PHPERS M1: Historical Development of Pharmacy PDF

PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Pharmacy achieving definite outcomes that improve patients’ quality of life - “pharmakon” Drug or medicine Responsible...

PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Pharmacy achieving definite outcomes that improve patients’ quality of life - “pharmakon” Drug or medicine Responsible Pagbibigay ng - Chemistry of raw materials for the proper medication - Experiments and research provision of sa mga patients Why? In order to know how to treat, drug therapy Trained in patient we need to know the disease care/interactions - The provision of drug and health Improve Dermatology – information patient’s improve quality of life confidence To provide knowledge obtained Improve daily through research living with the - Art and science of preparing and absence/mitigation dispensing medications, w/c also of ailments includes their proper and safe distribution and use. According to: Board of Pharmaceutical Art We use everything in Practice our surroundings to create drugs - March 2016 Designing the - scientifically-trained graduate medicine itself is an healthcare professional art basta graduate Science We study to create medicine - an expert in all aspects of the supply that can cure and use of medicines Proper Ex: Kailan kailangan inumin? saan lugar/ sino ang mga kailangan Paano inumin? ng anti-malaria drug? Saan Safe To ensure that it isusupply? won’t cause side effects Ex: Mga hindi pwedeng kainin Drug Design Safe Where to get - Identification distribution supplies and how to - Research/Rediscover distribute We need to know the chemical/ raw Cost effective ingredient to make an active ingredient Pharmacist What combination can provide better results? - Educated and licensed professional Right dosage (what will treat? What Board exam passer (PRC – will be toxic?) Professional Regulation Commission) - Experts on medications - Responsible for the provision of drug therapy for the purpose of Drug Discovery - Chemical synthesis 1|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - Optimization Barium sulfate – drug used to diagnose; used as contrast - Depends on target media in CT scans - PO, IV, IM Amoxiclav – to treat/cure IV is direct; PO might not be fast enough Vitamin C (vitamins), Ca (minerals) – to prevent/mitigate disease Concept of drug design and discovery Classification of drugs: - Drug design → drug discovery → formulation → clinical test, phase test → 1. Ethical/Prescription/Rx drugs approval, marketing authorization → - May Rx sign pharmacists → patients - Requires prescription form - Use for management/treatment of diseases Drug a. Personalized/Doctor’s Prescription (Rx)s - Active ingredient - May name ng doctor Active pharmaceutical ingredient b. Hospital’s Prescription (Rx) that executes the therapeutic effect - May name ng hospital Used as a component c. PDEA/DOH/Yellow Prescription - Recognized in the official USP, NF (Rx) United States Pharmacopeia, - For dangerous drugs (ex: narcotic National Formulary products) - Articles intended for use in the - Only prescribed by doctors with S2 diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, license prevention of disease in man and animals Morphine – used in opium drip; analgesic; side For wellness effect- high - Articles (other than food) intended to 2. Over the Counter (OTC)/ Non-Rx affect the structure or any function - No Rx sign of body of man/animals - Does not require Rx - Requires pharmacist to educate patients about the medicine Medicine - Use for the prevention of self-limiting - Drug (active ingredient) + or minor ailments excipients - Finished product w/ complete packaging HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTICE Drug (active Treats/cures ingredient) - to see the development of pharmacy Excipients Pampatanggal pait - can be used in research (mga na etc. debunk na beliefs na may potential pa pala) 2|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Babylonians Primitive Time - 2 classes of practitioners: 1. Asipu – magical healers Ancient Man practices 2. Asu – empirical (rational) healers; used - learned from instincts references/formulas - diseased are caused by evil spirits/ punishment of God Apothecary - Drugstore Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals - Used clay tablets as references - cradle of civilization Symptoms, prescriptions, - used as remedies: supernatural means compounding, and invocations to (spells, prayers), cold water, leaf, mud, God animals (bones for Ca; now: synthesized from bacteria) Egyptian Practices Ebers Papyrus Shamans - Contains 800 prescriptions - tribal healers who diagnose and treat - Mentions 700 drugs - “pulso pulso lang” – kahit ano hahalo - Manuscript of pharmacy and therapy - Used magical potions (compounded - More than 20 yards long remedies) - Began with a prayer/incantation Antiquity Ancient Greece Great Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Asklepios Egypt - God of Healing - Gradual separation of empirical - Staff with entwined serpent (symbol healing from purely spiritual for medicine) (rational use of drugs) w/ formulas - oldest pharmaceutical records Hygeia clay tablets long scrolls - Daughter of Asklepios - Serpent and bowl (symbol for However, the clay tablets and long scrolls may not pharmacy) be the oldest pharmaceutical records as primitive people had their records carved in caves. Instead, - SALAD – Sound Alike, Look Alike Drug they can be the oldest deciphered pharmaceutical records. Hippocrates 3|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - Father of medicine For: Bleeding; Use: removal of - Hippocratic method excess blood (paduguin) Connects 4 governing humors of the - Poly pharmaceutical preparations body with 4 elements (shot gun prescriptions) Combine mga gamot = more Elements (treatment) Humors (kapag effective ganito ang sakit) Ex: anti-fungal + anti-allergy Earth Black bile (toxins) - Galenicals Air Blood Pharmaceuticals compounded by Fire Yellow bile Water Phlegm mechanical means - “Corpus Hippocraticum” – rational Formula for the cold cream explanation of illness ➔ Now: katinko, aceite de manzanilla Iatros Middle Ages - Followed the Hippocratic method - Believed in dietary and lifestyle over St. Cosmas and St. Damian drug use - Healing saints of pharmacy - “wellness doctor” - Died on September 26; World Pharmacists Day – September 25 - Believed that supernatural things caused Theophrastus diseases (sin & disease) - Prayed for everything - Student of Aristotle - Father of botany - Started the study of plants and their medicinal use Monasteries - Center for healing - Because they treat through prayers Pedanios Dioscorides - “Materia Medica” Standard encyclopedia of drugs Monks (collection of drugs) - Healed along with Cosmas and Damian - Made versions of classical medical texts - Planted medicinal herbs Galen - Collected and cultivated cordial waters “cor” – heart - elaborate system that attempted to For patients with heart conditions balance the humors of an ill person - used drugs that are contrary in Boiled plants without knowing that it could destroy nature (kakaiba) the active ingredients (break down the compounds) For: External Inflammation; Use: a cool and wet drug - cucumber 2 Latin compilations 4|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Antidotaria The same does not apply to the Philippines where - Antidotes doctors also dispense/sell drugs; Pharmacists should 2. Receptaria be the only one to dispense drugs; caused by the - Recipies lack of pharmacists Arabic culture 12th Century - Returned classical scientific and medical - Public pharmacia in Italy and France knowledge to Europe - Nangunguna - Where pharmacy started (middle 13th Century east) - King Frederick II Magna Carta of Pharmacy ➔ Decree for the separation of Rhazes and Avicenna pharmacy and medicine - Added medical writings to the Greeks ➔ Obligating pharmacists to prepare quality drugs (formulary) ➔ “The silices” Arab physicians - Made dosage forms elegant and The Renaissance and Modern Europe palatable The art of pharmacy Renaissance More pleasant to taste and - The beginning of the modern period administration; Ex: chewable tablets - “Rebirth/Reborn” of today Valerius Cordus Gradual separation of pharmacy and medicine - “Dispensatorium” First pharmacopeia Standard for preparation/drug In Baghdad making Now: USP, NF - First privately owned drugstores Pharmacopeias – book of drug standards Latter part of the middle ages in Europe Paracelsus - Italy, Spain, France First countries that separated - Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus pharmacy and medicine Bombastus von Hohenheim - Toxicology 5|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - advocate of chemically prepared drugs Pharmacy in the United from crude plant and mineral Early 18th Century substances (active “quitessences” from natural resources) - Businessmen and apothecaries united - “dose makes the poison” Difference of drug effect is in the dose North America Paracetamol – treatment dose of 3,000mg per day - Has shop practices (500mg per 4 hrs) - Shops run by physicians or Hepatoxicity of 8,000mg physician’s apprentice (few pharmacists) Acetylcysteine IV -> N-acetylcysteine (NAC) – paracetamol intoxication antidote LTO – license to operate drugstore/pharmacy Nuovo Receptario - Italian Chemists and Druggists - First pharmacopeia recognized in - Practitioners of drugs Florence - Manufacture, prepare, and sell drugs Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1804 - Oxygen, chlorine, glycerine, inorganic - Apothecaries in New York hospital were acids (citric acid, tartaric acid) practiced by students of medicine - Jonathan Roberts First Hospital Pharmacist Friedrich Serturner Was first a medicine apprentice - Extracted morphine from crude opium (med student; but studied as a - Prove the importance of Alkaloids pharmacist when he saw the lack of them) Pelletier and Caventou Central Support Room – located in hospitals; only - Isolated Quinine and Quinidine from accessed by pharmacists. Contained solusets, Cinchona bark/Peruvian bark venosets, etc. - Quinine Malaria treatment - Quinidine 1811 Anti-arrhythmic drug ➔ Absence of rhythm in heart - NY hired full-time pharmaceutical practitioners who stayed in the apothecary shop all the time 6|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1852: American Pharmaceutical Association Ghost pharmacist – hiram license; because of the lack - Aimed to increase the stature of Pharmacy profession by fostering individual improvement 1812 (War of 1812) - Led by Willian Procter Jr. - England cut off drug product trade with America William Procter Jr. - Basis for future of American drug industry - Father of American pharmacy - APA secretary, president - USP revision committee for 30 United States Pharmacopoeia years (now: max of 3 years)s - Published by Massachusetts Medical Society Philippine Pharmacists Association (PPhA) - Guide to drug standards Current president: Dr. Aleth Therese L. Dacanay (UST dean) Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1812) 2 sectors: Philippine Association of Colleges of and Massachusetts College of Pharmacy Pharmacy (PACOP), Junior Philippine Pharmacists (1823) Association (JPPhA) - College offering pharmacy Pharmacy in the Philippines Physician supported the growth of an Spanish Colonization independent Pharmacy profession Groups of natives working for the sick: - Separation of pharmacy and medicine - Increase in people = increase in 1. Mediquillos – medicos; medicine labor = decrease quality of drug 2. Curanderos - curers 3. Herbolaros – used herbs 1840s: Problems on “counter prescribing” Facultativos - Refilling of prescriptions without physician authorization - Doctors and pharmacists who came to - Shopkeepers the Philippines to practice (because of Non-licensed; Physician tech, aid, the lack) assistant Practiced the profession without qualifications Acala dela Torre 7|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - Recognized native healers para dumami sila October 10, 1879 - Governor General admit graduates of Prior to 1871: First Pharmacy Education pharmacy from other countries with proper credentials and six years of - Pharmacist born and educated in Spain professional practice and Germany became the first teachers of pharmacy - They established their own drugstores Dominican Fathers - Established the first college of pharmacy Fermacuetico de Segunda Clase is the country - License to second class who learned from professionals without formal Hospital de San Juan De Dios and Hospital education De San Lazaro - First hospitals by the Franciscans University of Santo Tomas - B.S. Pharmacy Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria O.P. - Licentiate in Pharmacy - “Medicinas Caseras” Don Leon Ma. Guerrero Fr. Manuel Blanco, O.S.A. - Father of Philippine Pharmacy - Only Filipino graduate among first 6 - “Flora de Filipinas” graduates of UST Flowers Don Anacleto Del Rosario y Sales Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios - Advocate of use of chemicals - Botanical plants - Written records After 1871: Examination for Foreign Pharmacist Botica Boie - Held in UST - By Dr. Lorenzo Negrao - First drugstore Peninsulares Governor General Fernando Norzagaray - Spanish pharmacists 8|Page PHPERS M1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - Ordered establishment of Botanical Garden Now found beside the Manila City Hall 9|Page