Human Physiology Lab 3: The Blood PDF

Human Physiology Lab 3 The blood  Functions of blood : Provides oxygen to the cells Blood absorbs oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body. The waste carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs and is exhaled. Transports Hormones and Nutrients Ho...

Human Physiology Lab 3 The blood  Functions of blood : Provides oxygen to the cells Blood absorbs oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body. The waste carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs and is exhaled. Transports Hormones and Nutrients Homeostasis Blood helps to maintain the internal body temperature by absorbing or releasing heat. Blood Clotting at Site of Injury The platelets help in the clotting of blood at the site of injury. Platelets along with the fibrin form clot at the wound site Protection of the body against pathogens The White Blood Cells fight against infections.  Plasma ▪ it makes up ~55% of blood. ▪ It is pale yellow in colour ✓ Water: About 90-92% of plasma is water, serving as a solvent and medium for carrying substances. ✓ Proteins: - Albumin: Helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances. - Globulins: Involved in immune responses and transport - Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting. ✓ Electrolytes: Minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and chloride are crucial for various physiological functions. ✓ Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, and lipids are transported to cells for energy and metabolism. ✓ Hormones: Various hormones are carried through plasma to regulate physiological processes. ✓ Waste Products  What is the difference between plasma and serum ?  White Blood Cells (WBCs) “leukocytes” White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that enter our body.  Platelets “thrombocytes” Tiny shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood.  Red Blood Cells (RBCs) “Erythrocytes” 1.Definition: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), are specialized cells in the blood that transport oxygen. 2.Shape: They have a unique biconcave shape (like a donut) that helps them move easily through blood vessels and increases their surface area for oxygen transport. 3.Composition: 1. Hemoglobin: A protein inside RBCs that binds to oxygen; it gives blood its red color. 2. No Nucleus: Mature RBCs lack a nucleus, allowing more space for hemoglobin. 4.Production: They are produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis. This process is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin. 5.Lifespan: Red blood cells typically live for about 120 days.  Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen throughout the body. Structure: Made up of four subunits, each containing a heme group. Each heme group contains iron, which is essential for binding oxygen. Function: -Oxygen Transport: Binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues and organs. -Carbon Dioxide Transport: Helps carry carbon dioxide (a waste product) from tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled. Color: Hemoglobin gives blood its red color. It appears bright red when oxygenated and darker red when deoxygenated.  Importance: -Essential for delivering oxygen needed for energy production in cells. -Helps maintain proper pH levels in the blood by balancing carbon dioxide levels. Production: - Formed in the bone marrow as red blood cells develop. - Requires iron, vitamins (like B12 and folate), and other nutrients. Normal Levels: Healthy adults typically have hemoglobin levels between 13 to 14 grams per deciliter (g/dL) for women and 15 to 16 g/dL for men.  Disorders: - Anemia: A condition where hemoglobin levels are low, leading to fatigue and weakness. Testing: Hemoglobin levels can be measured with a simple blood test, often as part of a complete blood count (CBC)  How to distinguish blood components ? By blood centrifugation ✓ Blood smear = Blood film It helps in looking at different types of blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Blood smears are a simple but powerful tool to gain important insights into a person’s health by examining their blood cells. This test helps in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions effectively  The difference between Hemostasis & Homeostasis 1.Difference between cytosol & cytoplasm !! 2.What about Anemia and its symptoms !! 3.How can I raise my hemoglobin ? 4.what is leukemia ?!