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Questions and Answers
To maintain physiological function, the cells of the body require a constant supply of water comprising ____________ of the volume of fluid outside cells.
To maintain physiological function, the cells of the body require a constant supply of water comprising ____________ of the volume of fluid outside cells.
~75%
Which one of the following does the extracellular fluid NOT comprise?
Which one of the following does the extracellular fluid NOT comprise?
The ionic concentrations and ________________ of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity.
The ionic concentrations and ________________ of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity.
pH
Stability of the volumes, solute concentrations, and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter-related processes, EXCEPT:
Stability of the volumes, solute concentrations, and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter-related processes, EXCEPT:
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The body is in ________________ when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment.
The body is in ________________ when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment.
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Fluid balance reflects primarily the control of _________________________ inside and outside of the cell.
Fluid balance reflects primarily the control of _________________________ inside and outside of the cell.
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What are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds called?
What are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds called?
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If the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in:
If the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in:
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Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the:
Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the:
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The body is in acid-base balance when the production of __________________ in the body is precisely matched by their loss.
The body is in acid-base balance when the production of __________________ in the body is precisely matched by their loss.
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Preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ___________ during normal metabolism.
Preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ___________ during normal metabolism.
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The extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called:
The extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called:
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The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following, EXCEPT:
The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following, EXCEPT:
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The principal components of the intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of ____________ proteins.
The principal components of the intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of ____________ proteins.
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Cell membranes are ______________________ and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers.
Cell membranes are ______________________ and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers.
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Despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) _____________________ concentrations in most instances are identical.
Despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) _____________________ concentrations in most instances are identical.
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Minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, EXCEPT:
Minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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In clinical situations, it is customary to approximate that two-thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the:
In clinical situations, it is customary to approximate that two-thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the:
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Continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
Continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes?
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Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance?
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance?
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Which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively?
Which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively?
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__________ are substances that combine with hydrogen (H+) ions (pH > 7).
__________ are substances that combine with hydrogen (H+) ions (pH > 7).
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Slight changes in acid-base balance can cause each of the following, EXCEPT:
Slight changes in acid-base balance can cause each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen (H+) ion homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen (H+) ion homeostasis?
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Buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove:
Buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three main acid-base buffer systems?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main acid-base buffer systems?
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The functions of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
The functions of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Formed elements of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
Formed elements of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (______________________) in the red bone marrow.
Red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (______________________) in the red bone marrow.
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Which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body's specific defenses?
Which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body's specific defenses?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?
Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?
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The cessation of bleeding is also called:
The cessation of bleeding is also called:
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The three phases of haemostasis include each of the following, EXCEPT:
The three phases of haemostasis include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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The ______________ pathway - which begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X starting a cascade ending with conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
The ______________ pathway - which begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X starting a cascade ending with conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
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Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?
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Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes (which filtrate foreign substances from lymph) to the:
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes (which filtrate foreign substances from lymph) to the:
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Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid _____________ pressure.
Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid _____________ pressure.
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The blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional:
The blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional:
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Which one of the following is part of the lymphatic system's non-specific defenses?
Which one of the following is part of the lymphatic system's non-specific defenses?
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Study Notes
Fluid Compartments
- Body cells require a constant supply of water, which comprises ~75% of the volume of fluid outside cells
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids (e.g., lymph, cerebrospinal fluid)
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the cytosol
- Stability of fluid volume and pH in ECF and ICF is essential for physiological function
- The body is in fluid balance when water gained equals water lost. The digestive system is the primary route for water intake, while the urinary system is the primary route for water loss.
- Electrolyte balance refers to the control of ionic concentrations inside and outside cells
- Electrolytes are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds and conduct electrical current
- Electrolyte balance involves balancing intake from food and water with losses in urine, sweat, and feces.
- Acid-base balance refers to the precise matching of acid production and loss in the body.
- The body generates acids during metabolism, requiring mechanisms to prevent pH reduction.
- ECF and ICF are called fluid compartments, with distinct ionic compositions.
Major Ions in Compartments
- Major ions in ECF: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- Major ions in ICF: negatively charged proteins
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing ions to pass only through specific channels or carriers
- Despite differences in specific ion concentrations, ICF and ECF have equal osmotic concentrations due to free water movement across membranes.
Body Fluid Movement
- Minor components of ECF include lymph, aqueous humor, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- About two-thirds of total body water (TBW) is typically found in the ICF.
- Continuous water movement between ECF and ICF is essential for:
- Ensuring constant communication between plasma and interstitial fluid.
- Regulating body temperature.
- Transporting insoluble lipids and tissue proteins.
- Distributing nutrients, hormones, and gases.
Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation
- The body's content of water and electrolytes rises if intake exceeds losses and falls if losses exceed intake.
- Homeostatic mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte composition respond to changes in ECF, not ICF.
- Hormones involved in fluid and electrolyte balance include:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- Aldosterone.
- Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP).
- Sodium (Na+) is the major ion contributing to ECF osmotic concentration, while potassium (K+) is the major ion for ICF.
Acid-Base Balance
- Bases combine with hydrogen (H+) ions, increasing pH (pH > 7).
- Slight changes in acid-base balance can:
- Alter enzyme activity rates.
- Shift distribution of other ions.
- Modify hormone function.
- Mechanisms maintaining H+ ion homeostasis include:
- Buffer systems.
- Exhalation of carbon dioxide.
- Kidney excretion.
- Buffers remove H+ ions, preventing drastic pH changes.
- The three main acid-base buffer systems are bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein.
Blood Composition and Function
- Blood functions include:
- Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- Thermoregulation.
- Immunity.
- Formed elements of blood include:
- Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes).
- White blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes).
- Platelets.
- Red blood cells are formed through erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
- Lymphocytes are responsible for the body's specific defense mechanisms.
- Platelets function in:
- Temporary patching of damaged blood vessels.
- Scar formation.
- Clot contraction.
- Transport of clotting chemicals.
Haemostasis
- Haemostasis refers to the cessation of bleeding.
- The three phases of haemostasis include:
- Vascular phase.
- Platelet phase.
- Coagulation phase.
- The common pathway in coagulation involves activation of Factor X by enzymes from the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways, ultimately leading to fibrin formation.
Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system consists of:
- Thymus.
- Spleen.
- Lymph nodes.
- Lymphatic vessels transport lymph from peripheral tissues through lymph nodes (filtering foreign substances) to the venous system.
- Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on hydrostatic pressure.
- Blockage of lymphatic vessels can cause edema.
- The lymphatic system's non-specific defenses include inflammation, skin, and mucous membranes.
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Description
Explore the crucial concepts of fluid compartments in the body, including intracellular and extracellular fluids. Understand the importance of fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance for physiological function. Test your knowledge on how these factors contribute to overall health and bodily functions.
