Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Tenth Edition PDF

Physics TENTH E di t ion for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics Raymond A. Serway Emeritus, James Madison University John W. Jewett, Jr. Emeritu...

Physics TENTH E di t ion for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics Raymond A. Serway Emeritus, James Madison University John W. Jewett, Jr. Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona With contributions from Vahé Peroomian University of Southern California About the Cover The cover shows a six-propeller drone carrying a pilot cable almost 5 kilometers across the deep canyon through which the Dadu River flows during the Xingkang Bridge construction project in the Sichuan Province in China. This method avoids the requirement to use boats on the fast- flowing river or other methods such as manned helicopters and small rockets. It also cuts the costs for laying the cable to about 20% of that of traditional methods. Once the pilot cable is laid, it can be used to pull heavier cables across the gorge. Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States  This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Physics for Scientists and Engineers with © 2019, 2014, Raymond A. Serway Modern Physics, Tenth Edition Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett, Jr ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Dawn Giovanniello may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Product Manager: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Content Developer: Ed Dodd Product Assistant: Caitlyn Ghegan For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. 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To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, visit www.cengage.com. To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01   Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  We dedicate this book to our wives, Elizabeth and Lisa, and all our children and grandchildren for their loving understanding when we spent time on writing instead of being with them.  Brief Contents p a rt 1 p a rt 4 Mechanics 1 Electricity and 1 Physics and Measurement 2 Magnetism 587 2 Motion in One Dimension 20 22 Electric Fields 588 3 Vectors 52 23 Continuous Charge Distributions 4 Motion in Two Dimensions 68 and Gauss’s Law 615 5 The Laws of Motion 95 24 Electric Potential 636 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics 663 of Newton’s Laws 127 26 Current and Resistance 691 7 Energy of a System 150 27 Direct-Current Circuits 713 8 Conservation of Energy 181 28 Magnetic Fields 742 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions 210 29 Sources of the Magnetic Field 771 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis 249 30 Faraday’s Law 797 11 Angular Momentum 285 31 Inductance 824 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 310 32 Alternating-Current Circuits 847 13 Universal Gravitation 332 33 Electromagnetic Waves 873 5 14 Fluid Mechanics 358 2 p a rt p a rt Light and Optics 897 Oscillations and 34 The Nature of Light and the Principles Mechanical Waves 385 35 of Ray Optics 898 Image Formation 925 15 Oscillatory Motion 386 36 Wave Optics 962 16 Wave Motion 415 37 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 983 17 Superposition and Standing Waves 451 p a rt 3 p a rt 6 Modern Physics 1011 Thermodynamics 481 38 Relativity 1012 18 Temperature 482 39 Introduction to Quantum Physics 1048 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics 501 40 Quantum Mechanics 1079 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 533 41 Atomic Physics 1105 21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 42 Molecules and Solids 1144 of Thermodynamics 556 43 Nuclear Physics 1177 44 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1225 iv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents About the Authors x 5 The Laws of Motion 95 Preface xi 5.1 The Concept of Force 96 To the Student xxvi 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames 97 5.3 Mass 99 P a rt 1 5.4 5.5 5.6 Newton’s Second Law 99 The Gravitational Force and Weight 102 Newton’s Third Law 103 Mechanics 1 5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law 105 5.8 Forces of Friction 114 1 Physics and Measurement 2 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 3 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications 1.2 Modeling and Alternative Representations 6 of Newton’s Laws 127 1.3 Dimensional Analysis 10 6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform 1.4 Conversion of Units 12 Circular Motion Model 128 1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion 133 Calculations 12 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames 135 1.6 Significant Figures 13 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive 2 Motion in One Dimension 20 Forces 138 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed 7 Energy of a System 150 of a Particle 21 7.1 Systems and Environments 151 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 24 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 151 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 154 Velocity 27 7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force 156 2.4 The Analysis Model Approach to Problem 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Solving 30 Energy Theorem 161 2.5 Acceleration 32 7.6 Potential Energy of a System 165 2.6 Motion Diagrams 36 7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 169 2.7 Analysis Model: Particle 7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Under Constant Acceleration 37 Potential Energy 171 2.8 Freely Falling Objects 41 7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a 2.9 Kinematic Equations Derived from System 173 Calculus 44 3 Vectors 52 8 Conservation of Energy 181 3.1 Coordinate Systems 53 8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities 54 (Energy) 182 3.3 Basic Vector Arithmetic 55 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) 185 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit 8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction 191 Vectors 58 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces 196 4 Motion in Two Dimensions 68 8.5 Power 200 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors 69 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions 210 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant 9.1 Linear Momentum 211 Acceleration 71 9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System 4.3 Projectile Motion 74 (Momentum) 213 4.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular 9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System Motion 81 (Momentum) 215 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration 84 9.4 Collisions in One Dimension 219 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 85 9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions 227 v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents 9.6 9.7 9.8 The Center of Mass 230 Systems of Many Particles 234 Deformable Systems 237 P a rt 2 9.9 Rocket Propulsion 239 Oscillations and 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis 249 Mechanical Waves 385 10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 250 15 Oscillatory Motion 386 10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant 15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring 387 Angular Acceleration 252 15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic 10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities 254 Motion 388 10.4 Torque 257 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 394 10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net 15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Torque 259 Uniform Circular Motion 398 10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia 263 15.5 The Pendulum 400 10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy 267 15.6 Damped Oscillations 404 10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational 15.7 Forced Oscillations 405 Motion 269 10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object 272 16 Wave Motion 415 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance 416 11 Angular Momentum 285 16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave 419 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque 286 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings 423 11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular 16.4 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Momentum) 288 Waves on Strings 426 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid 16.5 The Linear Wave Equation 428 Object 293 16.6 Sound Waves 429 11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular 16.7 Speed of Sound Waves 431 Momentum) 295 16.8 Intensity of Sound Waves 433 11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops 301 16.9 The Doppler Effect 438 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 310 17 Superposition and Standing Waves 451 12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium 311 17.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 452 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity 312 17.2 Standing Waves 456 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static 17.3 Boundary Effects: Reflection and Equilibrium 313 Transmission 459 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids 319 17.4 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions 461 13 Universal Gravitation 332 17.5 Resonance 465 13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 333 17.6 Standing Waves in Air Columns 466 13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational 17.7 Beats: Interference in Time 469 Force 335 17.8 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 472 13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field 3 (Gravitational) 336 13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets 339 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 345 p a rt 13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 347 Thermodynamics 481 14 Fluid Mechanics 358 18 Temperature 482 14.1 Pressure 359 18.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 360 of Thermodynamics 483 14.3 Pressure Measurements 364 18.2 Thermometers and the Celsius 14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle 365 Temperature Scale 484 14.5 Fluid Dynamics 368 18.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation 371 and the Absolute Temperature Scale 485 14.7 Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes 375 18.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 488 14.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 377 18.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 492 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents vii 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics 501 24.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to 19.1 Heat and Internal Energy 502 Point Charges 642 19.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry 505 24.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field 19.3 Latent Heat 509 from the Electric Potential 645 19.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 513 24.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous 19.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 514 Charge Distributions 646 19.6 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 651 Processes 518 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics 663 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 533 25.1 Definition of Capacitance 664 20.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 534 25.2 Calculating Capacitance 665 20.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas 539 25.3 Combinations of Capacitors 668 20.3 The Equipartition of Energy 542 25.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 672 20.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 545 25.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics 676 20.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 547 25.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field 678 25.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics 681 21 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 556 26 Current and Resistance 691 21.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law 26.1 Electric Current 692 of Thermodynamics 557 26.2 Resistance 694 21.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 559 26.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction 699 21.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 562 26.4 Resistance and Temperature 701 21.4 The Carnot Engine 563 26.5 Superconductors 702 21.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines 567 26.6 Electrical Power 703 21.6 Entropy 570 27 Direct-Current Circuits 713 21.7 Entropy in Thermodynamic Systems 572 27.1 Electromotive Force 714 21.8 Entropy and the Second Law 578 27.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel 716 4 27.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules 723 27.4 RC Circuits 726 P a rt 27.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety 732 Electricity and 28 Magnetic Fields 742 Magnetism 587 28.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic) 743 28.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform 22 Electric Fields 588 Magnetic Field 748 22.1 Properties of Electric Charges 589 28.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles 22.2 Charging Objects by Induction 591 Moving in a Magnetic Field 752 22.3 Coulomb’s Law 593 28.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current- 22.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric) 598 Carrying Conductor 755 22.5 Electric Field Lines 603 28.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform 22.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field 757 Electric Field 605 28.6 The Hall Effect 761 23 Continuous Charge Distributions 29 Sources of the Magnetic Field 771 and Gauss’s Law 615 29.1 The Biot–Savart Law 772 23.1 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge 29.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Distribution 616 Parallel Conductors 777 23.2 Electric Flux 620 29.3 Ampère’s Law 779 23.3 Gauss’s Law 623 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 782 23.4 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various 29.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism 784 Charge Distributions 625 29.6 Magnetism in Matter 786 24 Electric Potential 636 30 Faraday’s Law 797 24.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference 637 30.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 798 24.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric 30.2 Motional emf 801 Field 639 30.3 Lenz’s Law 805 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents 30.4 The General Form of Faraday’s Law 808 36 Wave Optics 962 30.5 Generators and Motors 810 36.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 963 30.6 Eddy Currents 814 36.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 965 31 Inductance 824 36.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern 968 31.1 Self-Induction and Inductance 825 36.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 969 31.2 RL Circuits 827 36.5 Interference in Thin Films 970 31.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field 830 36.6 The Michelson Interferometer 973 31.4 Mutual Inductance 832 31.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit 834 37 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 983 31.6 The RLC Circuit 837 37.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns 984 32 Alternating-Current Circuits 847 37.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits 985 37.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular 32.1 AC Sources 848 Apertures 988 32.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit 848 37.4 The Diffraction Grating 992 32.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit 851 37.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 996 32.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit 854 37.6 Polarization of Light Waves 998 32.5 The RLC Series Circuit 856 6 32.6 Power in an AC Circuit 859 32.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 861 32.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission 863 P a rt 33 Electromagnetic Waves 873 Modern Physics 1011 33.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law 874 38 Relativity 1012 33.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s 38.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity 1013 Discoveries 876 38.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 1016 33.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 878 38.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 1018 33.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic 38.4 Consequences of the Special Theory Waves 882 of Relativity 1019 33.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure 884 38.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 1030 33.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 38.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation by an Antenna 886 Equations 1031 33.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 887 38.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum 1034 38.8 Relativistic Energy 1035 P a rt 5 38.9 The General Theory of Relativity 1039 39 Introduction to Quantum Physics 1048 Light and Optics 897 39.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis 1049 39.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1055 34 The Nature of Light and the Principles 39.3 The Compton Effect 1061 of Ray Optics 898 39.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 1063 34.1 The Nature of Light 899 39.5 The Wave Properties of Particles 1064 34.2 The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics 901 39.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle 1067 34.3 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection 902 39.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited 1070 34.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction 905 39.8 The Uncertainty Principle 1071 34.5 Huygens’s Principle 911 34.6 Dispersion 912 40 Quantum Mechanics 1079 34.7 Total Internal Reflection 914 40.1 The Wave Function 1079 40.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under 35 Image Formation 925 Boundary Conditions 1084 35.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors 926 40.3 The Schrödinger Equation 1089 35.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors 928 40.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height 1091 35.3 Images Formed by Refraction 935 40.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy 35.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses 939 Barrier 1093 35.5 Lens Aberrations 947 40.6 Applications of Tunneling 1095 35.6 Optical Instruments 947 40.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 1096 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents ix 41 Atomic Physics 1105 44.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles 1227 41.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases 1106 44.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle 41.2 Early Models of the Atom 1107 Physics 1229 41.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom 1109 44.4 Classification of Particles 1231 41.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen 44.5 Conservation Laws 1233 Atom 1114 44.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness 1236 41.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen 1117 44.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles 1238 41.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum 44.8 Quarks 1240 Numbers 1120 44.9 Multicolored Quarks 1242 41.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic 44.10 The Standard Model 1244 Table 1126 44.11 The Cosmic Connection 1246 41.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray 1130 44.12 Problems and Perspectives 1251 41.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions 1133 41.10 Lasers 1135 42 Molecules and Solids 1144 Appendices 42.1 Molecular Bonds 1145 42.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules 1148 A Tables A-1 42.3 Bonding in Solids 1156 Table A.1 Conversion Factors A-1 42.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals 1158 Table A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical 42.5 Band Theory of Solids 1160 Quantities A-2 42.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors 1162 B Mathematics Review A-4 42.7 Semiconductor Devices 1165 B.1 Scientific Notation A-4 43 Nuclear Physics 1177 B.2 Algebra A-5 43.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 1178 B.3 Geometry A-10 43.2 Nuclear Binding Energy 1182 B.4 Trigonometry A-11 43.3 Nuclear Models 1184 B.5 Series Expansions A-13 43.4 Radioactivity 1187 B.6 Differential Calculus A-13 43.5 The Decay Processes 1190 B.7 Integral Calculus A-16 43.6 Natural Radioactivity 1200 B.8 Propagation of Uncertainty A-20 43.7 Nuclear Reactions 1200 43.8 Nuclear Fission 1202 C Periodic Table of the Elements A-22 43.9 Nuclear Reactors 1204 43.10 Nuclear Fusion 1207 D SI Units A-24 43.11 Biological Radiation Damage 1211 D.1 SI Units A-24 43.12 Uses of Radiation from the Nucleus 1213 D.2 Some Derived SI Units A-24 43.13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1215 Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered 44 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1225 Problems A-25 44.1 Field Particles for the Fundamental Forces in Nature 1226 Index I-1 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  About the Authors Raymond A. Serway received his doctorate at Illinois Institute of Technol- ogy and is Professor Emeritus at James Madison University. In 2011, he was awarded with an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater, Utica College. He received the 1990 Madison Scholar Award at James Madison University, where he taught for 17 years. Dr. Serway began his teaching career at Clarkson University, where he con- ducted research and taught from 1967 to 1980. He was the recipient of the Distin- guished Teaching Award at Clarkson University in 1977 and the Alumni Achievement Award from Utica College in 1985. As Guest Scientist at the IBM Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland, he worked with K. Alex Müller, 1987 Nobel Prize recipient. Dr. Serway also was a visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, where he collabo- rated with his mentor and friend, the late Dr. Sam Marshall. Dr. Serway is the coauthor of College Physics, Eleventh Edition; Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition; Essentials of College Physics; Modern Physics, Third Edition; and the high school textbook Physics, published by Holt McDougal. In addition, Dr. Serway has published more than 40 research papers in the field of condensed matter physics and has given more than 60 presentations at professional meetings. Dr. Serway and his wife, Elizabeth, enjoy traveling, playing golf, fishing, gardening, singing in the church choir, and especially spending quality time with their four children, ten grandchildren, and a recent great grandson. John W. Jewett, Jr. earned his undergraduate degree in physics at Drexel Univer- sity and his doctorate at Ohio State University, specializing in optical and magnetic properties of condensed matter. Dr. Jewett began his academic career at Stockton University, where he taught from 1974 to 1984. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Physics at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Through his teaching career, Dr. Jewett has been active in promoting effective physics education. In addition to receiving four National Science Foundation grants in physics education, he helped found and direct the Southern California Area Modern Physics Institute (SCAMPI) and Science IMPACT (Institute for Modern Pedagogy and Creative Teaching). Dr. Jewett’s honors include the Stockton Merit Award at Stockton University in 1980, selection as Outstanding Professor at California State Polytechnic University for 1991–1992, and the Excellence in Undergraduate Physics Teaching Award from the American Associ- ation of Physics Teachers (AAPT) in 1998. In 2010, he received an Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award from Drexel University in recognition of his contributions in physics education. He has given more than 100 presentations both domestically and abroad, including multiple presentations at national meetings of the AAPT. He has also published 25 research papers in condensed matter physics and physics education research. Dr. Jewett is the author of The World of Physics: Mysteries, Magic, and Myth, which provides many connections between physics and everyday experiences. In addition to his work as the coauthor for Physics for Scientists and Engineers, he is also the coauthor on Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition, as well as Global Issues, a four-volume set of instruction manuals in integrated science for high school. Dr. Jewett enjoys playing keyboard with his all-physicist band, traveling, underwater photography, learning foreign languages, and collecting antique quack medical devices that can be used as demonstration appa- ratus in physics lectures. Most importantly, he relishes spending time with his wife, Lisa, and their children and grandchildren. x Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface I n writing this Tenth Edition of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, we continue our ongoing efforts to improve the clarity of presentation and include new peda- gogical features that help support the learning and teaching processes. Drawing on positive feedback from users of the Ninth Edition, data gathered from both pro- fessors and students who use WebAssign, as well as reviewers’ suggestions, we have refined the text to better meet the needs of students and teachers. This textbook is intended for a course in introductory physics for students major- ing in science or engineering. The entire contents of the book in its extended ver- sion could be covered in a three-semester course, but it is possible to use the mate- rial in shorter sequences with the omission of selected chapters and sections. The mathematical background of the student taking this course should ideally include one semester of calculus. If that is not possible, the student should be enrolled in a concurrent course in introductory calculus. Content The material in this book covers fundamental topics in classical physics and pro- vides an introduction to modern physics. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1 to 14) deals with the fundamentals of Newtonian mechanics and the physics of fluids; Part 2 (Chapters 15 to 17) covers oscillations, mechanical waves, and sound; Part 3 (Chapters 18 to 21) addresses heat and thermodynamics; Part 4 (Chapters 22 to 33) treats electricity and magnetism; Part 5 (Chapters 34 to 37) covers light and optics; and Part 6 (Chapters 38 to 44) deals with relativity and modern physics. Objectives This introductory physics textbook has three main objectives: to provide the stu- dent with a clear and logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of physics, to strengthen an understanding of the concepts and principles through a broad range of interesting real-world applications, and to develop strong problem- solving skills through an effectively organized approach. To meet these objectives, we emphasize well-organized physical arguments and a focused problem-solving strategy. At the same time, we attempt to motivate the student through practical examples that demonstrate the role of physics in other disciplines, including engi- neering, chemistry, and medicine. An Integrative Approach to Course Materials This new edition takes an integrative approach to course material with an opti- mized, protected, online-only problem experience combined with rich textbook content designed to support an active classroom experience. This new opti- mized online homework set is built on contextual randomizations and answer- dependent student remediation for every problem. With this edition, you’ll have an integrative approach that seamlessly matches curated content to the learn- ing environment for which it was intended—from in-class group problem solv- ing to online homework that utilizes targeted feedback. This approach engages and guides students where they are at—whether they are studying online or with the textbook. Students often approach an online homework problem by googling to find the right equation or explanation of the relevant concept; however, this approach has xi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii Preface eroded the value attributed to online homework as students leave the support of the program for unrelated help elsewhere and encounter imprecise information. Students don’t need to leave WebAssign to get help when they are stuck—each problem has feedback that addresses the misconception or error a student made to reach the wrong answer. Each optimized problem also features comprehensive written solutions, and many have supporting video solutions that go through one contextual variant of the problem one step at a time. Since the optimized prob- lem set is not in print, the content is protected from “solution providers” and will be augmented every year with updates to the targeted feedback based on actual student answers. Working in tandem with the optimized online homework, the printed textbook has been designed for an active learning experience that supports activities in the classroom as well as after-class practice and review. New content includes Think– Pair–Share activities, context-rich problems, and a greater emphasis on symbolic and conceptual problems. All of the printed textbook’s problems will also be avail- able to assign in WebAssign. Changes in the Tenth Edition A large number of changes and improvements were made for the Tenth Edition of this text. Some of the new features are based on our experiences and on current trends in science education. Other changes were incorporated in response to com- ments and suggestions offered by users of the Ninth Edition and by reviewers of the manuscript. The features listed here represent the major changes in the Tenth Edition. WebAssign for Physics for Scientists and Engineers WebAssign is a flexible and fully customizable online instructional solution that puts powerful tools in the hands of instructors, enabling you deploy assignments, instantly assess individual student and class performance, and help your students master the course concepts. With WebAssign’s powerful digital platform and content specific to Physics for Scientists and Engineers, you can tailor your course with a wide range of assignment settings, add your own questions and content, and access student and course analytics and communication tools. WebAssign for Physics for Scientists and Engineers includes the following new features for this edition. Optimized Problems. Only available online via WebAssign, this problem set com- bines new assessments with classic problems from Physics for Scientists and Engineers that have been optimized with just-in-time targeted feedback tailored to student responses and full student-focused solutions. Moving these problems so that they are only available online allows instructors to make full use of the capability of WebAssign to provide their students with dynamic assessment content, and reduces the opportunity for students to find online solutions through anti-search-engine optimizations. These problems reduce these opportunities both by making the text of the problem less searchable and by providing immediate assistance to students within the homework platform. Interactive Video Vignettes (IVV) encourage students to address their alternate con- ceptions outside of the classroom and can be used for pre-lecture activities in tra- ditional or even workshop physics classrooms. Interactive Video Vignettes include online video analysis and interactive individual tutorials to address learning diffi- culties identified by PER (Physics Education Research). Within the WebAssign plat- form there are additional conceptual questions immediately following each IVV in order to evaluate student engagement with the material and reinforce the mes- sage around these classic misconceptions. A screen shot from one of the Interactive Video Vignettes appears on the next page: Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface xiii New MCAT-Style Passage Problem Modules. Available only in WebAssign, these 30 brand-new modules are modeled after the new MCAT exam’s “passage problems.” Each module starts with a text passage (often with accompanying photos/figures) followed by 5–6 multiple-choice questions. The passage and the questions are usu- ally not confined to a single chapter, and feedback is available with each question. New Life Science Problems. The online-only problems set for each chapter in WebAssign features two new life science problems that highlight the relevance of physics princi- ples to those students taking the course who are majoring in one of the life sciences. New What If? Problem Extensions. The online-only problems set for each chapter in WebAssign contains 6 new What If? extensions to existing problems. What If? extensions extend students’ understanding of physics concepts beyond the simple act of arriving at a numerical result. Pre-Lecture Explorations combine interactive simulations with conceptual and ana- lytical questions that guide students to a deeper understanding and help promote a robust physical intuition. An Expanded Offering of All-New Integrated Tutorials. These Integrated Tutorials strengthen students’ problem-solving skills by guiding them through the steps in the book’s problem-solving process, and include meaningful feedback at each step so students can practice the problem-solving process and improve their skills. The feedback also addresses student preconceptions and helps them to catch algebraic and other mathematical errors. Solutions are carried out symbolically as long as possible, with numerical values substituted at the end. This feature promotes con- ceptual understanding above memorization, helps students understand the effects of changing the values of each variable in the problem, avoids unnecessary repeti- tive substitution of the same numbers, and eliminates round-off errors. Increased Number of Fully Worked-Out Problem Solutions. Hundreds of solutions have been newly added to online end-of-chapter problems. Solutions step through prob- lem-solving strategies as they are applied to specific problems. Objective and Conceptual Questions Now Exclusively Available in WebAssign. Objective Questions are multiple-choice, true/false, ranking, or other multiple-guess-type questions. Some require calculations designed to facilitate students’ familiarity with the equations, the variables used, the concepts the variables represent, and Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  of two trails to reach the lodge. Both trails have the same coefficient of friction mk. In addition, both trails represent nutritionist’s Calorie 5 the same horizontal separation between the initial and final xiv Preface points. Trail A has a short, steep downslope and then a long, flat coast to the lodge. Trail B has a long, gentle downslope and then a short remaining flat coast to the lodge. Which the relationships trail between the concepts. Others are more conceptual in nature and will result in your arriving at the lodge with the highest designed to encourage conceptual final speed? thinking. Objective Questions are also written with the personal response system user in mind, and most of the questions 22. could easily be used in these systems. Conceptual Questions are more traditional short- sectIon questions answer and essay-type 8.5 Power that require students to think conceptually as about 1 kcal 5 a physical situation. 16. TheMore than electric 900 motor of aObjective model trainand Conceptual accelerates Questions the train from are avail- able in WebAssign. rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The total mass of the train is 875 g. (a) Find the minimum power delivered to the train New Physics for Scientists and Engineers by electrical transmissionWebAssign from the Implementation metal rails duringGuide. the The Imple- mentation Guide acceleration. provides instructors with occurrences (b) Why is it the minimum power? of the different assignable problems, tutorials, questions, and activities that are available 17. An energy-efficient lightbulb, taking in 28.0 W of power, with each chapter of Physics for Scientists and Engineers in WebAssign. Instructors can can produce the same level of brightness as a conventional use this man- ual when makinglightbulb decisionsoperating about which and how many assessment at power 100 W. The lifetime of the items to assign. To facilitate this, energy-efficient an overview ofbulbhow the000 is 10 assignable h and its items purchaseareprice integrated is into the course is included. $4.50, whereas the conventional bulb has a lifetime of 750 h and costs $0.42. Determine the total savings obtained by using one energy-efficient bulb over its lifetime as opposed New Assessment Items to using conventional bulbs over the same time interval. New Context-Rich Problems. Context-rich Assume an energy problems cost of $0.200 (identified with a CR icon) always per kilowatt-hour. discuss “you” as the individual in the problem and have a real-world connection 18. An older-model car accelerates from 0 to speed v in a time instead of discussing blocks interval on of Dt. A planes or balls newer, more on strings. powerful They sports car are structured accelerates like a addItIonal ProbleMs short story and may not always explicitly identify the variable from 0 to 2v in the same time period. Assuming the energy that needs to be eval- 23. A block of mass m 5 uated. Context-rich problems coming from the may relate engine to the appears opening only storyline as kinetic energy ofof the chapter, might involve “expert witness” the cars, comparescenarios, the powerwhich of the allow students to go beyond mathe- two cars. cal bowl of radius R 5 matical manipulation by designing an argument 19. Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the based onpower mathematical a car results, or ask for decisions to be made engine in real contributes situations. to speeding theSelected new context-rich car up to highway speed. problems will only appear online In your in WebAssign. solution, state theAnphysical example of a new quantities youcontext-rich take as problem  appears below: data and the values you measure or estimate for them. The mass of a vehicle is often given in the owner’s manual. R 20. There is a 5K event coming up in your town. While talking CR to your grandmother, who uses an electric scooter for mobil- Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy ity, she says that she would like to accompany you on her