Physics Project PDF

PHYSICS PROJECT Name: Ankan maji Class: XII Section: A Roll No. : 3  METER SCALE It is Used for measuring length or distance. Principle: It operates on the principle of linear measurement. A meter scale is 1 meter long scale divided into 100 equal parts where is parts corre...

PHYSICS PROJECT Name: Ankan maji Class: XII Section: A Roll No. : 3  METER SCALE It is Used for measuring length or distance. Principle: It operates on the principle of linear measurement. A meter scale is 1 meter long scale divided into 100 equal parts where is parts corresponds to 1 centimeter. And when we look father into the depth of the markings on the scale each centimeter is again divided into 10 equal parts where each part corresponds to 1 millimeter  Voltmeter It is Used to measure voltage and current, respectively, in an electrical circuit. Principle: Voltmeters are connected in parallel to measure voltage, while ammeters are connected in series to measure current. It operates on the basis of ohm’s law Ammeters It used to measure electrical current in a circuit. They are connected in series and have low resistance to ensure minimal interference with the circuit. The principle behind their operation involves the conversion of current passing through the meter into a proportional deflection of a needle or a digital readout, allowing users to accurately measure current flow. Battery/Power Supply It Provides electrical energy to the circuit. Principle: Converts chemical energy (in batteries) or other forms of energy (in power supplies) into electrical energy. A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electrical power to and electrical load the main purpose of power supply is to convert electrical current from a source to the correct voltage, current and frequency to power the load. It also converts the output from an AC power line to a study DC output or multiple outputs Standard Resistances It is Used as reference resistors with known resistance values. Principle: Their resistance values are precisely calibrated and known. The properties of standard resistance are : 1. It’s value should not change with time. 2. It should show negligible variation in resistance with temperature. 3. It should have proper capacity for carrying current without overheating. Meter Bridge It is Used to determine the unknown resistance of a conductor Principle: It works on the principle of Wheatstone bridge to find the unknown resistance by balancing the bridge. A meter bridge is also known as a slide wire bridge which is an instrument that works on the principle of Wheatstone bridge Screw Gauge It is Used to measure small lengths or thicknesses with high precision. Principle: It measures the pitch of a screw to determine small distances. There are two parameters used for screw gauge measurement – pitch and least count Screw gauge is a mechanical tool that facilities measuring the diameter or radius or thickness of a thin wire or thickness of a thin metal sheet with most accuracy. Galvanometer It is used to detects and measures small electric currents. Principle: It operates on the principle of torque acting on a current carrying coil inside a magnetic field. The torque acting on this coil is directly proportional to the magnitude of electric current flowing in it Resistance Box It Provides a range of known resistances for use in experiments. Principle: Contains a series of resistors of known values that can be connected in various combinations. The box which contains registers of different values for estimating and comparing the resistance is known as resistance box Potentiometer It is used to Measure electromotive force (emf) or potential difference accurately. Principle: It compares the potential difference across a standard resistor with the potential difference across an unknown resistor. Potentiometer is manually adjustable variable register with three terminals Leclanche Cell There are types of electrochemical cells used as a source of electrical energy. Principle: They generate electricity through chemical reactions. The zinc particles on the surface of the anode oxidized. Zinc particles move far from the anode while leaving their electrons on its surface. Hence, the anode is more negatively charged than the cathode Rheostat Is used to Adjusts the resistance in a circuit. Principle: It varies the length of a resistor wire to change the resistance. Rheostats working principle is based on ohm’s law. Diode It allows current to flow in one direction only. Principle: It works on the principle of semiconductor physics, allowing current to flow when forward-biased and blocking current when reverse- biased. A diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one direction. It has high resistance on one and low resistance on the other end Resistor It Limits the flow of electric current. Principle: Converts electrical energy into heat according to Ohm’s Law (V = IR). There are four types of resistors 1. Linear resistors. 2. Fixed resistors. 3. Variable resistors. 4. Non linear resistors. Capacitors It is used to store electrical energy temporarily. Principle: They store charge on their plates, creating an electric field between them. A capacitor works on the principle that capacitance of a conductor increases appreciably when an earthed conductor is brought near it. Inductors It is used to store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through them. Principle: They resist changes in current flow by storing energy in a magnetic field. An inductor is a two terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. It develops electromotive force in the direction that reduces fluctuation when a fluctuating current flows and storing electric energy as magnetic energy. Convex lens The convex lens is a lens that converts rays of light that convey parallel to its principle access This type of lens is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges. Convex can be used in a lot of things like overhead projectors, camera, focus sunlight, simple telescope, projector ,microscope ,magni fying glasses etc. Concave Lens A concave lens is a lens that diverges a straight light beam from the source to a diminished upright and virtual image. Concave lens have at least one surface curve inside. Concave lens can also be used in a lot of things like spyholes in the doors ,glasses, some telescopes etc. Convex Mirror Convex mirror is a curve mirror where the reflective surface blood is out towards the light source. Convex mirrors always form images that are upright, virtual and smaller than the actual object. Convex mirrors are used in magnifying glasses, sunglasses ,rear view mirror in vehicles, ATM s ,street lights etc. Concave mirror A concave mirror is a curve mirror where the reflecting surface is on the inner side of the curved surface. A concave mirror converges of focus is light and what point The image form is real and diminished in size when the object is very far from the concave mirror. Insulated Wire It Carries electrical current without short- circuiting. Principle: It prevents electricity from flowing where it’s not intended by insulating the conducting material. Insulated copper is a wire constructed of copper that could also insulate or shield electric current. It is being man used throughout the manufacture of Power Transformers, electromagnets and other electronic devices. Ferromagnetic Rod It demonstrates magnetic properties when subjected to a magnetic field. Principle: It becomes magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. Ferromagnetism is a physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others and a rod which processes ferromagnetism is called as ferromagnetic rod. It is used in industrial appliances and modern technologies, Transformers , magnetic storage and non destructive testing of ferrous material. Transformer Core It is used in transformers to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. Principle: It becomes magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. The transformer core provides a magnetic path to channel flux The centre of a transformer is called a core here the electricity flows through a primary winding creating a magnetic flux. T H AN K YOU !