Fundamentals Of Urban Design And Community Architecture Module 03 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 PREPARED BY AR. GERALD VICENCIO, RMP LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the people, place and context and the influences of historical, socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental issues in...

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 PREPARED BY AR. GERALD VICENCIO, RMP LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the people, place and context and the influences of historical, socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental issues in shaping urban, suburban environments; TOPIC OUTLINE Beginnings of Urban Design – Western Stream Historical Background: Aesthetics/ Community Architecture FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 PART 02 HISTORY- Development Planning History and Influence on Urban design TOPICS: -EARLY THEORIES ANS PRACTICES -INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN IN THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT -HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE SETTLEMENTS/URBAN ENVIRONMENT FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 EARLY THEORIES AND PRACTICES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Though town planning and urban design emerge as early as the Greek and Roman Ancient Times the roots of out modern concepts were developed at a later era when towns and cities were experiencing a decline brought about by congestion, disease, crime, and other negative factors. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Ebenezer Howard Author of “ Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform”, first conceptualized the “ Garden Cities”. These were new cities built in the countryside with rail access to the original city. Garden city would have a central city with an optimum size of 58,00 to 65,000 in 6,00 acres of land, with satellite cities, also connected by rail, with an optimum size of 30,00 to 32,00 persons. The cities would all be surrounded by large greenbelts of agricultural land. "Howard Garden City: A Journey Through the History of Modern Urban Planning!" (youtube.com) THE GARDEN CITIES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 The Garden City Association was establishes by Howard in 1899 meant to provide financial machinery for the realization of his proposals FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Letchworth -The first developed Garden City, started in 1902 -designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker -The plan was a combinations of landscaping, informal street layouts, and a main axis focusing on a town center. It was built in an area of 4,500 acres; 3000 for agricultural uses and 1500 for the city proper. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Welwyn -The second Garden City, built in 1920 -designed by Louis de Soisson -Welwyn brought formality and Georgian taste to the town built in a smaller land area of 2400 acres. The town’s focal point was a mile long mall with beautiful Georgian houses and shops facing it. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Hampstead Garden Suburbs -meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT -The exact period of the city beautiful movement is vague, but theorist suggest it begun with the Columbian Exposition in 1891 -Emphasis of the movement was on grand formal design, but also with social motives. -Daniel Burnham spearheaded the movement with his design of Chicago and with his famous axiom of “make no little plans, they have no magic to stir men’s blood”. -Burnham is also credited with the designs of Cleveland, San Francisco, and Manila and Baguio, among others. How Chicago Could Have Become a "Paris on the Prairie" (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 THE NEW CAPITALS The City Beautiful Movement spread to different parts of the world. Grand designs were sought after by different nations in the building of their new capitals, and proponents of the movement were invited to take part. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 THE NEW CAPITALS Brasilia -The new capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth- century city was designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from Le Corbusier. -Designed with two huge axes in the sign of the cross, with the principal multi-level traffic arteries traversing these axes. Separate centers for government, commerce, and entertainment are located along one axis, and the residential districts are distributed about the other. -Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects employed to design the buildings. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Chandigarh -With the separation of India and Pakistan, the site of original Indian Capital of Lahore was given to Pakistan, thus creating a need for a new capital. -Chandigarh was designed to be Capital of Punjab province of India. -The original Master Plan was by Albert Myer but Le Corbusier eventually took over. -Designed with a regular grid of major roads for rapid transport surrounding residential superblocks or sections each based on the rectangle, and measuring 800 x 1200 meters. -The whole plan represents a large scale application of Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Canberra -The government of Australia sponsored a design competition in 1901 for the new capital and invited such top urban designers as Daniel Burnham, Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie, and Frederick Law Olmstead, but the winner was Walter Griffin, who was a descendant of Frank Lloyd Wright. -Canberra’s design reflected the principles of the city beautiful movement with a triangular formation of three important building gs: Court of Justice, the Parliament House, and the Capitol Building, with each apex pointing to another i9mportant building g or monument. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 New Delhi, India -The Master Plan for New Delhi, designed by Sir Edward Lutyens is based on the great east west axis of kingway, 1.5 miles long, with the Government House on a hilltop in the West end, and the eastern counterpoint a large hexagonal space reserves for palaces of the natives princes. -Kingsway form the base of a triangle, the northern point of which is a busy commercial node -The planned area covers 2650 hectares, yet growth beyond a population of 57,000 people was not contemplated as extremely low garden-city type density was envisioned. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 THE CITY OF TOWERS The problem of congestion in cities and the need for open space led to the conceptualization of high density living in tall structures that will take up less space FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  -This idea was first conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book “ The Cities of Tomorrow” -His first plan of high density living was in Unite d’ Habitation in Marseilles, a “super building’ that contained 337 dwellings in only ten acres of land. -Le Corbusier also planned Le Contemporaine, designed for the population of 3,000,000 people -Consisted of high rise office and residential building with a greenbelt for institutions and recreational areas. Unite d’ Habitation -Beyond this were industrial areas -Designed with a grid pattern of superblocks, 200 by 400 meters -Transit was underground FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Broadacres -Frank Lloyd Wright proposed that every family in the U.S. live in one acre of land, in a city complete with all necessary amenities. -Critics argued that there was not enough land. This led to his own translation of high density living FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 The Mile High Tower -Frank Lloyd Wright proposed to house a significant amount of Manhattan ・ -Residents to free up space for green fields, in a building a mile high He suggested that 10 or more of these could possibly replace all Manhattan buildings FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 The Linear City Proposed by Spanish Engineer Soria Y Mata The Archology Alternative Proposes by Paolo Soleri RADICAL IDEAS FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  The Floating CIty Proposed by Kiyonori Kikutake The Barbican Development An early type of Planned Unit Development that had all amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT -Conceptualized by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein, the neighborhood unit was defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy Why Neighborhood Matters | reach of each other Clarence Perry's unit of urban planning (youtube.com) -Was not intended to segregate anybody by race, religion, or income. The unit was a template for new neighborhoods with the main objective being self sustainability of smaller units -The elementary school as the center of development and the size of the neighborhood was dependent on the population of the school FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  Pre-colonial Times -Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities developed out of the need for their inhabitants to band together. -They were formed for security, or to be close to critical resources like food and water. -Most of the earliest towns were by the coast for the fisherfolk or were where there was abundant agricultural land for the farmers -The community unit was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 The Spanish Colonial Times Laws of the Indies - In 1573, King Philip Il proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements. -These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the location of civic and religious buildings, open space, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural phases of planning and construction -The Plaza Complex was a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the indies. Reduccion | 1573 Ordinance - Laws of Indies (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 M O D U L E 0 3  The plaza was surrounded by important buildings such as: 1 Catholic church 2. Municipal or town hall 3. Marketplace and merchants stores 4. Elementary school 5. The homes of the "principalia" 6. Other government buildings FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  Intramuros -The city was 1.2 sq. KM in area, containing large Churches, plazas, office and residential buildings, housing 7000 residents surrounded by high walls. -Because of the physical limitations in growth, decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other areas FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 The American Period The American Agenda -With the arrival of the Americans their agenda was to guide urban growth and physical development -In doing so, they put more emphasis on other values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements. Luneta Park FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3. Daniel Burnham -Daniel Burnham, an architect / planner who designed Chicago, San Francisco, and parts of Washington D.C. was brought in and commissioned to design Manila based on the city beautiful movement theories he was known for -Burnham's design of Manila was very similar to his design of Washington D.C., evident in the Strong similarities of the Capitol mall with Luneta Park -Burnham went as far as ordering reclamation of the sea to create a better view of the ports FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  Nawalang Paraiso: Ang Burnham Plan of Manila (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  Manila as the first chartered city -On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was incorporated -Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan. -The population then was 190,000 people FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Growth of Manila The Arrabales Quiapo- the illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity. Tondo-coastal city adjacent to Manila Binondo- the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs Sta. Cruz- the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc. San Nicolas- also a commercial town buiit by the Spanish with streets of "specialized" categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.) Sampaloc- centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first "University Town". FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 Later Suburbs San Miguel (Malacañang) -where rest-houses were built for the Spanish government Malate- the early "summer resort" of wealthy and cultured Filipinos. Then became the first fishing and salt-making town Ermita- early tourist belt (red-ugnt district) Paco- first town built around a train station Pandacan- town built by the Americans for Oil depots FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3  QUIZ NO. 1 Coverage: Module 01-Module 03 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 3 REFERENCES https://auma.ca/advocacy-services/programs- initiatives/municipal-planning-hub/historical-context/brief- history-settlement https://allaboutancientegyptiancivilization.weebly.com/to wn_planning.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirokitia Center for the Designed Environment Professionals, Inc. Site Planning and Urban Design reviewer FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 1