Physiology Concepts Self-Assessment PDF

Physiology - Physiological Concepts Self-Assessment 1. Physiology is primarily the study of: a) structure b) function c) appearance d) shape 2. Which of the following is NOT a main speciality of physiology: a) cell physiology b) special physiology c) atomic physiology d) pathophysiology 3...

Physiology - Physiological Concepts Self-Assessment 1. Physiology is primarily the study of: a) structure b) function c) appearance d) shape 2. Which of the following is NOT a main speciality of physiology: a) cell physiology b) special physiology c) atomic physiology d) pathophysiology 3. Which of the following is NOT a principal life process? a) responsiveness b) differentiation c) adaptation d) movement 4. Which of the following is a recognized level of physiological organization? a) chemical/molecular level b) global level c) hypercellular level d) supracellular level 5. What is the term of the process by which a nearly stable environment is maintained in the body, so that cellular and metabolic functions can proceed at maximum efficiency? a) haemostasis b) homeostasis c) physiostasis d) metastasis 6. Which term describes the regulatory mechanism which results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system that control or adjust the activities of many systems simultaneously. a) intrinsic regulation b) autoregulation c) homeoregulation d) extrinsic regulation 7. A feedback loop contains all of the following components EXCEPT: a) receptor b) stimulator c) effector d) control centre 8. What is the primary mechanism providing long-term control maintaining constant internal conditions and systems? a) positive feedback b) negative feedback c) autoregulatory feedback d) homeostatic feedback 9. Which of the following demonstrates a positive feedback loop, that is where the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it? a) temperature regulation b) childbirth c) osmoregulation d) feeding 10. Communication and integration is essential to maintaining homeostasis, relying on __________________ signals. a) chemical and mechanical b) electrical and physical c) chemical and electrical d) mechanical and electronical 11. Which of the following is NOT a basic mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication? a) direct cytoplasmic transfer b) local chemical communication c) long-distance communication d) intracellular communication 12. All of the following are principal components of cells, EXCEPT: a) cytosol b) exclusions c) inclusions d) organelles 13. The plasma membrane is a gatekeeper regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell described by the __________________ model. a) fluid collage b) fluid component c) fluid capsular d) fluid mosaic 14. Which of the following is NOT a key function of the plasma membrane in human cells? a) physical isolation b) sensitivity and communication c) structural support d) regulation of gene transfer 15. Which type of membrane protein is bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and is relatively easily separated from it? a) integral b) peripheral c) distal d) integumental 16. Membrane proteins a variety of specialized functions including each of the following, EXCEPT: a) enzymes b) channels c) receptors d) effectors 17. A membrane through which any substance can pass without difficulty is: a) impermeable b) freely permeable c) semipermeable d) selectively permeable 18. When passage across the selectively permeable cell membrane requires energy expenditure, usually in the form of ATP, it is known as: a) active b) passive c) aggressive d) progressive 19. Transport processes can be categorized by the each of the following mechanisms, EXCEPT: a) diffusion b) carrier-mediated transport c) vesicular transport d) osmosis 20. The process of diffusion tends to ________________ a concentration gradient a) eliminate b) exaggerate c) potentiate d) approximate 21. Which of the following is NOT a principal characteristic of osmosis? a) it is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane b) it occurs across a selectively permeable membrane that is freely permeable to water, but not freely permeable to solutes c) water will flow across a membrane towards the solution which has the higher concentration of solutes d) it tends to produce an electrochemical gradient 22. Which types of cells employ electrical impulses? a) neurons and muscle b) muscle and glial c) glial and neurons d) neurons and gap junctions 23. The generation of electrical impulses requires the presence of an ____________ membrane, which must contain ion channels. a) impermeable b) transient c) reactive d) excitable 24. Membranes generate electrical impulses through the distribution of: a) electrons b) neutrons c) ions d) water 25. A positively charged ion is called a: a) anion b) cation c) fermion d) electron 26. Unlike (or opposite) charges ______________ each other. a) attract b) reflect c) potentiate d) resist 27. When there is a difference between the number of positive and negative charges across a cell membrane this is commonly termed a ______________ difference. a) eventual b) electrical c) possible d) potential 28. Which of the following is a principal ion involved in neural impulse generation? a) sodium b) magnesium c) hydrogen d) nitrogen 29. Potassium (K+) ions tend to move out of the cell through open potassium channels, and create a: a) positive potential difference b) negative potential difference c) negative chemical gradient d) positive chemical gradient 30. Because the _______________ concentration of sodium (Na+) ions is relatively high, sodium (Na+) ions tend to move into the cell. a) extracellular b) intracellular c) interstitial d) cytosolic 31. At rest, the cell membrane is much more permeable to potassium than sodium, this generates a potential difference of: a) +30 mV b) -100 mV c) +60 mV d) -70 mV 32. The potential difference across the cell membrane sets up a: a) electrical gradient b) chemical gradient c) osmotic gradient d) active gradient 33. If the cell membrane were freely permeable to a particular ion, but impermeable to all other ions, that ion would continue to leave the cell until the electrical gradient (pushing the ion into the cell) was as strong as the chemical gradient (driving the ion out of the cell) - this is called the _____________________ for that ion. a) equilibrium potential b) action potential c) graded potential d) resting potential 34. The equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) is a) -100 mV b) +60 mV c) -70 mV d) +30 mV 35. Ion channels permit the movement of ions in and out of the cell and are principally regulated by: a) osmosis or electrical gradient b) chemicals or temperature c) diffusion or osmosis d) voltage or chemicals 36. Voltage-gated ion channels can be in each of the following states, EXCEPT: a) closed, but capable of opening b) open (activated) c) inactivated (refractory, i.e. closed and incapable of opening) d) open, and incapable of closing (tetanized) 37. Any shift from the resting potential towards 0 mV is called a: a) repolarization b) hyperpolarization c) depolarization d) ionization 38. The following are typical physiological membrane potentials, EXCEPT: a) resting potential b) electrode potential c) graded potential d) action potential 39. Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that a) are of constant amplitude b) obey the all-or-none law c) can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing d) are usually initiated at the axon hillock 40. A ____________________ is a brief, stereotyped (all-or-none) change in membrane potential in the positive direction during excitation of a neuron a) action potential b) graded potential c) electrotonic potential d) synaptic potential