Physiology Body Fluids and Circulation Self-Assessment PDF

Physiology Body Fluids and Circulation Self-Assessment 1. To maintain physiological function the cells of the body require a constant supply of water (comprising ____________of the volume of fluid outside cells). a) ~25% b) ~75% c) ~99% d) 100% 2. Which one of the following does the extracellu...

Physiology Body Fluids and Circulation Self-Assessment 1. To maintain physiological function the cells of the body require a constant supply of water (comprising ____________of the volume of fluid outside cells). a) ~25% b) ~75% c) ~99% d) 100% 2. Which one of the following does the extracellular fluid NOT comprise: a) interstitial fluid b) cytosol c) other body fluids d) plasma 3. The ionic concentrations and ________________ of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity: a) volume b) pH c) mass d) density 4. Stability of the volumes, solute concentrations and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter-related processes, EXCEPT: a) density balance b) fluid balance c) electrolyte balance d) acid-base balance 5. The body is in ________________ when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment, and the digestive system is the primary route for water gains while the urinary system is the primary route for water loss. a) electrolyte balance b) fluid balance c) osmotic balance d) acid-base balance 6. Fluid balance reflects primarily the control of _________________________ inside and outside of the cell and this is known as electrolyte balance. a) ionic concentrations b) electrostatic charge c) ion channels d) protein 7. ________________________ are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds and are so named because they conduct an electrical current in a solution. a) electrolytes b) cations c) anions d) microlytes 8. Each day, body fluids gain electrolytes from ingested food and water, and lose electrolytes in urine, sweat and faeces; and if the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in: a) homeostasis b) haemostasis c) electrolyte balance d) equilibrium 9. Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the: a) mouth b) liver c) kidneys d) anus 10. The body is in acid-base balance when the production of __________________ in the body is precisely matched by their loss. a) potassium ions b) hydrogen ions c) sodium ions d) chloride ions 11. Preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ___________ during normal metabolism a) alkalis b) bases c) acids d) buffers 12. The extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called: a) simple fluids b) compartmental liquids c) fluid compartments d) complex compartments 13. The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following, EXCEPT: a) sodium (Na+) b) potassium (K+) c) chloride (Cl-) d) bicarbonate (HCO3-) 14. The principal components of the intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of ______________ proteins. a) uncharged b) negatively charged c) polar d) positively charged 15. Cell membranes are ______________________ and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers. a) freely permeable b) selectively permeable c) slightly permeable d) super-permeable 16. Despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) _____________________ concentrations in most instances are identical, as water can freely move across cell membranes. a) osmotic b) cellular c) plasma d) cytosolic 17. Minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, EXCEPT: a) lymph b) aqueous humor c) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) d) plasma 18. In clinical situations, it is customary to approximate that two-thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the: a) large intestine b) intracellular fluid (ICF) c) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) d) extracellular fluid (ECF) 19. Continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following, EXCEPT: a) ensure that plasma and interstitial fluid are in constant communication b) regulate body temperature c) help transport insoluble lipids and tissue proteins which cannot enter the circulation by crossing capillary walls d) accelerate the distribution of nutrients, hormones and dissolved gases throughout tissue 20. Which of the following is NOT one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes? a) most fluids and electrolytes are normally lost by evaporation b) cells cannot move water molecules by active transport c) the body's content of water or electrolytes will rise if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment and will fall if losses exceed gains. d) all the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF), not in the intracellular fluid (ICF) 21. Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance: a) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b) insulin c) aldosterone d) the natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) 22. Which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively? a) sodium and potassium b) sodium and chloride c) potassium and chloride d) magnesium and potassium 23. __________ are substances that combine with hydrogen (H+) ions (pH > 7). a) bases b) acids c) electrolytes d) cations 24. Slight changes in acid-base balance can cause each of the following, EXCEPT: a) alteration of the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions b) shift in distribution of other ions c) edema d) modification of hormone actions 25. Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen (H+) ion homeostasis: a) chloride consumption b) buffer systems c) exhalation of carbon dioxide d) kidney excretion 26. Buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove: a) acids b) bases c) hydroxide (OH-) ions d) hydrogen (H+) ions 27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main acid-base buffer systems: a) carbohydrate b) bicarbonate c) phosphate d) protein 28. The functions of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT: a) transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and waste products b) supporting and cushioning the central nervous system (CNS) c) thermoregulation, or stabilization of body temperature d) immunity, that is defense against toxins and pathogens 29. Formed elements of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT: a) red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) b) white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes) c) plasma d) platelets 30. Red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (______________________) in the red bone marrow. a) haemostasis b) erythropoesis c) fission d) haemoformation 31. Which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body's specific defenses? a) eosinophils b) lymphocytes c) erythrocytes d) monocytes 32. Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets? a) formation of a temporary patch (plug) in the walls of damaged blood vessels b) scar formation c) shrinking the clot by contracting, reducing the size of the break in the vessel wall. d) transport of chemicals important to the clotting process 33. The cessation of bleeding is also called: a) haemostasis b) haemorrhage c) haemopoesis d) haemoblastosis 34. The three phases of haemostasis include each of the following, EXCEPT: a) vascular phase b) platelet phase c) coagulation phase d) scar phase 35. The ______________ pathway - which begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X starting a cascade ending with conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. a) extrinsic b) common c) fibrin d) specific 36. Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system? a) thymus b) spleen c) lymph nodes d) kidney 37. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes (which filtrate foreign substances from lymph) to the: a) arterial system b) ureter c) kidney d) venous system 38. Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid _____________ pressure. a) lymphostatic b) osmotic c) partial d) hydrostatic 39. The blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional: a) edema b) haemorrhage c) muscle loss d) eupnea 40. Which one of the following is part of the lymphatic system's non-specific defenses? a) lymphocytes b) inflammation c) skin d) mucous membranes