Photo-CR Study Guide 2024.pdf

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Study Guide 30 multiple choice questions/ 5 short answer questions/ 1 data analysis questions TOTAL: 41 marks NOTES: You will have the whole period to take the test The test will be given ONLINE line using Illuminate You must use your school assigned device!!...

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Study Guide 30 multiple choice questions/ 5 short answer questions/ 1 data analysis questions TOTAL: 41 marks NOTES: You will have the whole period to take the test The test will be given ONLINE line using Illuminate You must use your school assigned device!!! NO PERSONAL DEVICES *You will need a calculator (IT MUST BE A PLAIN CALCULATOR). Know how to calculate % change Photosynthesis: Know the role of ATP in photosynthesis o ATP plays a CRUCIAL role in LDR o is produced when light en Know 3 ways that photosynthesis can be measured o NAME and EXPLAIN TWO ways that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured (4 pts) Know WHAT to measure and HOW to measure for each example. Light-Dependent reactions: Know the location of the LDR Know how light energy is used in photolysis + what are the products of photolysis Know the source of O2 as a waste product Know where in the chloroplast the proton gradients are formed (where are we pumping the H+ into) Know the reactants/products of the LDR Light-Independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): Know the location of the LIR Know what happens to glycerate-3-phosphate in the LIR (What is it reduced to?) Know how triose phosphate is combined to become a (hexose) sugar Know the reactants/products of the LIR What is the role of ATP in the LIR Chloroplast: Be able to label a chloroplast (Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma) Know how the chloroplast STRUCTURE IS RELATED TO ITS FUNCTION o Know the function of the small space of the lumen 3 Major Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis: What 3 factors can influence the rate of O2 production in photosynthesis Know the effects of an INCREASE/DECREASE of these 3 limiting factors on photosynthesis o Be able to draw a graph to represent an increase of any of the 3 limiting factors (use pictures from class notes) Light intensity and absorption: State the main pigment in photosynthesis + Know which colors of light it absorbs most/ least Be able to analyze a diagram to represent the action spectrum of photosynthesis Know why the majority of plants are green to the naked eye Cellular Respiration: Know the FORMAL definition of cellular respiration Know how cells capture the energy released by cell respiration-- basically, what is the main component we are trying to make? Glycolysis: Know the location of glycolysis Know the stages/sequence of glycolysis (Phosphorylation🡪 Lysis🡪Oxidation) What are the products of glycolysis? How much ATP is used to start glycolysis? How much ATP is produced (gross)? The link reaction: Know the location of the Link Reaction Identify, in the provided diagram, the order of steps for the link reaction into the Kreb’s cycle Know how pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle: Know the location of the Krebs cycle Identify in a diagram when NAD+ is being reduced/ when decarboxylation occurs. Label the diagram below with the steps of the Kreb’s cycle Know the products of the Krebs cycle Be able to determine whether a molecule is being oxidized, reduced, or decarboxylated Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) and ATP synthase: Know the location of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthase Know that O2 is the last electron acceptor in the ETC and know how O2 is used to make H2O Know how the movement of protons (H+) produce ATP o Location of movement (it moves from where to where?) Mitochondria: Know the main features of the mitochondria Know how the mitochondria’s STRUCTURE IS RELATED TO ITS FUNCTION Cellular Respiration: Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration (*both are types of CR) What are the products from aerobic vs. anaerobic cell respiration Know the 2 pathways for CR in ALL organisms Know the products of aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration in HUMANS Know the products of fermentation using yeast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration comparison: How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Be able to compare similarities and differences between both processes DATA ANYALYSIS HINTS: Remember to be EXACT! Use decimals (25% vs. 25.14%-- the latter is more accurate) Always use units in answers (Ex. 25 % / 15 mg...) NEVER SAY APPROXIMATELY- ≈!!!!! o Instead, you need to use uncertainties +/- (≈ 1,500,000 years ago vs. 1,500,000 years ago +/- 3 million years) Photosynthesis: Know the role of ATP in photosynthesis: 1. ATP plays a CRUCIAL role in the Light-Dependent Reactions (LDR). It is produced when light energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll, which then power the ATP synthase enzyme to generate ATP from ADP and Pi (phosphate) during photophosphorylation. Know 3 ways that photosynthesis can be measured: 1. Oxygen Production: Measure the volume of oxygen released by the plant. This can be done by capturing oxygen in a submerged leaf apparatus or using a gas sensor. 2. CO2 Uptake: Measure the rate of carbon dioxide absorption from the surrounding environment. This can be observed using CO2 sensors or pH changes in water as CO2 dissolves. 3. Biomass Increase: Measure the increase in plant biomass over time, which reflects the accumulation of sugars and other products of photosynthesis. Light-Dependent Reactions (LDR): Know the location of the LDR: ○ The LDR takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. Know how light energy is used in photolysis + the products of photolysis: ○ Light energy is used to split water molecules (photolysis), producing oxygen (O2) as a waste product, along with protons (H+) and electrons. Know the source of O2 as a waste product: ○ The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from the splitting of water molecules during the LDR. Know where in the chloroplast the proton gradients are formed (where are we pumping the H+ into): ○ Protons (H+) are pumped into the thylakoid lumen, creating a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. Know the reactants/products of the LDR: ○ Reactants: Water (H2O), light energy, ADP, Pi, and NADP+. ○ Products: Oxygen (O2), ATP, and NADPH. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Know the location of the LIR: ○ The Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. Know what happens to glycerate-3-phosphate in the LIR (what is it reduced to?): ○ Glycerate-3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using the energy from ATP and the reducing power of NADPH. Know how triose phosphate is combined to become a (hexose) sugar: ○ Two molecules of triose phosphate are combined to form hexose sugars like glucose. Know the reactants/products of the LIR: ○ Reactants: CO2, ATP, and NADPH. ○ Products: Glucose, ADP, Pi, and NADP+. What is the role of ATP in the LIR? ○ ATP provides the energy required to convert glycerate-3-phosphate into triose phosphate, and also powers the regeneration of RuBP. Chloroplast: Be able to label a chloroplast (Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma): ○ The thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana.  Know how the chloroplast structure is related to its function: ○ The thylakoid membranes provide a large surface area for the light-dependent reactions. The small space of the lumen helps to build up a high concentration of protons (H+), which drives ATP synthesis. The stromacontains enzymes necessary for the Calvin Cycle. 3 Major Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis: What 3 factors can influence the rate of O2 production in photosynthesis? ○ Light Intensity: More light increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point. ○ CO2 Concentration: Higher CO2 levels can increase the rate, but only until other factors become limiting. ○ Temperature: Photosynthesis works best within an optimal temperature range; too high or low, and the rate decreases. Know the effects of an increase/decrease of these 3 limiting factors on photosynthesis: ○ Increased light or CO2 can increase the rate, but only to a saturation point. Extreme temperatures, whether too hot or cold, can decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis. Be able to draw a graph to represent an increase of any of the 3 limiting factors: ○ You should be able to sketch graphs showing how these factors impact the rate of photosynthesis, such as a light saturation curve. Light Intensity and Absorption: State the main pigment in photosynthesis and know which colors of light it absorbs most/least: ○ The main pigment is chlorophyll a, which absorbs blue and red light most effectively and reflects green light, making plants appear green. Be able to analyze a diagram representing the action spectrum of photosynthesis: ○ Be prepared to interpret a graph showing the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light on the rate of photosynthesis. Know why the majority of plants are green to the naked eye: ○ Plants are green because chlorophyll reflects green light rather than absorbing it. Cellular Respiration: Know the formal definition of cellular respiration: ○ Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, releasing waste products (CO2 and H2O). Know how cells capture the energy released by cell respiration: ○ Cells capture energy primarily by producing ATP, which stores energy in its phosphate bonds. Glycolysis: Know the location of glycolysis: ○ Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Know the stages/sequence of glycolysis: ○ The sequence is Phosphorylation → Lysis → Oxidation. What are the products of glycolysis? ○ Products: 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP (4 ATP gross). How much ATP is used to start glycolysis? How much ATP is produced (gross)? ○ 2 ATP are used to start glycolysis, and 4 ATP are produced (gross), leading to a net gain of 2 ATP The Link Reaction: Know the location of the Link Reaction: ○ The Link Reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix (the innermost compartment of the mitochondria). Identify, in the provided diagram, the order of steps for the link reaction into the Krebs cycle: ○ Decarboxylation: A carbon atom is removed from pyruvate (3C), producing CO2. ○ Oxidation: The remaining 2-carbon molecule is oxidized, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. ○ Formation of Acetyl CoA: The 2-carbon molecule (acetyl group) is combined with Coenzyme A (CoA) to form Acetyl CoA. Know how pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA: ○ Pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecule) undergoes decarboxylation, releasing one molecule of CO2. The remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized, and the resulting acetyl group binds to Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle. During this process, NAD+ is reduced to NADH. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Know the location of the Krebs Cycle: ○ The Krebs Cycle also takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Identifying NAD+ Reduction and Decarboxylation: 1. NAD+ being reduced: ○ NAD+ is reduced to NADH at several points in the cycle when it gains electrons and a proton (H+). In the diagram, this happens at three points: In the transition from the 6-carbon compound (C6) to the 5-carbon compound (C5), NAD+ is reduced to NADH. In the transition from the 5-carbon compound (C5) to the 4-carbon compound (C4), NAD+ is again reduced to NADH. Another NAD+ is reduced during the conversion of a 4-carbon compound (C4) to another C4 compound. 2. Decarboxylation: ○ Decarboxylation is the removal of CO2 (carbon dioxide). This happens twice in the Krebs Cycle: During the conversion from the 6-carbon compound (C6) to the 5-carbon compound (C5), one molecule of CO2 is released. During the conversion from the 5-carbon compound (C5) to the 4-carbon compound (C4), another molecule of CO2 is released. Labeling the Steps in the Krebs Cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA (C2) enters the cycle and combines with a 4-carbon compound (C4) to form a 6-carbon compound (C6). 2. Decarboxylation and NAD+ reduction occur as the C6 compound is converted to a 5-carbon compound (C5), releasing CO2 and reducing NAD+ to NADH.  3. Decarboxylation and NAD+ reduction occur again as the C5 compound is converted to a 4-carbon compound (C4), releasing another CO2 and producing NADH. 4. The 4-carbon compound (C4) undergoes a series of conversions, regenerating the original 4-carbon compound while: ○ Producing ATP. ○ Reducing FAD to FADH2. ○ Reducing another NAD+ to NADH. Products of the Krebs Cycle: For each turn of the cycle (for one molecule of Acetyl CoA): 2 CO2 molecules are produced (from decarboxylation). 3 NADH molecules are produced (from NAD+ reduction). 1 FADH2 molecule is produced (from FAD reduction). 1 ATP (or GTP) is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation. Since each glucose molecule yields two Acetyl CoA molecules (after glycolysis and the link reaction), the net yield per glucose molecule would be: 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP Determining Oxidation, Reduction, and Decarboxylation: Oxidation occurs when a molecule loses electrons. In the Krebs Cycle, this happens when NADH and FADH2 are formed (as NAD+ and FAD are reduced). Reduction occurs when NAD+ and FAD gain electrons and are reduced to NADH and FADH2. Decarboxylation happens during the conversion of 6-carbon and 5-carbon molecules to smaller compounds, where CO2 is removed. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain - ETC) and ATP Synthase: 1. Know the location of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthase: ○ Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ○ ATP synthase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing ATP, is also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 2. Know that O2 is the last electron acceptor in the ETC and how O2 is used to make H2O: ○ Oxygen (O2) acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC. After electrons have passed through the chain, they combine with oxygen and protons (H+) to form water (H2O). This is why O2 is critical for aerobic respiration; without it, the chain would stop, halting ATP production. 3. Know how the movement of protons (H+) produces ATP: ○ The energy from electrons moving through the ETC is used to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. ○ This gradient represents stored potential energy, and protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase. This flow drives the production of ATP from ADP and Pi (phosphate) in a process called chemiosmosis. 4. Location of movement (it moves from where to where?): ○ Protons (H+) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport. They then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, generating ATP. Mitochondria: 1. Main features of the mitochondria: ○ Outer membrane: Encloses the organelle. ○ Inner membrane: Folded into structures called cristae, where the ETC and ATP synthase are located. ○ Intermembrane space: Space between the inner and outer membranes where protons are pumped during the ETC. ○ Matrix: The innermost compartment, containing enzymes for the Krebs cycle and the Link reaction. 2. Know how the mitochondria’s structure is related to its function: ○ The highly folded inner membrane increases surface area for the ETC and ATP production. ○ The compartmentalization of the intermembrane space allows for the creation of a proton gradient. ○ The matrix contains the enzymes necessary for the Krebs cycle, ensuring that the reactions producing NADH and FADH2 (which feed electrons into the ETC) occur close to the inner membrane. Cellular Respiration: Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: 1. What are the products from aerobic vs. anaerobic cell respiration? ○ Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) produces CO2, water (H2O), and ATP (up to 36-38 ATP per glucose). ○ Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) produces lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and CO2 (in yeast and plants), along with a small amount of ATP (2 ATP per glucose). 2. Know the 2 pathways for cellular respiration in ALL organisms: ○ Aerobic respiration: Glycolysis → Link Reaction → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain (ETC). ○ Anaerobic respiration: Glycolysis → Fermentation (either lactic acid fermentation in humans or alcoholic fermentation in yeast/plants). 3. Know the products of aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration in HUMANS: ○ Aerobic respiration in humans: CO2, H2O, and ATP. ○ Anaerobic respiration in humans (during intense exercise when oxygen is scarce): Lactic acid and a small amount of ATP (2 ATP per glucose). 4. Know the products of fermentation using yeast: ○ In yeast, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces ethanol, CO2, and a small amount of ATP. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Comparison: 1. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? ○ Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes. Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, while cellular respiration releases energy from glucose to form ATP. ○ The oxygen produced in photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration, and the CO2 produced in respiration is used in photosynthesis. 2. Compare similarities and differences between both processes: Similarities: ○ Both involve a cycle of energy transformation. ○ Both use electron transport chains to generate ATP (photosynthesis in the thylakoid membranes, cellular respiration in the inner mitochondrial membrane). ○ Both processes involve ATP production through chemiosmosis. ○ Both involve redox reactions. 3. Differences: ○ Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells. ○ Photosynthesis is an anabolic process (building up glucose from CO2 and water using light energy), while cellular respiration is a catabolic process (breaking down glucose to release energy). ○ Photosynthesis consumes CO2 and releases O2, while cellular respiration consumes O2 and releases CO2.