Plumbing Terminology PDF

APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS PLUMBING TERMINOLOGY ACID VENT - a pipe venting an acid waste system. A...

APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS PLUMBING TERMINOLOGY ACID VENT - a pipe venting an acid waste system. ACID WASTE – a pipe, which conveys liquid waste matter containing a pH of 6.9 or less. ACTIVE SLUDGE – sewage sediment, rich in destructive bacteria that can be used to break down fresh sewage quickly. AEROBIC – bacteria living or active only in the presence of free oxygen. AIRBREAK – a piping arrangement in which a drain from a fixture, appliance, or device indirectly discharges into a fixture, receptacle or interceptor at a point below the flood level of the receptacle to prevent backflow or back siphonage. AIRGAP – the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying water or waste to a tank, plumbing fixture receptor or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle. AIR TEST - a test that is applied to the plumbing system upon its completion, but before the building is plastered. ANAEROBIC – bacteria living or active in the absence of free oxygen. AREA DRAIN – a receptacle designed to collect surface or rain water from a determined or calculated open area. ARTERIAL VENT – a vent serving the building drain, it also vents the public sewer. BACKFLOW – the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source or sources other its intended source. BACK PRESSURE – air pressure in drainage pipes greater than atmospheric pressure. BACKING RING – a metal strip used to prevent melted metal from the welding process, from entering a pipe when making a but-welded point. BACKSIPHONAGE – the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into the potable water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipes. BACK VENT PIPE – also called as individual vent. The part of the vent system which connect directly with an individual trap underneath or behind the fixtures and extend to the branch or main soil, or waste pipe at any point higher than the fixture or fixture’s trap it serves. BALL CHECK VALVE – A device used to stop the flow of media in one direction while allowing flow in an opposite direction. The closure member used is spherical or ball-shaped. BALL COCK- a faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating on the surface of the water. BALL JOINT – A connection in which a ball is held in a cup-like shell that allows movement in every direction. BALL VALVE – A spherical- shaped gate valve providing very tight shut-off. BATTERY OF FIXTURE – Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures, which discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil branch. BELL OR HUB – that portion of the pipe which for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. 1  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE BIBB – Synonymous with faucet, cock tap, plug, etc. The word faucet is preferred. BIDET – a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals. BLACK PIPE – A steel pipe that has not been galvanized. BRANCH – Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser, or stack. BUILDING DRAIN – that part of the lowest piping of a drainage system receives the discharge from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and conveys it to the building sewer, which begins outside the building walls. The building drain shall be considered to extend 90 cm outside the building wall. BUILDING SEWER – that part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which extends from the end of the building drain and which receives the discharge of the building drain and conveys it to the public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal. BUILDING TRAP – a device, fitting or assembly of fittings installed in the building drain to prevent the circulation of air between the drainage of the building and the building sewer. It is usually installed as a running trap. BUSHING – a pipe fitting for connecting a pipe with a female fitting of larger size. It is a hollow plug with internal and external threads. BUTT WELD JOINT – a welded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other, the weld being around the periphery. CAP – a fitting into which the end of a pipe is screwed for the purpose of closing the end of the pipe. CAULKING – the method of rendering a joint tight against water or gas by plugging it with oakum, lead or other materials. CATCH BASIN – a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period to deposit materials. CESSPOOL – a lined excavation in the ground which receives the discharge of a drainage system or part thereof, so designed as to retain the organic matter and solids discharging therein, but permitting the liquids to seep through the bottom and sides. CLEANOUT – a plug or cover joined to an opening in a pipe, which can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe. CLOSE NIPPLE – a nipple with a length twice the length of a standard pipe threads. COCK – an original form of valve having a hole in a tapered plug, which is rotated to provide passageway for fluid. CORPORATION COCK – a stopcock screwed into the street water main to supply the building/house service connection. COUPLING – a pipe fitting with female threads only used to connect two pipes in a straight line. CROSS CONNECTION – any physical connection or arrangement between two otherwise separated piping systems, one of which contains potable water and the other water or other substances of unknown or questionable safety, whereby flow may occur from one system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems. CROWN – that part of the trap in which the direction of flow is changed from upward to downward. CURB BOX – a device at the curb that contains a valve that is turned to shut off a supply line, usually of gas or water. 2  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE DEAD END – a branch leading from a soil, waste or vent pipe, building drain or building sewer which is terminated at a developed distance of two feet (0.60 m) or more by means of a plug or other closed fitting. DEVELOPED LENGTH – the length along the centerline of pipe and fittings, both horizontal and vertical. DEW POINT - the temperature of a gas or liquid at which condensation or evaporation occurs. DOWN SPOUT – the rain leader from the roof to the building storm drain, combined building sewer or other means of disposal and located outside of the building. EFFLUENT – sewage, treated or partially treated, flowing out of sewage treatment equipment. ELBOW – a fitting that makes an angle between adjacent pipes, the angle 900, unless another angle is specified. EXPANSION JOINT - a joint whose primary purpose is to absorbed longitudinal thermal expansion in the pipeline due to heat. FAUCET – a valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be drawn from or held within the pipe. The valve is placed on the end of the pipe. FEMALE THREAD – internal thread in a pipe fittings, valve, etc., for making screwed connections. FERRULE – a metallic sleeve, joint to an opening in a pipe into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe. FIRE LINE – a system of pipes and equipment used exclusively to supply water for extinguishing fires. FIXTURE BRANCH – a pipe connecting several fixtures. FIXTURE DRAIN – the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain pipe. FIXTURE UNIT – A quantity in terms of which the load-producing effects on the plumbing systems of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale. A measure of probable discharge into the drainage system of various types of plumbing fixtures. Laboratory tests have shown that the rate of discharge of an ordinary lavatory with a nominal 1-1/4 inch (31.8 mm) outlet, trap and waste is about 7.5 gal/min (0.5 L/s). FLANGE – in pipe work, a ring-shaped plate on the end of a pipe at right angles to the end of the pipe and provided with holes for bolts to allow fastening the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe. The resulting joint is a flanged joint. FLASHING - a piece of sheet metal fitter under another piece of flat metal or wood over which water is expected to run. FLOAT VALVE – a valve, which operated by means of a bulb or ball floating on the surface of the liquid within the tank. The rising and falling action operates a lever, which opens and closes the valve. FLOOD LEVEL RIM - the top edge or rim of a receptacle or fixture from which water can overflow regardless of the location of any overflow piping from the receptacle. FLUSH VALVE – a device located at the bottom of the tank for the purpose of flushing water closets and similar fixtures. FOOT VALVE – a check valve installed at the base of a pump suction pipe. The purpose of a foot valve is to maintain pump prime by preventing pumped liquid from draining away from the pump. 3  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE GATE VALVE – a valve in which flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc, fitting against machine-smoothed faces at right angles to the direction of flow. The disc is raised or lowered by means of a threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve. The opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe. GLOBE VALVE – a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc that fits against the valve seat. The plane of movement of the disc is parallel to the normal direction of flow of water, which is turned through a tortuous passage to direct the flow normal to the face of the disc. GOOSE NECK – a return bend of a small-sized pipe one end of which is about 30.48 cm (1 foot long) and the other end is about 7.62 cm. (3 inches long). It is commonly used as faucet for a pantry sink. Also, the lead connection between a service pipe and water main. GRADE - the slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a horizontal plane. In drainage it is usually expressed as the fall in a fraction of a cm or percentage slope per meter length of pipe. HORIZONTAL BRANCH – a drain pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack or building drain with or without vertical sections or branches, which receives the discharge from one or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain. INDIRECT WASTE PIPE – a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle which is directly connected to the drainage system. INDIVIDUAL VENT – a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and connects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air. INDUCED SIPHONAGE – Siphonage which reduces the depth of a fixture trap seal due to the discharge of another fixture. LATERAL – in plumbing, a secondary pipe line. In sewerage, a common sewer to which no other common sewer is tributary. It receives sewage only from building sewers. LATRINE – a water closet consisting of a continuous trough containing water. The trough extends under two or more adjacent seats prohibited by most health authorities for permanent installation. LAVATORY – a fixture designed for washing of the hands or face. Sometimes called a wash basin. LEACHING WELL OR PIT – a pit or receptacle having porous walls which permit the contents to seep into the ground. LEADER – the water conductor from the roof to the building storm drain, combined with building sewer, or other means of disposal. LOCAL VENTILATING PIPE – a pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from a room or fixture. LOOP VENT – 1. a circuit vent which loops back to connect with a stack vent instead of a vent stack. 2. Any vent connecting a horizontal branch or fixture drain with the stack vent of the originating waste or soil stack. MAIN – the principal artery of the system of continuous piping to which branches may be connected. MAIN VENT – the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may be connected. 4  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE MANHOLE – an opening constructed in a sewer or any part of the plumbing system of sufficient size for a man to gain access thereto. OAKUM – hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it waterproof. PRIVY – an outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement. PRIVY VAULT – a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects. PUTREFACTION – biological decomposition of organic matter with the production of ill-smelling products and usually takes place when there is a deficiency of oxygen. RAW SEWAGE – untreated sewage RECEPTOR – an approved plumbing fixture or device of such material, shape and capacity as to adequately receive the discharge from indirect waste pipe, so constructed and located as to be readily cleaned. REDUCER – a pipe fitting with inside thread, larger at one end than at the other. RELIEF VENT – a vent installed so as to permit additional circulation of air between the drainage and the vent system where the drainage system might otherwise be air bound. RISER – a water supply pipe, which extends vertically one full story or more to convey water to branches or fixtures. ROOF DRAIN – a drain installed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into the leader (downspout). SEAL – the vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap. Also, the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir. SEPTIC TANK – a watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a drainage system, or part thereof, and is designed and constructed to separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter through a period of detention. SERVICE PIPE – the pipe from the watermain or source of water supply to the building served. SEWAGE – any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution and may include liquids containing chemicals in solution. SEWAGE EJECTOR – a mechanical device used to pump or eject sewage. SIAMESE CONNECTION – an eye connection used on fire lines so that two lines of hose may be connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle. SLUDGE – the accumulated suspended solids of sewage deposited in tanks, beds or basins, mixed with water to form a semi-liquid mass. SOIL PIPE – any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. SOIL STACK PIPE – a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid wastes. SPIGOT – the end of a pipe which fits into a bell. STACK – a general term for any vertical line of soil, vent or inside leader piping. STACK VENT (main soil/waste vent) – the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. STALE SEWAGE – sewage, which contains little or no oxygen and is free from putrefaction. 5  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE STAND PIPE – a vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under pressure. STOP VALVE – a valve used for the control of water supply, usually to a single fixture. SUMP – a tank or pit that receives sewage or liquid waste, located below the normal grade of the gravity and must be emptied by mechanical means. SUMP PIT – a tank or pit that receives clear liquid wastes, that do not contain organic materials or compounds subject to decomposition, located below the normal grade of the gravity system and must be emptied by mechanical means. SUMP PUMP – a mechanical device used to eject or pump the liquid waste from the sump pit into the gravity drainage system. TRAP – a fitting or device so designed and constructed as to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. TRAP ARM – that portion of a fixture drain between a trap and its vent. TRAP SEAL – the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the traps. Seal two inches (5.08 cm) in normal traps and three inches (7.64 cm) or more for deep seal traps. UNIT VENT – an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two traps LOOP VENT – A vent from a single fixture or battery of fixture which is connected into the same stack into which the fixtures discharge. If the loop vent serves more than one fixture, it is one type of circuit vent. VENT PIPING – is the piping that conveys air to or from a drainage system. VENT STACK – a vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system. VENT SYSTEM – a pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure. WASTE PIPE – a pipe, which conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter WATER HAMMER – the forces, pounding noises and vibration which develops in a piping system when a column of non-compressible liquid flowing through a pipe line at a given pressure and velocity is stopped abruptly. WET VENT – a vent, which also serves as a drain. YOKE VENT – a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the stacks. PLUMBING – is the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste, water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings, in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property. 6  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE SCOPE OF PLUMBING Plumbing has two main objectives; a. To supply water to different parts of the building b. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of the building into the public sewer or septic tank The water supply in building must satisfy the following conditions; 1. To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixtures 2. To prevent backflow of used water into the water supply system The drainage system should accomplish the following: 1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains. 2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the building from the piping system BASIC PRINCIPLES 1. All buildings, structures and premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, use or employment; or the preparation or processing of food, drinks or other materials for human consumption shall be provided with adequate, safe and potable water supply through a safe system of piping to all fixtures, appliance, appurtenances, etc. 2. Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use on premises abutting a street, alley or easement in which there is a public sewer shall have a separate connection with the sewer. 3. Dwelling type building provided with a drainage system, a public sewer connection or a private sewage disposal system, shall have at least one water closet, one bath tub or shower, one lavatory, one kitchen-type sink, and an adequate source of hot water (where it is a necessity), for each family unit to meet minimum basic requirements for health, sanitation and personal hygiene. Water heating facilities shall be accessible for emergency maintenance without entering any individual apartment or living unit, except that water heaters may be located within an apartment on living unit when supplying hot water to that unit only. 4. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, shall be free from concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 5. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-seal trap. 6. No substances which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building drainage system. 7  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE 7. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. 8. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. 9. If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by some accepted methods of sewage treatment and disposal. 10. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 11. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to preservation of the strength of structural members and prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. 12. Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the group or into any waterway unless it has been rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form or treatment. 13. All plumbing fixtures, devices, appliances, and appurtenances shall be adequately supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure to enable them to function properly. 14. The pipes conveying water to plumbing fixtures, appliances, devices and appurtenances shall be of sufficient size as to supply water at rates that will prevent undue pressure drops at any one fixture, when any other fixture, appliance, device, or appurtenance or group is being flushed, operated or used. 15. There shall be no direct or indirect cross-connections, either existing or potential, between a safe potable water supply and an unsafe, non-potable supply. 16. Adequate protection shall be provided to prevent possible backflow or backsiphonage of an unsafe or potentially hazardous fluid or material into a safe water system. 17. The piping and connection of the plumbing system shall be durable materials, free from defects in workmanship or materials, and designed and constructed to provide adequate service for a reasonable life, including structural loading, temperature, variation, vibration and other conditions. 18. Devices for heating and storing water shall be designed installed to prevent all dangers from overheating and explosion and to prevent undue flow of hot water or stream into the cold water supply pipes. 19. Refrigerators, coolers, receptacles, sterilizers, vats and similar equipment used for storage or holding foods, beverages, sterile goods and water conditioning equipment, etc., shall discharge into the building drainage system through an indirect waste. 20. Water closets, baths, showers, urinals and similar fixtures shall be suitably enclosed and screened for privacy. 21. Plumbing systems, including fixtures, shall be maintained sanitary and properly usable. 22. Sewage and waste from plumbing and drainage systems shall be adequately treated and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of the Plumbing Officials having jurisdiction. 8  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Article I. MATERIALS Chapter 6 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS P-1. Drainage pipe shall be cast iron, galvanized steel, galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, ABS, PVC, or other approved materials having a smooth and uniform bore, except: A. That no galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used underground and shall be kept at least 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above ground. B. ABS or PVC installation limited building construction not more than sixty feet in height. P-2. Drainage fixture shall be of cast iron, malleable iron, lead, brass, copper, ABS, PVC, or other approved materials having smooth interior waterway of the same diameter as the piping served and all such fittings shall conform to the type of pipe used. A. Fittings on screwed pipe shall be of the recessed drainage type. Burred ends shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe. B. The threads of drainage fittings shall be tapped so as to allow on 6.35 mm. (1/4 inch) per foot grade. Article II. FIXTURE UNIT EQUIVALENT P-1. The unit equivalent of plumbing fixtures shown in Table 6-1 shall be based on the size of the trap required, and the unit equivalent of fixtures and devices shall be based on the rated discharge capacity in GPM (Gallons Per Minute) or LPM (Liters Per Minute) in accordance with table 6-2. P-2. Maximum trap loadings for sizes up to 10.16 cm. (4 inches) are as follows: Inches Millimeters Fixture Units 1-1/4 31.75 1 1-1/2 38.10 2 2 50.80 4 3 76.20 6 4 101.6 8 Exception on self-service laundries Article III. SIZE OF DRAINAGE PIPING 9  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE P-1. The minimum sizes of vertical and/or horizontal drainage piping shall be determined from the total of all fixture units connected thereto, and additional, in the case of vertical drainage pipes in accordance with their length. P-2. Table 6-3 shows the maximum number of fixture units allowed on any vertical or horizontal drainage pipes, building drain or building sewer of a given size; the maximum number of fixture units allowed on any branch interval of a given size; the maximum length of any vertical drainage pipe of a given size. THE DRAINAGE, WASTE, AND VENT SYSTEM. Schematic Diagram of the DWV System VRT VRT Roof Soil/Waste Branch CO CO Main Main Vent Vent Soil/Waste Branch Vent Stack CO CO Soil/Waste Stack 0.90 m CO CO To Common Sewer or Septic Tank House Sewer House Drain 10  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE TABLE 6-1 FIXTURE UNIT EQUIVALENT Minimum Trap and Trap arm Size KINDS OF FIXTURES mm inches Units Bathtubs 38.1 1-1/2 2 Bidets 38.1 1-1/2 2 Dental units or cuspidors 31.75 1-1/4 1 Drinking fountains 31.75 1-1/4 1 Floor drains 50.8 2 2 * Interceptors for grease, oils, solids, etc. 50.8 2 3 * Interceptors for sand auto wash, etc. 76.2 3 6 Laundry Tubs 38.1 1-1/2 2 Clothes washers 50.8 2 2 * Receptors (floor sinks) indirect wastes, Receptors for refrigerators, coffee urn, 38.1 1-1/2 1 Water station etc. Receptors, indirect waste receptors for Commercial sinks, dishwashers, air washers, etc. 50.8 2 3 Showers, single stall 50.8 2 2 * Showers, gang (1 unit per head) 50.8 2 Sinks, bar, private (1-1/2 min. waste) 38.1 1-1/2 1 Sinks, commercial or industrial, schools, etc. including dishwashers, wash-up sinks and wash fountains (2” min. 38.1 1-1/2 3 waste) Sinks, flushing rims, clinic 76.2 3 6 Sinks, and/or dishwashers (residential) (2” min. waste) 38.1 1-1/2 2 Sinks, service 50.8 2 3 Trailer park traps (1 for each trailer) 76.2 3 6 Urinals, pedestals 76.2 3 6 Urinals, stall 50.8 2 2 Urinals, wall (2” min. waste) 38.1 1-1/2 2 Urinals, wall trough (2” min. waste) 38.1 1-1/2 3 Wash basins (lavatories) single 31.75 1-1/4 1 Wash basins, in sets 38.1 1-1/2 2 ** Water closet, tank type 76.2 3 4 Water closet, flush valve type 76.2 3 6 * Note: The size and discharge rating of each indirect waste receptor and each interceptor shall be based on the total rated discharge of all fixtures, equipment or appliance discharging thereinto in accordance with Table 6-2. Drainage piping serving batteries of appliances capable of producing continuous flows shall be adequately sized to provide for peak loads. Clothes washers in groups of 3 or more shall be rated at 6 units each for the purpose of common waste pipe sizing. ** Tank type toilets shall be computed as fixture units when determining septic tank size, article XII, chapter 13. Trap sizes shall not be increased to a point where the fixture discharge may be inadequate to maintain their self-scourging properties. TABLE 6-2 11  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE DISCHARGE CAPACITY (IN LITERS PER MINUTE) FOR INTERMITTENT FLOW ONLY LITERS PER MIN. GALS PER MIN. EQUIV. FIX. UNITS Up to 28.42 7-1/2 1 30.32 to 56.85 8 to 15 2 60.64 to 133.7 16 to 30 4 117.49 to 189.5 31 to 50 6 Over 189.50 liters (50 gals) shall be determined by the Plumbing Official. For a continuous flow into a drainage system, such as from a pump, pump ejector, air conditioning equipment, or similar device, two fixture units shall be allowed for each liter (gallon) per minute flow. Table 6 – 3 HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCHES AND STACK SIZE OF PIPES Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to Stack with 3 or more branch intervals Diameter of Pipe One Horizontal Branch Not Over 3 Branch (mm) In 1 branch Interval Total in Stack 32 (1-1/4”) 1 2 1 2 38 (1-1/2”) 3 4 2 8 50 (2”) 6 10 6 24 63 (2-1/2”) 12 20 9 42 75 (3”) 20 30 20 60 100 (4”) 160 240 90 500 125 (5”) 360 540 200 1100 150 (6”) 620 960 350 1900 200 (8”) 1400 2200 600 3600 250 (10”) 2500 3800 1000 5600 300 (12”) 3900 6000 1500 8400 Article IV. FIXTURE CONNECTIONS (DRAINAGE) P-1. Drainage piping shall be provided with approved inlet fittings for fixture connections, correctly located according to the size and type of fixture proposed to be connected. P-2. Two fixtures set back to back or side by side, within the distance allowed between a trap and its vent, may be served by a single drainage pipe provided that each fixture wastes separately into an approved double fitting having inlet openings at the same level. Article V. CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF DRAINAGE FLOW P-1. Changes in direction of drainage piping shall be made by the appropriate use of approved fittings and shall be of the angle presented by a 1/16 bend, 1/8 bend, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep. P-2. Horizontal drainage lines, connecting with a vertical stack, shall enter through 45 o “Y” branches, 60o “Y” branches, combination “Y” and 1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep. No fitting having more than one branch at the same level shall be used unless such fitting is constructed so that the discharge from one branch cannot readily enter any other branch. Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe sizes larger than the largest branch, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 50.8 cm, 63.5 cm, 88.9 cm., 101.6 cm, 114.3 cm, 127 cm, 152.4 cm, etc). P-3. Horizontal drainage lines connecting with other horizontal drainage lines shall enter through 45o “Y” branches, combination “Y” and 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep. P-4. Vertical drainage lines connecting with horizontal drainage lines shall enter through 45 o branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep. 60o branches or offsets may be used only when installed in a true vertical position. 12  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE o Prohibited Fittings: a. Double Hub, Double T or Double Y branch should not be permitted on soil pipes and horizontal lines. b. The drilling and tapping of house drain, soil pipe and waste or vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and short bends are strictly prohibited. o Dead end connections or installations in any drainage system should not be allowed. Article VI. CLEANOUTS P-1. Each horizontal drainage pipe shall be provided with a cleanout at its upper terminal, and each run of piping, which are more than 30. 488 meters (100 feet) in total developed length shall be provided with a cleanout for each 30.48 meters (100 feet) or fraction thereof, in length of such piping. Exceptions: A. Cleanouts may be omitted on a horizontal drain line less than 1.524 meters (5 feet) in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals. B. Cleanouts may be omitted on any horizontal drainage pipe installed on a slope of 72o or less from the vertical angle (angle of 1/5 bend). C. Excepting the building drain and its horizontal branches, a cleanout shall not be required on any pipe or piping, which is above the first floor of the building. D. An approved type of two-way cleanout fitting installed inside the building wall near the connection between the building drain and building sewer or installed outside of a building at the lower end of a building drain and extended to grade may be substituted for an upper terminal cleanout. P-2. An additional cleanout shall be provided in a horizontal line for each aggregate change of direction not exceeding 135o. P-3. Each cleanout shall be installed so that it opens in a direction opposite to the flow of the soil or waste or at right angles thereto, and except in the case of “WYE” branch and end-of-the-line cleanouts, shall be installed vertically above the flow line of the pipe. P-4. Each cleanout extension shall be considered, as drainage piping each 90 o cleanout extension shall be extended from a “Y” type fitting or other approved fitting of equivalent sweep. P-5. Each cleanout, unless installed under an approved cover plate, shall be above grade, readily accessible and so located as to serve the purpose for which it is intended. Cleanouts located under cover plates shall be so installed as to provide clearances and accessibility required by this Code. P-6. Each cleanout for an interceptor shall be outside of such interceptor. P-7. Each cleanout in piping 5.08 cm. (2 inches) or less in size shall be so installed that there is a clearance of not less than 30.48 cms. (12 inches) in front of the cleanout. Cleanouts in piping larger than 5.08 cm. (2 inches) shall have a clearance of not less than 45.72 cms. (18 inches) in front of the cleanout. Cleanouts in under floor piping shall be extended to or above the finished floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than 45.72 cm (18 inches) vertical and 76.2 cm. (30 inches) horizontal clearance from the means of access to such cleanout. No under floor cleanout in any residential occupancy shall be located more than 6.096 meters (20 feet) from an access door, trap door or crawl hole. P-8. Cleanout fittings shall be not less in size than that given in the table below. 13  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Size of Pipe Size of Cleanouts Inches mm Inches mm 1-1/2 38.10 1-1/2 38.10 2 50.80 1-1/2 38.10 2-1/2 63.5 2-1/2 63.5 3 76.2 2-1/2 63.5 4 & larger 10.6 3-1/2 88.9 P-9. Cleanouts shall be provided for pressure drainage system as classified in P-7, article IX, Chapter 6. Article VII. GRADE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE PIPING P-1. Horizontal drainage piping shall be run in practical alignment and a uniform slope of not less than ¼ of a cm. per meter or 2% toward the point of disposal; provided, that where it is impractical due to the depth of the street sewer or to the structural features or to the arrangement of any building or structures to obtain a slope of ¼ of a cm. per meter or 2%, any such pipe or piping 10.16 cm. (4 inches) or larger in diameter may have a slope of not less than 1/8 of a cm per meter or 1% when first approved by the Plumbing Official. Article VIII. GRAVITY DRAINAGE REQUIRED P-1. Wherever practicable all plumbing fixtures shall be drained to the public sewer or private sewage disposal system by gravity. Article IX. DRAINAGE BELOW CURB AND ALSO BELOW MAIN LOW MAIN SEWER LEVEL P-1. Drainage piping serving fixtures, the flood level rims of which are located below the elevation of the curb or property line at the point where the building sewer crosses under the curb or property lines, and above the crown level of the main sewer, shall drain by gravity into the main sewer and shall be protected from backflow of sewage by installing an approved type back water valve, and each such backwater valve shall be installed only in that branch or section of the drainage system which receives the discharge from fixtures located below the elevation of the curb or property line. P-2. Drainage piping serving fixtures that are located below the crown level of the main sewer, shall discharge into an approved watertight sump or receiving tank, so located as to receive the sewage or other liquid wastes by shall be lifted and discharged into the building drain or building sewer by approved ejectors, pumps or other equally efficient approved mechanics device. P-3. The minimum size of any pump or any discharge pipe from a sump having a water closet connected thereto shall not be less than 5.08 cm (2 inches). P-4. The discharge line from such ejector, pump or other mechanics device shall be provided with an accessible backwater or swing check valve and gate valve, and if the gravity drainage line to which such discharge line connects is horizontal, the method of connection shall be from the top through a “WYE” branch fitting. P-5. Building drains or building sewers receiving discharge from any pump or ejector shall be adequately sized to prevent over-loading. Two fixture units shall be allowed for each liter (gallon) per minute of continuous flow. P-6. Backwater valves, gate valves, motors, compressors, air tanks or other mechanical devices required by this Code shall be located where they will be readily and easily accessible for inspection and repair at all times, and unless continuously exposed, shall be enclosed in a watertight masonry pit fitted with an adequately sized removable cover. P-7. The drainage and venting systems in connection with fixture sumps, receiving tanks and mechanical waste lifting devices, shall be installed under the same requirements as provided for in this Code for gravity systems. P-8. Sumps and receiving tanks shall be watertight and shall be constructed of concrete, metal or other approved materials. If constructed of poured concrete, the walls and bottom shall be adequately reinforced and designed to 14  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE recognized acceptable standards. Metal sumps or tanks shall be of such thickness as to serve their intended purpose and shall be treated internally and externally to resist corrosion. P-9. All sumps and receiving tanks shall be automatically discharged and when in any “public use’ occupancy shall be provided with dual pumps or ejectors arranged to function independently in case of overload or mechanical failure. The lowest inlet shall have a minimum clearance of 5.08 cm (2 inches) from the high water or “starting” level of the sump. P-10. Sumps and receiving tanks shall be provided with substantial covers having a bolt and gasket type manhole or equivalent opening to permit access for inspection, repairs, and cleaning. The top shall be provided with a vent pipe, which shall extend separately through the roof, or when permitted, may be combined with other vent pipes. Such vent shall be large enough to maintain atmospheric pressure within the sump under all normal operating conditions and in no case shall be less in size than that required by Table 6-3 for the number of fixtures discharging into the sump, nor less than 3.81 cm (1-1/2 inches) in diameter. When the foregoing requirements are met and the vent, after leaving the sump, the size of the combined with vents from fixtures discharging into the sump, the size of the combined vent need not exceed that required for the total number of fixtures discharging into the sump. No vent from an air-opening sewage ejector shall combine with other vents. P-11. Air tanks shall be so proportioned as to be of equal cubical capacity to the ejectors connected therewith in which there shall be maintained an air pressure of not less than two pounds for each 0.3048meter of height the sewage is to be raised. No water-operated ejectors shall be permitted. P-12. When subsoil drainage systems are installed, they shall be discharged in a manner satisfactory to the Plumbing Official. THE HOUSE DRAIN The portion of the plumbing system which receives the discharges of all soil and waste pipe lines within the building and conveys the same to the house sewer is called as the house drain. Classification of House Drain 1. Sanitary Drain – this type of house drain receives the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only. These sanitary and domestic wastes are conveyed by the house sewer to either the septic tank or to the public sewer line. 2. Storm Drain – conveys all storm waters or surface water waste except sanitary wastes. Storm drains normally terminates into any natural basin or open channels. 3. Combined Drain – conveys both sanitary wastes and storm waters. The Sanitary Drain The NPC provides; a. That, no water closet shall discharge into a drain less than 75 mm 3” pipe diameter. b. That, no more than two water closets shall discharge into any 75 mm horizontal soil branch, house drain or house sewer. c. That, no main sewer receiving discharges from water closet shall be less than 100 mm or 4” pipe diameter. Size of the Sanitary Drain 15  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE To determine the size of the sanitary drain, the volume of the fixture unit discharges must be determined and used the table given below. Diameter of Pipe Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to 2% Slope 3% Slope 4% Slope 32 mm (1-1/4”) 1 1 1 38 mm (1-1/2”) 2 3 3 50 mm (2”) 5 7 8 63 mm (2-1/2”) 12 13 14 75 mm (3”) 18 18 21 100 mm (4”) 84 96 114 125 mm (5”) 162 216 264 150 mm (6”) 300 450 600 200 mm (8”) 990 1392 2220 250 mm (10”) 1800 2520 3900 300 mm (12”) 3089 4320 6912 Grade or Slope of the House Drain It is recommended under any circumstances that a 2% slope for the house drain should be maintained. There are instances however, wherein less than 2% inclination of the pipe is adopted under the following conditions: a. When the depth of the sewer line in relation with the depth of the basement floor is low. Normally, long sewer line would require lower pitch, otherwise, the total length might result in a very deep drain outlet. Lower pitch should not in any manner be less than 1%. b. In the event that inclination is very slight, laying out of the sewer pipe should be guided by leveling instrument for accuracy to prevent sags or trapped piping. House Drain Cleanouts On house drain cleanouts the NPC provides that; 1. The house drain should be provided with adequate number of cleanouts. 2. The entire drain should be accessible without necessarily damaging the floor in case of stoppage. 3. A cleanout shall be provided on the house drain as near as possible to the foundation wall of the building. 4. A cleanout should be installed at every 20 meters interval distance as well as the base of all soil and waste stack. 5. Any branch of the drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture shall be provided with cleanout. 6. The cleanout shall be 100 mm diameter extended at least 3 cm above the basement floor. It should be inserted in a 450 Y branch toward the direction of the drain floor. 7. The cleanout should be equipped with screw thread cover provided with a raised head which could be removed easily by a wrench. The Storm Drain As a rule, storm drain is never permitted to discharge into a septic tank or to the main sanitary sewer lines. The collection and disposal of storm water is an important aspect of the plumbing system which should not be ignored, otherwise, water coming from the roof if not properly diverted will create the following problems: a. Cause settlement of the structure by washing the soil away from the foundation. b. Subject basement walls to unnecessary ground water pressure and possible leakage. c. Run down water may create walls and windows leaks. d. Water may spill on people passing by or approaching entry doors. e. Erode the surrounding grounds and cause disfiguring of the landscape areas. Size of Storm Drain The size of the storm drain could be determined under the following considerations: 16  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE a. Gauging the rainfall over a given period whether it is constant or exceedingly heavy shower of short duration. b. The varying roof area and its slope including the distance of water travel before it reaches the conductors or roof leader. c. Water drain is faster on higher roof pitch, thus requires a larger drainage pipe than that of a flat roof. d. The height of the building is a factor which contributes to the velocity of water in a vertical pipe conductor. It accelerates the flow of water entering the storm drain. The use of short offsets and indiscriminate use of fittings which affects the flow of water should be avoided. Table for Sizing the Storm Drain Diameter of Pipes Maximum Drained Roof Area 2% Slope 3% Slope 4% Slope 75 mm (3”) 114 142 170 100 mm (4”) 242 315 388 125 mm (5”) 438 566 694 150 mm (6”) 700 903 1,105 200 mm (8”) 1,463 1,888 2,313 250 mm (10”) 2,563 3,309 4,055 300 mm (12”) 4,100 5,290 6,480 350 mm (14”) 5,576 7,203 8,830 Roof Leader Roof leader is popularly known as a conductor or down spout. It connects the roof terminal to the storm drain. Table for Sizing the Roof Leader and Gutter Area of Roof Gutter Top Dimension Downspout or Roof Leader Diameter (Sq. M) (mm) (mm) 1 – 10 75 38 11 – 25 100 50 26 – 75 100 75 76 – 165 125 90 166 – 335 150 100 336 – 510 200 125 511 – 900 250 150 The Combined Storm Drain The sizing of the combined storm drain is determined by converting the total fixture units to its equivalent roof area using the table below and then using the table for sizing storm drain. Number of fixture units Area of Roof 97 - 145 - 217 - 325 - 487 - 733 - 1099- 0-6 7 - 18 19 - 36 37 - 60 61 - 96 (m2) 144 216 324 486 732 1098 1644 0 – 10 17 10 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.8 11 – 20 15 9 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.8 21 – 45 11 7 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.8 46 – 70 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 71 – 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 100 101– 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 150 151– 2 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 225 226– 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 06 0.6 340 341– 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 500 501– 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 760 761– 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1140 1141– 0 0 0 0.2.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1710 1711– 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2560 17  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE 2561– 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 3800 3801– 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 5700 Over 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 5700 THE HOUSE SEWER House sewer is that portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or septic tank. Other code defined house sewer as that portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts 90 cm from the outer face of the building. Size of the House Sewer The standard practice in specifying the size of house sewer for ordinary a residential installation is to use 150 mm (6”) diameter cement or vitrified clay pipe. If cast iron or plastic pipe or its equivalent of interior smooth surface is used, the pipe diameter can be reduced to 100 mm (4”) subject to the standard rules and regulations promulgated by the NPC. House Sewer Connection to the Main Sewer The house sewer is connected to the main sewer by boring a small hole through the concrete main sewer pipe with the use of s sharpened steel chisel or electric drill. The hole is then gradually enlarged to receive the sleeve. Extra care should be exercised not to break-up the inside wall of the main sewer. The house sewer pipe is connected to the main sewer entering at 450 angle or directly from the top. TRAPS Article I – Traps Required P-1. Each plumbing fixture, excepting those having integral traps, shall be separately trapped by an approved type water seal trap. P-2. It is provided however, that one trap may serve a set of not more than three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs of the same depth or three lavatories immediately adjacent to each other and in the same room, if the waste outlets are not more than 76.2 cm (30 inches) apart the trap is centrally located when three compartments are installed. The depth requirement may be waived in the case of approved type pump-discharged fixtures or appliances. P-3. No food waste disposal unit shall be installed with any set of restaurant, commercial or industrial sinks served by a single trap; each such food waste disposal unit shall be connected to a separate trap. Each domestic clothes washer and each laundry tub may also receive the waste from a clothes washer set adjacent thereto. No clothes washer or laundry tub shall be connected to any trap for a kitchen sink. P-4. The vertical distance between a fixture outlet and the trap weir shall be as short as practicable, but in no case shall take tailpiece from any fixture exceeds 60.96 cm (24 inches) in length. Article II – Traps Protected by Vent Pipes P-1. Each plumbing fixture trap, except as otherwise provided in this Code shall be protected against siphonage and back pressure , and air circulation assured throughout all parts of the drainage system, by means of a vent pipe installed in accordance with the requirements of this Code. P-2. Each fixture trap shall have a protected vent so located that the developed length of the trap arm from the trap weir to the inner edge of the vent shall be within the distance given in the table below. Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms (Except for water Closets and similar Fixtures) 18  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Trap Arm Diameter (in) Distance (m) 1-1/4 0.6096 1-1/2 0.9144 2 1.5240 3 1.8288 4 and larger 3.0480 P-3. A trap arm may change direction without the use of a cleanout when such change of direction is accomplished by the use of not more than two 450 fittings or one 900 fitting of approved radius. P-4. The vent pipe opening from a soil or waste pipe, except for water closets and similar fixtures, shall not be below the weir of the trap. The developed length between the trap of a water closet (measurement from top of floor flange to inner edge of vent) or similar fixture and its vent shall not exceed 1.8288 meters (6 feet). Article IV – Traps Prohibited P-1. No form of trap which depends for its seal upon the action of movable parts or concealed interior partitions shall be used. Full “S” traps are prohibited. No fixtures shall be double trapped. Drum traps may be installed only when permitted by the Plumbing Official for special conditions. No drum traps shall be installed without a vent. Article V – Trap Seals P-1. Each fixture trap shall have a water seal of not less than 5.08 cm (2 inches) and not more than 10.16 cm (4 inches) except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Plumbing Official for special conditions. Traps shall be set true with respect to their water seals and where necessary shall be protected. Article VI – Floor drain Traps P-1. Floor drains shall connect into a trap so constructed that it can be readily cleaned and of a size to serve efficiently the purpose for which it is intended. The drain inlet shall be so located that it is all times in full view. When subject to backflow or back pressure, such drains shall be equipped with an approved backwater valve. Article VII – Trap Seal Protection P-1. Floor drain or similar traps directly connected to the drainage system and subject to infrequent use shall be provided with an approved means of maintaining their water seals, except where not deemed necessary for safety or sanitation by the Plumbing Official. Permissible Traps 1. P-Trap The P-trap is the most common and practical shape of trap available in sizes from 32 mm to 150 mm (1-1/4 to 6 inches) diameter. It is suitable for fixtures suspended from walls or supported on a pedestal such as lavatories, sinks, urinals, drinking fountains, shower bath with less amount of water drainage, and etc. On P-Trap and its installation, the NPC provides that: a. All traps should be self cleaning. That is, capable of being completely flushed each time the trap operates so that no sediments will remain inside to decompose. b. P-Trap should be installed as near the fixture as practical not to require too long vertical leg between the trap and the fixture proper. Short vertical leg eliminate high velocity of water discharge which create siphoning, a major cause of trap seal loss. c. The P-Trap should be installed within 60 cm of the fixture and accessible for cleaning through the bottom opening closed by a screw plug. All traps are subject to stoppage, thus, should be provided with cleanout or be designed that could be disassembled with little effort. 19  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE d. Long run of horizontal pipe called running trap could be used only near the drain of the floor area or yard and not provided with hand-hole cleanout. e. Overflow pipe from fixture should be connected into the inlet side of the trap. f. The dip portion of the trap should be as short as possible to avoid retarded flow of water. Likewise, the horizontal leg connection to the waste pipe must be short for effective ventilation. Size of Traps The NPC has regulated the minimum diameter of traps and drain size to be installed depending upon the class of users for which the installation is to serve. The minimum size of traps and waste branch for a given fixture should conform with the size given on the table below. MINIMUM SIZE OF FIXTURE TRAP TRAP AND BRANCH SIZE (mm) KIND OF FIXTURE Bath tubs 38 (1-1/2”) Bath Shower Stall 50 (2”) Bath Sitz 38 (1-1/2”) Bath Foot 38 (1-1/2”) Bidets 38 (1-1/2”) Combination Fixture 38 (1-1/2”) Drinking Fountains 32 (1-1/4”) Fountain Cupsidors 32 (1-1/4”) Floor Drains 50 (2”) Laundry Trays 38 (1-1/2”) Sinks (Kitchen of residence) 38 (1-1/2”) Sinks (Hotel or Public) 50 (2”) Sinks (Large Hotel or Public) 50 (2”) Sinks (Small pantry or bar) 32 (1-1/4”) Sinks (Dishwasher) 38 (1-1/2”) Sinks, slop, with combined trap 75 (3”) Sinks, slop, ordinary 50 (2”) Urinals, Lip 38 (1-1/2”) Urinals, Trough 50 (2”) Urinals, Pedestal 75 (3”) Urinals, Stall 50 (2”) Wash Basin 32 (1-1/4”) Water Closets 75 (3”) 2. Drum Trap Drum trap is also classified as water seal device. Its name was derived from its form and size being large in diameter. Its special features are: a. Drum trap is used for fixtures that are set on the floor such as bath tubs, foot and sitz bath and other similar fixtures. b. Drum trap is recommended for fixtures that discharges substantial amount of water wherein trap seal loss is more prevalent due to the velocity of the flow in short intervals. c. Drum trap can also serve as terminal for soda fountain, bar wastes and any type of indirect waste. d. Drum trap is designed in two types i. The 100 mm X 125 mm ii. The 100 mm X 200 mm The kind of fixtures to be installed are classified into three, namely: Class 1 For Private Use applied to fixtures in residences, apartment and private bathroom of hotels and similar installations. 20  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Class 2 For Semi-Public use applied to fixtures in office buildings, factories, dormitories and the like where the fixtures are intended for use of the occupants of the building. Class 3 For Public Use such schools, gymnasiums, hotels, railroad and bus terminals, public comfort rooms and other installation where several fixtures are installed so that the use is unrestricted. MINIMUM TRAP AND DRAIN DIAMETER Minimum Trap Diameter (mm) Minimum Drain Fixture Unit FIXTURE AND CLASS OF INSTALLATION Size (mm) Value One lavatory or washbasin, Class 1 32 32 1 One lavatory or washbasin, Class 2 or 3 32 32 2 One water closet, Class 1 75 75 3 One water closet, Class 2 75 75 5 One water closet, Class 3 75 75 6 One bathtub, Class 1 38 38 3 One bathtub, Class 2 or 3 50 50 4 One shower stall, shower head only, Class 1 38 38 2 One shower stall, multiple spray, Class 1 50 50 4 One shower stall, shower head only, Class 2 or 3 50 50 3 One shower stall, multiple spray, Class 2 or 3 75 75 6 One urinal, lip or each 2 feet of through or gutter 38 38 2 One urinal, stall or wall hung with tank of flush valve supply 50 50 4 One urinal, pedestal or blow out 50 75 5 One bidet 38 38 3 One drinking fountain 32 32 0.5 One foot bath or sitz bath 38 38 2 One laundry tray 38 38 3 One infant’s or baby’s clab bath 32 32 0.5 One sink, laboratory, 1 surgeon’s or medical sink 38 38 1.5 One sink, bedpan sink or bedpan washer 75 75 6 One sink, soda fountain bar sink 32 32 1.5 Chapter 7 VENTS AND VENTING Article I. VENTS REQUIRED P-1. Each plumbing fixture trap, except as otherwise provided by this Code, shall be protected against siphonage and back pressure, and air circulation shall be assured throughout all parts of the drainage system by means of vent pipes installed in accordance with the requirements of this code. Article II. VENTS NOT REQUIRED P-1. Where permitted by the Plumbing Official, vent piping may be omitted on an interceptor when such interceptor acts as a primary settling tank and discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor which is located within 7.62 meters (25 feet) of the primary tank. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented. P-2. Traps serving sinks which are part of the equipment of bars, soda fountains and counters, need not be vented when the location and construction of such bars, soda fountains and counters is such as to make it impossible to do so. When such conditions exist, said sinks shall discharge by means of approved indirect waste pipes into a floor sink or other approved type receptor. Article III. MATERIALS 21  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE P-1. Vent pipe shall be cast iron, galvanized steel, galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, ABS, PVC, or other approved materials; except that no galvanized steel or galvanized wrought iron pipe shall be used underground and shall be kept at least 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above ground. P-2. Changes in direction of vent piping shall be made by appropriate use of approved fittings and no such pipe shall be strained or bent. Burred ends shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe. Article IV. SIZE OF VENTS P-1. The size of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total number of fixture units connected thereto. In addition, the drainage piping of each building and each connection to a public sewer or private sewage disposal system shall be vented by means of one or more vent pipes, the aggregate cross-sectional area of which shall not be less than that of the largest required building sewer. Article V. VENT PIPE GRADES AND CONNECTIONS P-1. All vent and branch vent pipes shall be free from drops or sags and each such vent shall be level or shall be so graded and connected as to drip back by gravity to the drainage pipe it serves. P-2. Where vents connect to a horizontal drainage pipe, each vent pipe shall be taken off above the centerline of such pipe ahead of the trap being served. P-3. Unless prohibited by structural conditions, each vent shall rise vertically to a point not less than 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above flood level rim of the fixture served before offsetting horizontally, and wherever two or more vent pipes converge, each vent pipe shall rise to a point at least 15.24 cms. (6 inches) in height above the flood level rim of the plumbing fixture it serves before being connected to any other vent. When horizontal vents are less than 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above the flood level rim of the fixture, the horizontal portion shall be installed with approved drainage material. P-4. All vents pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the roof, or shall be reconnected with the main soil or waste vent. P-5. The vent pipe opening from the soil or waste pipe, except for water closets and similar fixtures, shall not be below the weir of the trap. P-6. Two fixtures may be served by a common vent pipe when each such fixture wastes separately into an approved double fitting having inlet opening at the same level. Article VI. VENT TERMINATION P-1. Each vent pipe or stack shall extend through its flashing and shall terminate vertically not less than 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above the roof nor less than 30.48 cm (1 foot) from any vertical surface. P-2. Each vent shall terminate not less than 3.0488 meters (10 feet) from or at least 91.44 cm. (3 feet) above any window, door, opening, air intake or shaft vent, nor less than 91.44 cm (3 feet) in any direction from any lot line; alley and street excepted. P-3. Vent pipe shall be extended separately or combined, of full-required size, not less than 15.24 cm. (6 inches) above the roof or firewall. Flag poling of vents is prohibited except where the roof is used for purposes other than weather protection. In such cases, the vent shall extend not less than 2.1336 meters (7 feet) above the roof and be securely stayed. P-4. Vent pipes for outdoor installation shall extend at least 3.048 meters (10 feet) above the surrounding ground and shall be securely supported. P-5. Joints at the roof around vent pipes shall be made watertight by the use of approved flashings or flashing materials. 22  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Article VII. VENT STACKS AND RELIEF VENTS P-1. Each drainage stack, which extends ten or more stories above the building drain or other horizontal drain, shall be served by a parallel vent stack, which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper terminal and connect to the drainage stack at or immediately below the lowest fixture branch. Each such vent stack shall also be connected to the drainage stack at each fifth floor below the uppermost fixture branch by means of a relief yoke vent, the size of which shall not be less than the diameter of either the drainage or the vent stack, whichever is smaller. P-2. The yoke vent intersection with the vent stack shall be placed not less than 1.0668 meters (42 inches) above the floor level, and the yoke vent intersection with the drainage stack shall be by means of a “WYE” branch fitting placed below the fixture branch serving that floor. Plumbing Ventilation Ventilation of a plumbing system is that portion of the drainage installation provided to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system in order to prevent problems like (a) Trap Seal Loss, (b) Retardation of Flow, and (c) Deterioration of the Materials. Trap Seal Loss Among the most common serious problems being encountered in a drainage system is the trap seal loss. Trap seal loss is the direct effect of the minus and plus pressure inside the plumbing system. This minus and plus pressure exist inside the system as long as ventilation of the traps continues to be inadequate. Trap seal loss maybe attributed to any of the following conditions; (a) Siphonage, (b) Back pressure, (c) Evaporation, (d) Capillary action, and (e) Wind effect Retardation of Flow Retardation of flow of sewage inside the pipe is due to the effect of unbalanced atmospheric pressure and or gravity. If ventilation provided is inadequate within the plumbing system then negative pressure (suction) will occur within the pipes resulting to the slow flow of waste water towards the house sewer which may result to flooding within the building. Deterioration of the Materials With inadequate ventilation within the plumbing system, some of the gases produce due to the decomposition of organic matters inside the piping system cannot go out the plumbing system. Some of these gases when mixed with water produce acidic compounds which may corrode the piping walls, thereby shortening its economic life. Types of ventilation in Plumbing System 1. Main Soil and waste Vent – the main soil and waste vent is that portion of the soil stack above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. It serves as the terminal for the main vent and other vents of the plumbing installation. This vent pipe is used to ventilate the soil and waste pipes and indirectly serve the fixture traps. Their main function is to maintain the balance atmospheric pressure inside the waste pipe system. The main soil and waste vent must be installed as direct as possible, short radius fittings must be avoided because it reduces the flow of air, as much as possible long horizontal line must be avoided, and generally it should have the same diameter as the soil or waste pipe. 2. Main Vent – that portion of the vent pipe system serving as terminal for the smaller form of individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation The main vent shall be in full size at their base to the main soil or waste pipe or below the lowest fixture branch. The main vent should extend undiminished in size above the roof or shall be reconnected with the main soil vent at least 1.00 meter above the highest fixture branch. The size of the main vent is determined by knowing the sum of the fixture units it will serve with the aid of the table given below. 23 APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH OF VENTS FOR SOIL AND WASTE STACKS (meters) Size of Soil or No. of Fixture Diameter of the Vent Pipe (mm) Waste Stack Units 32 38 50 63 75 100 125 150 (mm) 32 1 13.5 38 1–8 18.0 50 1 – 18 15.0 27 63 1 – 36 13.5 22.5 31.5 75 1 – 12 10.2 36.0 54.0 63.6 75 1 – 18 5.4 21.0 54.0 63.6 75 1 – 24 3.6 15.0 39.0 63.6 75 1 – 36 2.4 10.5 28.0 63.6 75 1 – 48 2.1 9.6 24.0 63.6 75 1 – 72 1.8 7.5 19.5 63.6 100 1 – 24 7.5 33.0 60.0 90.0 102 100 1 – 48 4.7 19.5 34.5 90.0 102 100 1 – 96 3.6 13.5 25.2 90.0 102 100 1 – 144 2.7 10.8 21.6 90.0 102 100 1 – 192 2.4 9.0 19.2 84.6 102 100 1 – 264 2.1 6.0 16.8 73.5 102 100 1 – 384 1.5 5.4 14.1 61.8 102 125 1 – 72 12.0 19.5 75.0 117 132 125 1 – 144 9.0 14.1 54.0 117 132 125 1 – 288 6.0 9.6 37.2 117 132 125 1 – 432 4.8 7.2 28.2 96.0 132 125 1 – 721 3.0 4.8 21.0 67.5 132 125 1 – 1020 2.4 3.9 17.4 54.0 132 150 1 – 144 8.1 32.4 102 153 150 1 – 288 4.5 21.0 66.0 153 150 1 – 576 3.0 12.9 45.0 127.5 150 1 – 864 2.1 9.9 37.5 96.0 150 1 – 1294 1.8 7.5 27.6 72.0 150 1 – 2070 1.2 6.3 22.5 55.8 200 1 – 350 12.6 43.2 120 200 1 – 640 9.0 25.8 78.0 200 1 – 960 6.6 18.0 58.8 200 1 – 1600 4.8 12.0 36.0 200 1 – 2500 3.6 8.4 27.0 200 1 – 4160 2.1 6.6 18.6 200 1 - 5400 1.5 5.1 15.6 3. Individual Vent – is sometimes referred to as Back Vent. It is that portion of the vent pipe system which serves a single trap. 4. Individual vent must be connected as close as possible to the fixture trap it serve, should be directly located underneath or back of the fixture, and it must be connected to the main vent above the overflow line of the fixture. Size of Individual or Back Vent Type of Fixture Minimum Size (mm) Lavatory 32 Drinking Fountain 32 Sink 38 Shower 50 24  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE Bathtub 38 Laundry Tub 38 Slop sink 50 Water Closet 75 Permissible Number of Fixture Unit Size of Pipe (mm) Number of Fixture Units Allowed 32 1 38 8 50 18 63 36 75 72 100 384 Safe Length of Arm between Trap and Vent Permissible Length in meters Sanitary Tee Long Turn Tee Wye or combination Wye and Size of Fixture Drain (mm) 1/8 bend 2% slope 4% slope 2% slope 4% slope 32 1.20 0.75 0.45 0.30 38 1.35 0.90 1.20 0.60 50 1.50 1.20 1.35 1.20 75 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 100 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 5. Unit Vent – is that portion of a vent pipe system which ventilates two fixture traps that discharge into a sanitary cross with deflectors. This type of venting is common to fixture traps serving apartment and hotels particularly on fixtures with identical rough-in measurements. 6. Circuit vent – this is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or waste branch. The use of circuit vent generally reduces the cost of plumbing installation. This type of vent is widely used in modern buildings which demand more facilities and a battery of fixtures are installed. 7. Size of Circuit Vent for a Battery of water Closets Number of Water Closets installed in a series Diameter of Circuit Vent (mm) 2 50 3 to 6 75 7 or more 100 Note: “No more than 8 water closets or other fixtures should be allowed on any circuit vent. If there 14 or 16 water closets which are to be vented, two pieces of 100 mm pipe should be installed.” “Circuit vent is permitted provided that a branch soil or waste pipe to which two or not more than 8 water closets, pedestal urinals, trap standard slop sinks, or shower stalls are connected in a series, maybe vented by a circuit vent, which should be taken off in front of the last fixture connection. Where fixtures discharge above such branch, each branch should be provided with a relief vent one half the diameter of the soil or waste stack, taken off in front of the first fixture connection.” 8. Relief Vent – is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting branches rather than the fixture traps. The installation of a relief vent depends upon the good judgment of the plumber on wherever a back pressure is most likely to occur. On the installation of relief vent, the NPC provides that: a. Waste branches which are circuit vented must be provided with relief vent. b. The base of the soil stack on tall building installation is susceptible to back pressure due to the large volume of water rushing down inside the pipe. Hence, a relief vent in this portion is necessary. c. Relief vent may be installed at interval on the soil pipe having changes in direction. d. On a long vertical soil pipe, a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this manner of installation, the relief vent is sometimes referred to as Yoke or By-Pass vent. e. The relief vent serving a circuit vented branch should have at least one-half the diameter of the said pipe and in no case be less than 38 mm diameter. f. A relief vent used on changes of direction and at the base of the soil pipe must have a diameter equal to the main vent and in no case relief vent be less than 50 mm diameter. 25  APPLIED SCIENCES AND PLUMBING TO BUILDINGS by LCSAWAL,asean engr, acpe EnSE g. Yoke vent between the main vent and the soil pipe at 5 floor intervals must have equal pipe size as the main vent. 9. Wet Vent – is that portion of the plumbing system which serves both as a waste pipe and at the same time as a vent. The size of a wet vent could be determined in the same manner as that of the individual vent using the fixture unit values. SEWAGE DISPOSAL Sewage Disposal in Unsewered Areas 1. Privies a. Pit Privy – this is very economical and requires no operation. It essentially consists of a pit 1.3 X 1.0 m in plan and 1.5 to 2.8 m deep. At the top of this pit, the squatting seat is provided in a compartment. The superstructure is of temporary nature. When the pit is filled, it is closed from the top by 60 cm thick earth layer and a new pit is excavated by the side of it. The squatting pan along with the compartment is shifted to the new trench. A 10 cm diameter vent pipe is also provided to take the foul gasses. If lime is applied frequently it will reduce the odor. Pit privy should be constructed at least 30 meters away from any existing water source. b. Borehole Privy – it is similar to pit privy, the only difference is that in place of a pit, it has long 40 cm diameter hole. The depth of the bore hole should be 100 cm less than the ground water table, so that the excreta may not pollute the ground water. c. Cesspool – it essentially consists of a pit or chamber lined with dry bricks or stones. One cess