't really increase states' rights ○ But we can slow the national growth ○ Slowing national growth Deregulation (removing or lessening regulations) Devolution (passing responsibility to a different level of government) Like Representative federalism Privatization (removing responsibility from the government to the private sector) Removing government action to private sector Ex. space travel ○ Two astronauts are stuck and sent SpaceX to go rescue them ch14-State and local government State culture ○ Role of Immigration Immigrant-1st gen Large families (6-8 kids Low education Loyalty to home country ○ Consider themselves more from their home country than Americans Little to no English 2nd gen Allegiance to parents Highschool level education  Big families 4-6 bilingual ○ This tends to be a problem because they learn Spanish at home without proper education and English at school without using it at home 3rd gen Assimilation Allegiance to USA Average education levels Average family size English primarily language enclave communities Communities where you are “stuck” with your own people because you speak the same language and have similar cultures Is important for politics because About 65% of Latinos voted democratic Inclusion Is a fantastic goal ○ State cultures are kind of fading away because of migration State Constitutions Short (rules of making policy How you make policy Long (rules of making policy, and policy itself) State legislatures ○ 49 of the 50 states are bicameral Nebraska is unicameral And don't have nonpartisan (when the party label is attached) state-wide elections ○ Structure (varied terms) Bicameral Many different variations 2&4 ○ Assembly is 2 years and the Senate is 4 years ○ Professional (full-time, high pay) California ○ Citizen (part-time, low pay) State executives ○ Powers Executes have less power but further west there is more power Most have term limits ○ Line item veto Can cross out one line in the budget without getting vetoed State courts ○ Selection  Appointment Where the governor appoints and the legislature approves Election South is mostly election Merit plan Best of both Where the governor appoints and the judge retention election ○ California is like this When you vote it says, Should ___ stay in? Elections ○ Partisan/non-partisan Partisan Party label attached But large cities > 250k are partisans like LA Non No party label attached Most cities are non Local government ○ County Every county has a government Ex. Sheriffs ○ City Every city has a government Mayor-council Council is elected and they select which one of them is the mayor The mayor is elected separately ○ Tend to have more power Council-Manager Runs the city Hired by city council Bad form because of lots of corruption ○ Blackmail the council for higher wages California State and Local Government ○ Constitution (direct democracy) Direct democracy through propositions Are citizen originated, citizens need 1% of signatures of how many people voted in the last elections. ○ Legislature Structure 80-person Assembly 2-year terms 40-person Senate 4-year terms Term limits (12 years) Was supposed to limit corruption Problems with term limits  ○ Learning curve Takes you a while to learn your job Single focus ○ They can get focused on one single issue and don't focus on everyone Loss of expertise ○ They might not know a lot because they're not there a long time to learn Looking for next job Executive (Plural executive) ○ Not just the governer California is the governer plus 7 The governor signs a “law” and the Superintendent deals with it Courts (Merit plan with retention elections) Cities ○ Reserved powers Health, morality, education ○ Prop 13 Whenever the city needed more money, they raised property taxes and we voted Prop 13 because we got tired of it. But what it also did was cap the assessment of your property The city could assess your property when you lived in it and raise the property value, thus causing your property taxes to rise because the value of it rises after the assessment so Prop 13 stopped that and only can be assessed when sold ○ Special Districts Political districts that cross normal city-county lines The water district crosses La County, orange county, and san diego county La metro, transportation Texbook chater 1 review questions What goods are available to all without direct payment ○ Public goods In which form of government does a small group of elite hold political power ○ Oligarchy What is the difference between representative democracy and a direct democracy ○ In a representative democracy, people elect representatives to make political decisions and pass laws for them. In a direct democracy, people make all political decisions and pass laws themselves. What does the government do for the people  ○ Among the goals that governments around the world seek to accomplish are economic prosperity, secure national borders, and the safety and well-being of citizens ○ Governments also provide benefits for their citizens The type of benefits provided differ according to the country and their specific type of governmental system, but governments commonly provide such things as education, health care, and an infrastructure for transportation. The elite theory of government maintains that ___ ○ Wealthy, politically powerful people control, and the government has no interest in meeting the needs of ordinary people According to the pluralist theory of government _____ ○ government policy is formed as a result of the competition between groups with different goals and interests Which of the following is a good example of a tradeoff ○ The government pleases environmental activists by preserving public lands but also pleases ranchers ○ by allowing them to rent public lands ○ or grazing purposes Supporting the actions of the democratic party simply because one identifies oneself as a member of that party is an example of ○ Partisanship When a person is asked a question about a political issue that person has little interest in and has not thought much about, the person’s answer will likely reflect ________. ○ Latent preferences What kinds of people are most likely to become active in politics or community service ○ People who have an intense preference ○ those with higher levels of education, higher incomes, and those who are older ○ those who feel a connection to their community, and those who believe they can influence government or public policy are also more likely to engage in these activities. What political activities can people engage in other than running for office ○ People can pay attention to the news in order to be aware of the most important issues of the day. They ○ can contribute money to a campaign or attend a rally in support of a political candidate whose views they favor. ○ They can write letters to members of Congress and to state and local politicians. They can vote. Textbook chapter 2 British colonists in north america in the late seventeenth century were greatly influenced by the political thought of ○ John locke  The agreement that citizens will consent to be governed so long as government protects their natural rights is called ○ The social contract What key tenets of american politcal thought were influenced in the decision to declare independence from britain ○ Americans believed all people (i.e., White males) possessed the rights to life, liberty, and property. The best way to protect these rights was by limiting the power of government and allowing people to govern themselves What actions by the British government convinced the colonists that they needed to declare their independence? ○ Imposition of Taxes Without Representation: The British government imposed several taxes on the colonies, such as the Stamp Act (1765) and the Townshend Acts (1767 ○ The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) The closing of Boston Harbor, the dissolution of local governments, and the quartering of British troops in colonial homes ○ Military Actions and the Threat to Colonial Autonomy ○ The colonists repeatedly petitioned the British government to address their grievances, but these appeals were largely ignored or dismissed 5. What important power did the national government lack under the Articles of Confederation? ○ It could not impose taxes In what ways did Shay’s rebellion reveal the weaknesses of the articles of confederation ○ exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation by showing that the government lacked the power to maintain order, raise funds, and respond effectively to internal crises, leading to calls for a stronger federal government and ultimately the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. According to the great compromise, how would representation in congress be apportioned ○ Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on each state’s population and every state would have two senators. How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention resolve their disagreement regarding slavery? ○ It was agreed that 60 percent of a state’s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of both representation and taxation. What does separation of powers mean ○ National and state hold different powers ○ Separation of powers refers to the process of dividing government into different branches and giving different responsibilities and powers to each branch. In this way, the separate branches must work together to govern the nation ○ For example, according to the Constitution, Congress has the power to draft legislation. However, the president must sign a piece of proposed legislation before it becomes a law. Thus, the president and Congress must work together to make the nation’s laws.  Why were the federalist papers written ○ To encourage New York to ratify the Constitution. What argument did Alexander Hamilton use to convince people that it was not dangerous to place power in the hands of one man? ○ One man could respond to crises more quickly than a group of men like Congress and it was easier to control the actions of one man than the actions of a group. Why did so many people oppose ratification of the Constitution, and how was their opposition partly overcome? ○ many people opposed the ratification of the Constitution because they feared it would create an overly powerful central government that could threaten individual liberties and states' rights, and because it lacked a Bill of Rights. Their opposition was partly overcome by the Federalists' promise to add a Bill of Rights after ratification, along with persuasive arguments made in The Federalist Papers. Additionally, compromises during the ratification process, such as recommending amendments, helped to secure the necessary support for the Constitution. How many states must ratify an amendment before it becomes law ○ Three-fourths B What is the bill of rights ○ First ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms What did the Fourteenth Amendment achieve ○ The Fourteenth Amendment gave citizenship to African Americans and made all Americans equal before the law regardless of race or color. Over the years it has also been used to require states to guarantee their residents the same protections as those granted by the federal government in the Bill of Rights Chapter 3-textbook Which statement about federal and unitary systems is most accurate? ○ In a federal system, the constitution allocates powers between states and federal government; in a unitary system, powers are lodged in the national government. Which statement is most accurate about the sources of revenue for local and state governments? ○ a. Taxes generate well over one-half the total revenue of local and state governments. What key constitutional provisions define the scope of authority of the federal and state governments? ○ The following parts of the Constitution sketch the powers of the states and the federal government: Article I, Section 8; the supremacy clause of Article VI; and the Tenth Amendment. The following parts of the Constitution detail the limits on their authority: Article I, Sections 9 and 10; Bill of Rights; Fourteenth Amendment; and the civil rights amendments. What are the main functions of federal and state governments?  ○ Legislation: Both levels of government create laws and regulations to govern behavior, maintain order, and protect rights. ○ Administration of Justice: They establish and maintain court systems to interpret laws, resolve disputes, and uphold justice. ○ Public Services: Governments provide essential services such as education, healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure maintenance. ○ Defense and Security: The federal government is primarily responsible for national defense, while state governments focus on public safety and law enforcement. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court invoked which provisions of the constitution? ○ necessary and proper clause and supremacy clause Which statement about new federalism is not true? ○ President Reagan was able to promote new federalism consistently throughout his administration. Which is not a merit of cooperative federalism? ○ Federal cooperation helps mitigate the problem of collective action among states. What are the main differences between cooperative federalism and dual federalism? ○ Cooperative federalism emphasizes collaboration between federal, state, and local governments, with overlapping responsibilities and joint efforts in policy implementation. In contrast, dual federalism features a clear separation of powers, where each level of government operates within its own distinct sphere of authority. This results in cooperative federalism being more flexible and adaptive, while dual federalism is more rigid and defined. What were the implications of McCulloch v. Maryland for federalism? ○ The McCulloch decision established the doctrine of implied powers, meaning the federal government can create policy instruments deemed necessary and appropriate to fulfill its constitutional responsibilities. The case also affirmed the principle of national supremacy embodied in Article VI of the Constitution, namely, that the Constitution and legitimate federal laws trump state laws. Which statement about federal grants in recent decades is most accurate? ○ The amount of federal grant money going to states has steadily increased since the 1960s. Which statement about unfunded mandates is false? ○ The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act has prevented Congress from using unfunded mandates. What does it mean to refer to the carrot of grants and the stick of mandates? ○ Carrot is bribing and stick is by force Which statement about immigration federalism is false? ○ TheArizona v. United States decision struck down all Arizona’s most restrictive provisions on undocumented immigration Which statement about the evolution of same-sex marriage is false? ○ United States v. Windsor legalized same-sex marriage in the United States. Which statement about venue shopping is not true?  ○ MADD steered the drinking age issue from the federal government down to the states. ○ Anti-abortion advocates have steered the abortion issue from the states up to the federal government. ○ Both MADD and anti-abortion proponents redirected their advocacy from the states to the federal government. What does venue shopping mean? ○ a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism? ○ Federalism encourages economic equality across the country. Describe the advantages of federalism. ○ Federalism offers the advantage of diverse representation, allowing state and local governments to tailor policies to their specific populations and needs. It creates a system of checks and balances, preventing any single entity from becoming too powerful and fostering accountability. Additionally, federalism enables states to experiment with policies, acting as "laboratories of democracy," where successful initiatives can be adopted by others. Describe the disadvantages of federalism. ○ Federalism can trigger a race to the bottom, leading states to reduce workplace regulations and social benefits for employees; it can obstruct federal efforts to address national problems; and it can deepen economic and social disparities among states. Chapter 14-textbook Categorical grants dictate the terms and conditions state governments would have to meet in order to qualify for financial assistance in a specific policy area. The Tenth Amendment created a class of powers exclusive to state governments. These powers are referred to as reserved powers Dillon’s Rule gives local governments the freedom and flexibility to make decisions for themselves. ○ True Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government was quite weak relative to the states. What changes were made to strengthen the role of the federal government under the U.S. Constitution? ○ The U.S. Constitution strengthened the federal government by establishing a bicameral legislature (Congress) with the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce, addressing the limitations of the Articles of Confederation. It created a separate executive branch headed by the President for effective law enforcement and administration. Additionally, the establishment of a federal judiciary, including the Supreme Court, provided a system for interpreting laws  and resolving disputes. The Supremacy Clause ensured federal law takes precedence over state law, creating a more unified legal framework. In a moralistic political culture, the government is seen as a mechanism for maintaining the existing social order or status quo. 6Under a individualistic political culture, citizens will tend to be more tolerant of corruption from their political leaders and less likely to see politics as a noble profession in which all citizens should engage. Oregon was the first state to institute all mail-in voting and automatic voter registration. Delegates are a officeholders who represent the will of those who elected them and act in constituents’ expressed interest. In a citizen legislature, members tend to have low salaries, shorter sessions, and few staff members to assist them with their legislative functions. A line-item veto allows the governor to cross out budget lines in the legislature-approved budget, while signing the remainder of the budget into law. Which branch would you consider to be closest to the people? Why? ○ The state legislature, particularly the state house, where members represent fewer people per district. Constituency service is part of the job of a state representative or senator, and house members’ need to be frequently reelected means they will have to pay attention to the electorate. Under consecutive term limits, legislators can serve one time for the number of years allotted and are not permitted to ever compete for the office again. ○ True The most common term limit across the states that have imposed them is eight years. When term limits have been overturned, the most common method was referendum Term limits have produced a statistically significant increase in the number of women serving in state legislatures. ○ False Currently, 15 states have term limits in place. Under the mayor-council system, the _legistalive and executive responsibilities Which of the following is not one of the three forms of county government? ○ Mayor-council system What are the primary responsibilities of municipal governments? ○ Municipal governments are responsible for providing clean water as well as sewage and garbage disposal. They maintain city facilities, such as parks, streetlights, and stadiums. In addition, they address zoning and building regulations, promote economic development, and provide law enforcement, public transportation, and fire protection. ○