PhLE-Module-1 PDF

Symbol Name based on (-) Name based on (+) PO4^-3 Orthophosphate Tribasic POy'S HPO4^-2 Secondary/ Biphosphate...

Symbol Name based on (-) Name based on (+) PO4^-3 Orthophosphate Tribasic POy'S HPO4^-2 Secondary/ Biphosphate Dibasic -2 HPOy H2PO4^- Primary phosphate Monobasic H2 POy dz Metal Ous Ic Copper 1 / 2 / +1 2 + HgCu = lo +1 + 3 AU = Mercury 1 / 2 / +2 + 3 Fe = CoNi Cr fa +H = sn Pb Iron 2 3 Sb + 3+ 5 BiAs = / / g Tin 2 4 Lead 2 4 Cobalt 2 / 3 / ru Chromium 2 3 ld ga Size Penetration Ionization Alpha Largest Least Most ionizing mm Beta Middle Middle Middle le Gamma Smallest Most penetrating Least @ Number Symbol Possible Values Principal Quantum Number n - Size 1, 2, 3, 4,... Azimuthal/Angular Quantum Number l shape 0, 1, 2, 3,..., (n-1) Magnetic Quantum Number ml - orientation -l,...,-1, 0, 1,...,l Spin Quantum Number ms ~ spin +1/2., -1/2 Metals Non-metals Possess shiny luster Do not have luster Malleable Brittle Good conductors of heat and electricity Poor conductors of heat and electricity dz Usually form basic compounds Usually form acidic compounds Prefer to be cations in aqueous solution Prefer to be anions in aqueous solution lo lonic Non-P-polar - > EN difference Meaning 0.0-0.4 0.5-1.9 2.0- g 00. To 0.4 Non-polar 0.5 to 1.9 Polar ru 2.0 beyond Ionic ld VSEPR ga ! · # of Bonding Pair # of Lone Pair Molecular Geometry 20 linear 30 Trigonal planar 2 0 Linear Linear 21 gent 3 0 Trigonal planar Trigonal planar 40 Tetrahedral le 31 Trigonal pyramidal 2 1 gent Bent 22 pent 50 Trigonal Bipyramidal 4 0 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral 41 See saw @ 32 T-shape Trigonal 3 1 Trigonal pyramid 23 Linear pyramidal G0 octahedral 5/ S. pyramidal 2 2 Bent Bent 42 S. planar 5 0 Trigonal Trigonal bipyramidal Bipyramidal see saw 4 1 Seesaw 3 2 T-shape T-shaped 2 3 linear Linear 6 0 Octahedral Octahedral 5 1 Square pyramid pyramid 4 2 Square planar planar LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS dz 1st Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only be transformed 2nd Entropy lo 3rd Absolute zero temperature Zeroth Law Thermal equilibrium g DICARBOXYLIC 2 Oxalic Oh ru 3 Malonic My ·ano ld 2A 4 Succinic Succ 7. P S 5 Glutaric Good ga AZ S 6 Adipic Apple 7 Pimelic Pie le 8 SUberic SwEet 9 Azelaic Az @ 10 SEbacic SUgar Characteristics sp3 4) Alkane sp2 * Alkent sp -> Alkyne Orbitals to hybridize 1s, 3p 1s, 2p 1s, 1p New orbital diagram FOUR sp3 orbitals THREE sp2 orbitals (1p TWO sp orbitals (2p orbital unhybridized) orbitals unhybridized)  33 IP As Is 1p Types of bonds formed 4 sigma 3 sigma, 1 pi 2 sigma, 2 pi Bond angles 109.5 120 180 Shape Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear ↑ polarity ↑ = solubility Factor MP/BP/Density Water solubility dz density ↑ IMF strength Increase Increase ↑MP ABP ↑ H20 sol ↑ Carbons = 5 H20 SO) NIMF Increase Decrease ↑ Branching = 5/MF ↑Ha0 sol Decrease Increase lo Effect Acidity Basicity g Resonance Increase ru Reverse of acidity Acidic Basic Resonance ↑ ↓ ↓ EWC ↑ EWG Increase I ↓ ↑ EDG Decrease ld Cyclic Planar Huckel’s Rule Classification ga Yes Yes 4n + 2 pi electrons Aromatic Yes Yes 4n pi electrons Anti-aromatic No in one or both criteria Doesn’t matter Non-aromatic (aka Aliphatic) le @ Alkanes sp3 -SR Free radical substitution (SR) Alkenes and alkynes AF Electrophilic addition (AE) Aromatics SF ELectrophilic substitution (SE) Alkyl halides and alcohol SA Nucleophilic substitution (SN) Carbonyl compounds A Nucleophilic addition (AN) Carboxylic acids and derivatives SNACyI Nucleophilic acyl substitution (SNAcyl) Alcohols, Carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic Redox acids NAME OF TEST FOR REAGENT POSITIVE RESULT UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS dz Bromine Alkenes Bromine in CCl4 Disappearance of orange Baeyer’s Potassium permanganate DIsappearance of violet, formation of brown ppt lo Xanthoproteic Aromatics Nitric acid Yellow HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS g Beilstein Alkyl Halides Copper wire with sample, ru Green flame flame OXYGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Lucas Alcohols Zinc chloride in HCl Cloudiness, tertiary > ld EnC1 in AC secondary in speed No reaction for primary ga Ferric chloride Phenols FeCl3 Blue or purple Cr acid & SO4acid Jones Oxidation Aldehydes, Chromic acid in sulfuric acid Green alcohols, and (Jones reagent) le other reducing Tollen’s compounds Ammoniacal silver nitrate Silver mirror Fehling’s Fehling’s A (cupric sulfate) Red ppt @ Fehling’s B (Na K tartrate/ Na citrate) Brady’s Aldehydes and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Red ppt Ketones (Brady’s reagent) Iodoform Methyl ketones Alkaline iodine solution Pale yellow ppt only  NITROGEN- CONTAINING COMPOUNDS (AMINES) Hinsberg Amines Benzenesulfonyl chloride Ppt with dilute HCl (primary) Immediate ppt (secondary) No ppt (tertiary) dz Test Used for Rosenheim Choline lo Iodine Glycogen Thenard Aluminum g Romberg Cerebellar FUnction Doll’s Ocular Movement, brainstem function (C3 and C6) Rinne’s and Weber’s ru Auditory movement Snellen Visual acuity ld DOBEREINER’S TRIAD ga 1 Lithium Li Sodium Na 17 Potassium K le 2 Calcium Ca Strontium Sr 2A @ Barium Ba 3 Chlorine Cl Bromine Br 7A Iodine I 4 Sulfur S GA  Selenium Se Tellurium Te dz Element/ Process Compound Hydrogen Produced via Lane and Messerschmidt Process lo Used in the production of Ammonia: Haber’s Process Sodium Nd Produced via Solvay Process bicarbonate g Magnesium Produced via Dow Process Ammonia Produced via Haber/ Haber-Bosch Process Sulfur Aluminum ru Extracted underground via FraSch Process HAll heroult/ Alcoa chlorine O2 Linde-frankl ld O3 Welsbach NaNO2 Guggenheim HNO3 Ostwald ga N2 Fractional distillation of liquid air Element/ Container Na - Black cylinder Compound NOz, NaO - Blue Cylinder Hydrogen Red le Mg (OH)2 - Blue bottle Carbon Gray O2-Green cylinder Nitrogen Black Ar-Dark Green Nitrous oxide Blue CO2 -Grey @ Oxygen Green He - Brown Helium Brown H2 - Red Magnesium Blue-glass Acetylene - Maroon hydroxide Cla-yellow Argon Dark green Li-coated w/ petroleum / under oil Acetylene Maroon White/yellow P- Under water Chlorine Yellow Lithium Coated with petroleum or under oil White/ Yellow P Under water Element Flame Test (Non-luminous) Sr Crimson red Ca Brick red dz Li Carmine red Na Golden Yellow Ba Yellow green X B Green lo Cu Emerald Green Element Flame Test g (Cobalt glass) Na Nil ru K Crimson Ca Sr Light green Purple ↓ Ba Bluish green ld Lithium Purple As, Sb, Bi, Pb Yellow ga Chemical Name Common Name Uses Hydrogen Inflammable air technically not considered as alkali metal nor a metal itself Hydrogen oxide Water le Deuterium oxide Heavy water Studies of metabolism of drugs Hydrogen peroxide Agua oxigenada Oxidizing agent, antiseptic @ Lithium carbonate Modern batteries, Na antagonist, Mgt of bipolar disorder CD Na Antagonist Li2CO3 Capsule: Eskalith modern Batteries Li2CO3 tablet: Lithane Li2CO3 extended-Release tablet- Quilonium-R Sodium/ Natrium Primary extracellular cation (PISO) Na precipitant: Triple acetate/ Triple uranyl acetate (Zn, Co, Mg uranyl acetate- YELLOW ppt) C Mg, Co, In Sodium chloride Table salt, Sea salt, Electrolyte replenisher Rock salt, Dendritic salt, solar salt, brine Sodium bicarbonate Baking soda Systemic alkalinizer for weak acids G Antidote For C Antidote for ASPIRIN Aspirin Sodium carbonate Washing soda: antacid decahydrate Soda ash: anhydrous Sodium citrate Anticoagulant by chelating Ca Sequestering agent in Benedict’s soln Sodium sulfate Glauber’s salt Laxative Sodium potassium tartrate Rochelle’s salt Copper sequestration in Fehling’s agent “Po-Ta si Rochelle” dz Sodium tartrate Primary standard in Karl-Fischer agent Sodium nitrate Chile saltpeter Meat preservative Sodium nitrite & Sodium Ax for cyanide poisoning thiosulfate lo Sodium thiocyanate H2O sol, formed upon dissociation of cyanmethemoglobin Sodium polystyrene Kayexalate Cation exchange resin for hyperkalemia sulfonate Sodium hydroxide Caustic soda, soda lye Deliquescent (absorbs H2O-> liquefy) g Saponifying agent: hard soap “SO HARD”, draining cleaner (liquid sosa) Sodium hydroxide + Calyx sodica CO2 absorber for anesthesia machine Calcium oxide= Soda lime Sodium bisulfite & metabisulfite ru Antioxidant (reducing property)- Preservative Monosodium glutamate Umami flavor “Chinese restaurant syndrome”- inc. glutamate ld (lightheadedness) Potassium/ Kalium PISO: Primary intracellular cation Potassium chloride Electrolyte replenisher for hypokalemia KCl IV bolus -> Death (lethal injection) ga Potassium bitartrate Cream of tartar Food stabilizer, thickener, occasional purgative Potassium nitrate Salt peter, salitre preservative Potassium hydroxide Caustic potash, potash Deliquescent lye Saponifying agent: soft soap, dehydrohalogenating agent Potassium carbonate Pearl ash Alkalinizing agent, saponifying agent, carbonating agent le Beryllium Glucinum Most toxic “Bery bery toxic” Toxicity: Berylliosis- causes granuloma due to inhalation Magnesium Lightest of all structurally important metals @ MICO: 2nd most abundant intracellular cation Magnesium carbonate Magnesia Antacid, laxative Magnesium hydroxide Milk of magnesia Antacid, laxative Magnesium oxide Component of Universal antidote Reduce bitterness of cascara sagrada Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt, bitter salt PO: cathartic IM: Anti-convulsant (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia) Calcium Calcium carbonate Precipitated chalk, Antacid (TUMS)- may cause rebound hyperacidity creta preparata, Prevention of osteoporosis (Calci-Aid)  limestone Calcium chloride Chlorinated lime “All muriates have chloride” Muriate of lime Electrolyte replenisher for hypocalcemia For road deicing other than salt Calcium hydroxide Slaked lime Milk of lime Calcium oxide Lime Component of Bordeaux mixture, Vlemicnkx’s solution (aka sulfurated lime soln) Calcium sulfate Hemihydrate: Plaster of Surgical cast Paris Dihydrate: 62psum Gypsum Diluent Strontium dz Strontium ranelate and Used for osteoporosis lactate Barium sulfate Blanc fixe ONLY insoluble barium compound Radiopaque for xray imaging Boron lo Sodium tetraborate A Borax For laundry and cleaning Boric acid Sal sedativum Used as ophthalmic antiseptic @ 2-4% (Eye-Mo) hombergi, Boracic acid g Aluminum 3rd most abundant element Most abundant metal Na cobaltinitrite: Thenard’s blue ru Aluminum sulfate Alum, Tawas Double salts of Al (K or NaAl(SO4)2 12H2O Antiperspirant, deodorants Aluminum acetate Burrow’s solution (subacetate) Used for poison ivy irritation (Type IV- contact dermatitis) Aluminum hydroxide Antacid (Maalox) ld Gallium gAllium eka-Al Gallium nitrate Correction of hypercalcemia Gallium nitride Used in lasers & transistors ga Carbon Activated charcoal Component of universal antidote Adsorbent in diarrhea Carbon dioxide After-dump, carbonic Respiratory stimulant gas, dry ice, aer fixus Removal of warts Carbon monoxide Respiratory poison (Tx: 100% O2, hyperbaric oxygen, le artificial air; 80% Helium, 20% O2) SIlicon Major component of glass Kieselguhr/Celite: diatomaceous earth- mild abrasive Simethicone/Dimethicone: polymers of dimethylsiloxane- @ antiflatulent Hydrous Magnesium Talc (soapstone, Softest mineral silicate french chalk) Dusting powder, clarifying agent Native COLLOIDAL Bentonite Suspending agent Aluminum silicate Native HYDRATED Kaolin Adsorbent for diarrhea Aluminum silicate Mixture of silicates from Pumice Abrasive to remove dead skin volcanic origin Tin Stannous fluoride Dental carries Lead Pipes & plumbing Batteries & bullets Highly poisonous- mental development in children Lead acetate Sugar of lead Wine preservative/ sweetener, hair coloring Lead subacetate Goulard’s Extract Lead sulfide Galena Main ore of lead extraction Lead monoxide Litharge, pigment Nitrogen Azote, mephitic air, Inert gas, head space phlogisticated Nitrous oxide Laughing gas Inhalational anesthesia dz Nitric oxide Physiologic vasodilator Nitric acid Eau forte, Aqua fortis nitrating/oxidizing agent Xanthoproteic test for Aromatic AAs- Yellow soln Ammonium ‘Pseudo-alkali metal” Produced via Haber Process lo Respiratory stimulant Strong Ammonia soln: 27-31% w/w NH3 Diluted Ammonia soln: 10$ w/w NH3 Used for jellyfish stings (disproven) Ammonium carbonate Hartshorn, baker’s Smelling salts g ammonia, preston salt Ammonium chloride Muriate of Hartshorn By product of solvay process for NaHCO3 Fertilizers Ammonium acetate Systemic acidifier for weak bases Spirit of Mindererus ru buffers Phosphorus St. elmo’s fire, light White/Yellow P: poisonous allotrope (Ax: CuSO4) carrier Black P: graphite-like structure, crystalline, stable in air ld Red P: safety matches, fireworks Phosphoric acid Buffering agent Hypophosphoric acid Reducing agent (antioxidant) ga Arsenic Agricultural purposes Lewisite: BAL Scheele’s green Cupric Hydrogen arsenite Paris green Cupric Acetoarsenite Fowler’s soln Potassium arsenite- for leukemia “POTA si FOWLER may le LEUKEMIA” Donovan’s soln Arsenic & Mercuric IoDides- Dermatologic Antimony Antimony potassium Tartar emetic Old: for schistosomiasis/ leishmaniasis @ tartrate Syktartrate New: Na stibogluconate Bismuth Beautiful meadow By product of lead refining Rose metal: 50% Bi, 25 % Sn, 25% Pb Bismuth subsalicylate Pink bismuth Pepto-bismol Anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antacid Oxygen Dephlogisticated air, Used for gas poisoning in px with dyspnea empyreal air, yne Hydrogen peroxide Agua oxigenada, Antiseptic (3%: 10 volume, 6%: 20 volume) oxygenated acid Sulfur Brimstone, asupre Precipitated sulfur Lac sulfur, milk of sulfur scabicide Sublimed sulfur Flower of sulfur Component of Vlemincks’s soln For scabies and acne Sulfurated sulfur Liver of sulfur Sublimed sulfur + K2CO3 Part of white lotion Sulfur dioxide Reducing property- antioxidant Sulfuric acid Oil of vitriol Sulfonating agent, dehydrating agent Selenium Moon Selenium sulfide Selsun Blue New for Seborrheic dermatitis 2.5% Old: Cadmium sulfide Fluorine dz Sodium fluoride Dental carries/ osteoporosis Stannous fluoride Chlorine Greenish gas Sodium hypochlorite Bleach (Zonrox) lo 4-6%: Dakin’s soln ~2.5%: Labarraque’s soln Hydrochloric acid Concentrated: g Muriatic acid – cleaning agent Diluted: formerly used for achlorhydria Bromine Reddish-brown liquid ru CNS depressant Common reagent for testing alkenes and condensed tannins Sodium Bromide Potassium bromide ld Ammonium bromide Iodine Dark-violet metallic solid Tox: Iodism Ax: Starch ga Potassium Iodine Saturated KISS For fungal: Sporotrichosis (aka Rose gardener’s disease) soln Iodophors: Polyvinylpyrrolidone- Iodine Potassium Mercuric Iodide Nessler’s reagent Test for ammonia (+) orange color le Astatine Radioactive halogen Helium Neon Fluorescent light and lasers @ Argon lazy Most abundant noble gas Substitute for nitrogen Krypton hidden Least abundant noble gas Xenon stranger Investigated as general anesthetic Radon Proposed as anticancer agent Used in earthquake detection Copper Tox: Wilson’s disease Ax: Penicillamine Copper sulfate Blue vitriol, roman Component of Benedict’s soln, Barfoed’s soln Cusultate vitriol, Salzburg vitriol Bordeaux mxt: CuSO4 + CaO- algicide & fungicide in swimming pool Silver Argentum Oligodynamic action Silver nitrate Old: used for glaucoma ophthalmia neonatorum (1%) New: Erythromycin Component of Tollen’s rgt (Aldehyde= silver mirror) Argentometry & Volhard’s AgNO3 pencil (lunar caustic)- removal of warts Ammoniacal Silver nitrate Howe’s soln Dental protective Gold King of all metals, highly malleable Dissolves in: dz Aqua regia- 3HCl:1HNO3 Selenic acid Auranofin PO Aurothioglucose IM Gold Sodium Thiomalate IM lo Zinc Present in insulin 2nd most abundant trace element in humans Na cobaltinitrite: Rinmann’s green g ↑En metal me = Excess Zn from fumes-> Metal fume fever Deficiency: Parakeratosis Zinc oxide Zinc white, philosopher’s wool ru Physical sunblock Lassar’s paste: topical antiseptic & protectant Calamine lotion (Calamine + ZnO)- Calmoseptin (Impurity: Iron oxide) ld Zinc sulfate White vitriol Used in white lotion (ZnSO4 + sulfurated potash)- astringent & protective Cadmium Component of older batteries Tox: Itai-itai disease- renal insufficiency, painful bones ga (osteomalacia) Ax: BAL Cadmium sulfide Yellow sulfide Prev. used for seborrheic dermatitis Mercury Hydrargyrum, ONLY metal that exist as liquid @ RT quicksilver, asoge Cinnabar: main ore (HgS) le Amalgams: Alloy Tox: Minamata disease Ax: BAL, EDTA, Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate Ammoniated Mercury White ppt @ Topical anesthetic Mercurous chloride Calomel Electrodes for pH Mercuric chloride Corrosive sublimate Disinfectant Titanium High strength- surgical implant Titanium dioxide UV absorber, opacifying agent Zirconium For poisoning irritation (prev)-> causes skin granuloma Tantalum Surgical repair of bones Substitute to platinum in jewelry Chromium Glucose tolerance factor Cr Chromates & dichromates Good oxidizing agents Dichromate method For EtOH analysis Molybdenum “lead-like” Ammonium molybdate Reagent for phosphate test -> NH4+ phosphomolybdate -> yellow molybdate Phosphomolybdic acid Sonenshein’s reagent Tungsten Heavy stone Highest melting point of all elements W -wolframite Heaviest element used by some bacteria ↑ - MP Main ore: Wolframite dz Manganese From pyrolusite Potassium permanganate Mineral chameleon Powerful oxidizing agent Used in Baeyer’s test (QA test for alkene) Anti-infective, astringent, cleanser Technetium First artificially produced element lo Technetium-99m Most commonly used radiopharmaceutical Rhenium Super alloys in jets & rockets Iron Most abundant trace elements in humans g Iron oxide Hematite “Tite ni FeO” Iron sulfide Pyrite Ferric chloride ru Purify H2O Catalyst of Friedel-Crafts reactions Differentiate tannins FerroUs ferricyanide TUrnbUll’s ld FerrIc ferrocyanide PrussIan Ferrous sulfate Green vitriol Basham’s mixture: Iron + NH4+ acetate (hematinic) Monsel’s soln: Ferric subacetate soln (styptic) Ferrous gluconate Fergon ga Ferrous fumarate Toleron Cobalt Important for the development of RBC Part of Vit. B12 QA Test: Vogel’s rxn CO + NH4SCN ---- Co(SCN)2; beautiful blue le Cobaltous chloride Lover’s ink, Anhydrous: Blue sympathetic ink Hydrated: Pink Sodium cobaltinitrite Al: Thenard’s blue @ Zn: Rinmann’s green K: Yellow ppt Nickel Old nick’s copper Ni-Cd batteries Fancy jewelry and coins QA Test: Dimethylglyoxime (red) Rhodium Catalysts for organic rxns Ruthenium Palladium Osmium Heaviest and densest metal (22.59g/cc) Osmium tetroxide Staining specimens used for electron microscopy, asymmetric hydroxylation of alkanes Iridium Catalyst for organic rxn Platinum Catalyst for organic rxn Alkylating antineoplastic: Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin Element Hydrogen Most abundant ELEMENT in the UNIVERSE dz Lightest element Lithium Lightest metal Argon Most abundant noble gas Krypton Least abundant noble lo gas Zinc Present in insulin 2nd most abundant g trace element in humans ru Mercury ONLY metal that exist as liquid @ RT Tungsten Highest melting point of all elements ld Heaviest element used by some bacteria Technetium First artificially ga produced element Iron Most abundant trace elements in humans Osmium Heaviest and densest metal (22.59g/cc)O le Name Components Remarks @ Ringer’s solution NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 Can cause acidosis Lactated Ringer’s solution Ringer’s solution + Na lactate – Used as alkalinizing agent heartmann’s solution Base agent - Darrow’s solution NaCl, KCl, Na lactate Types of Glass I Highly resistant borosilicate glass II Treated soda lime glass III Soda lime glass IV/N General purpose, P non-parenteral Glass additives dz Manganese Masks blue green oxide color of iron Borate Reduces coefficient of expansion lo Potassium Amber color Lead Increase refractive index g Rare Earth Polarization, absorption of light of certain wavelength Selenium Red ru HF Glass etching ld Radioactives ga Liver Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid) Hepatobiliary studies Tc99m phytate Liver imaging -> potency studies “Liver PHYTES POTENT toxin” le Au198 Liver scanning I131 Rose Bengal Tracer of Liver function @ Na iodohippurate Dx of liver function Kidney Tc99m heptagluconate Kidney imaging -> renal function determination Hg197 chlormerodrin Kidney and brain scintillation scanning Heart Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxyisobutyl Myocardial perfusion agent isonitrile  I131 NaI Cardiac output determination -> blood plasma volume Thyroid Tc99m pertechnetate Thyroid scanning I125 NaI Thyroid function Others Tc99m etidronate/ phosphonates Bone imaging Tc99m macroaggregated albumin Lung scanning dz Cr51 Spleen imaging, RBC mass P32 Na phosphate Tx Polycythemia vera lo Co57 cyanocobalamin Dx. pernicious anemia Se75 selenomethionine Dx. pancreatic tumor g Name Components Plumber’s solder 33% Sn, 67% Pb 333n67Pb 50Sn 80Sn 50pb 20pb Solder Pewter 50% Sn, 50% Pb 80% Sn, 20% Pb ru 80Sn 20sb Babbit 80% Sn, 20% Sb (San SB, Babbi?) ld Rose metal 50% Bi, 25% Sn, 25% Pb (si ROSE ay BI, San pa ba?) 50 Bi 25Sn 25pb 50% Bi2 5% Sn 25%Pb Type metal 25% Sb, 25% Sn, 50% Pb (Type ko mag-SB, san PA BA?) 2556 25Sh 50ph Type 25%sb ascosn 50% ph Cut sn BronZe (BronS) Cu, Sn ga CutI n BrasS (BraZ) Cu, Zn Gun metal Cu, Zn, Sn C. In Sn Cutn Ni German Silver Cu, Zn, Ni (CuZn Ni German) Al f Ni Raney Nickel Al + Ni le Cu sn Sb ANTI-friction Cu, Sn, Sb(ANTI) meal Ni+Cu Monel Ni, Cu “MoNiCu” Sterling Silver 92.5% Ag, 7.5& Cu @ 92.57g 7.5Cu 2Fe - C Cast Iron Fe, >2%C Ag Amalgam Hg, etc. Ca SnPb Bi Woods Metal Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi ad Wood In Pb Bl  Color of Some Transition Metal in Aq solution Cu +2 = Blue Cr +2 = Blue +3 = Green +6= Chromate (Yellow), Dichromate (Orange) Fe +2= Green +3= Yellow/Orange/Brown dz Co +2= Pink Ni +2= Green (GreeNi) lo Name Component Solubilizing agent Iodine solution 2% Iodine in H2O Sodium Iodide g Iodine tincture 2% Iodine in 50% Na| EtOH Strong Iodine solution 5% Iodine in H2O Potassium Iodide (Lugol’s) Strong Iodine tincture ru 7.5% Iodine in 50% k1 EtOH ld SILVER PROTEINS Argyrol MILD Silver Protein 19-23% Vaginitis ga COLlargol COLLOIDAL Silver 18-22% Germicide Protein Protargol STRONG Silver Protein 7.5-8.5% Antiseptic in “PROTAgonist- ears, throat, le STRONG” bladder @ Element/ Compound Toxicity Antidote Copper Wilson’s disease Penicillamine - Bronze-like skin Silver Argyria NaCl (NSS) - Darkened skin Barium Baritosis MgSO4 Zinc Def: Parakeratosis NaHCO3 TOxicity: Metal fume fever  - Sclay, thickened, & inflamed skin Cadmium Itai-itai disease Ca EDTA Mercury Minamata disease, Pink Na formaldehyde disease, Mad hatter’s sulfoxylate, BAL, EDTA, disease, Erethism Penicillamine, DMSA Aluminum Shaver’s disease Silicon Silicosis Alumina Lead Plumbism Ca EDTA/ Ca versenate dz Arsenic A Mee’s lines BAL Iodine Iodism Starch Iron Deferoxamine Thallium Prussian blue lo SULFATES g Sodium sulfate Glauber’s salt Na SOy ru Magnesium sulfate Epsom M salt M Calcium sulfate Hemihydrate: Plaster of Paris ld Dihydrate: Gypsum Barium sulfate ONLY INSOLUBLE Ba compound ga Aluminum sulfate Alum Copper sulfate Blue vitriol Zinc sulfate White vitriol le Ferrous sulfate Green vitriol Sulfuric acid Oil of vitriol @ Common acids Concentration Palatandaan Boric 2-4% B= 2nd letter Hydrochloric 36-38% C= 3 Nitric 68-70% aNim Sulfuric 98% Siyam Phosphoric 85% Pive Metal Ion Cofactor Enzyme Palatandaan Zinc Carbonic anhydrase, Alcohol CarboZinc dehydrogenase, Carboxypeptidase A dz Iron Cytochrome oxidase, Catalase FeCytoCat Nickel Urea NickUrea lo Magnesium Hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate MagHex-6 Potassium Pyruvate kinase, Propionyl CoA carboxylase PotaPyrProp g Manganese Superoxide dismutase, Arginase SuperMangArgi Selenium Glutathione peroxidase SeleGluPero Copper Cytochrome oxidase ru CuCyto Molybdenum Xanthine oxidase MolybXO ld ga Water Description Alkaline Contain Na2SO4, MgSO4, and NaHCO3 Carbonated Contain CaCO3 and MgCO3 in solution as bicarbonate le Chalybeate Contains iron Lithia Contain lithium @ Saline Contains MgSO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl Sulfur Has dissolved H2S and deposits S upon exposure to atmosphere Siliceous Has soluble alkali silicates Organism Antibiotic Penicillium notatum Penicillin P. griseofulvum Griseofulvin Strep. erythreus Erythromycin S. griseus Streptomycin S. orientalis Vancomycin dz S. noursei Nystatin B. polymyxa Polymyxin C. acremonium Cephalosporin P lo S. cattleya Thienamycin S. venezuelae Chloramphenicol g S. lincolnensis Lincomycin ru S. nodosus Amphotericin B S. mediterranei Rifampicin ld Chromobacterium Aztreonam violaceum P. fluorescens Mupirocin ga A. teicomyceticus Teicoplanin S. roseosporus Daptomycin le Class Examples @ Scabicide (mites) Crotamiton Pediculicide (lice) Benzyl alcohol Ivermectin Spinosad Both Permethrin Lindane  NITRATES Sodium nitrate Chile saltpeter Potassium nitrate Saltpeter/ Salitre Silver Nitrate Lunar Caustic dz HYDROXIDES Sodium hydroxide Caustic soda/ soda lye lo Potassium hydroxide Caustic potash/ potash lye Magnesium hydroxide Milk of magnesia g Calcium hydroxide Milk of lime/ slaked lime ru Ammonium carbonate Hartshorn, Preston salt, smelling salt ld Ammonium chloride Muriate of hartshorn Ammonium acetate Spirit of Mindererus ga SOLUTIONS le Vleminckx’s solution/ Sulfurated Lime Sublimed sulfur, CaO Burrow’s solution Aluminum acetate @ Goulard’s Extract Lead subacetate FOWLER’s solution POTAssium arSEnite (POTA SE FOWLER) Donovan’s solution Arsenic & Mercuric IoDides D4kin’s Solution 4-6% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) Labarraque’s solution Approx. 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) Howe’s solution Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Monsel’s Solution Ferric subacetate solution (SubMon) BASHam’s mixture Ferric Ammonium ASHetate Sequestering agents dz Sodium citrate Benedict’s solution -> Na Citrate Sodium Potassium tartrate Fehling’s solution tartrate -> Nak lo SILICATES Talc Hydrous Magnesium Silicate (softest mineral) g Bentonite Native Colloidal Aluminum Silicate ru Kaolin Native Hydrated Aluminum SIlicate Pumice Mixture of Silicates ld Mica K Al silicates ga Hydrogen Inflammable air Nitrogen Azote, mephitic air, inert gas, le phlogisticated, dead air Oxygen Dephlogisticated air, Empyreal air, Yne @ Nitrous oxide, Laughing gas dinitrogen monoxide Nitric acid Aqua fortis ScHeele’s green Copper Hydrogen arsenite Paris green Copper acetoarsenite Precipitated sulfur Lac sulfur, milk of Sulfur Sublimed sulfur Flower of Sulfur Sulfurated potash Liver of Sulfur dz TUrnbUll’s blue FerroUs ferricyanide PrussIan blue FerrIc ferrocyanide g lo Potassium Yellow Aluminum Sodium Cobaltinitrite Thenanard’s blue Zinc ru Rinmann’s green ld Sources FeO Hematite ga FeS Pyrite COPper ChalCOPyrite Aluminum Bauxite, Cryolite le Zinc Smithsonite Lead Galena GaLEADna @ Silver ArGentite Manganese oxide Pyrolusite Mercuric sulfide cinnabar Tungsten Wolframite Mg Al Silicate Attapulgite Magnesium Dolomite, Asbestos, talc Sulfur Crude furnace, calcarone Zinc, Fe, S Sphalerite dz Nitrogen Azote Sulfur Asupre Mercury Asoge g lo PENICILLIN PEN G Acid-labile (not PO) ru Narrow spectrum Susceptible to beta-lactamase Remedy: Remedy: + Bulky groups- NDOC ld Pen V Amino grp to become broad Amoxicillin + Ureido Oxacillin + Carboxy ga Buffer mixture Acid content Alkaline content Feldman’s buffer H3BO3, NaCl, H2O Sodium borate, H2O le Atkins and Pantin buffer H3BO3, NaCl, H2O Na2CO3 H2O, H2O Gifford’s buffer (HYPERtonic) H3BO3, KCl, H2O Na2CO3 H2O, H2O @ Palitzch (modified by Hind and H3BO3, NaCl, H2O Sodium borate, H2O Goyan) (ISOtonic) Sorensen’s buffer (ISOtonic) Mixture of Na K salts, NaCl Reactivity Series LyKa, BaCa Naman, Mag AlMunZal sa Cr si Fe Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al dz Mn Zn Cr Fe lo CLASS MOA EXAMPLES g Polyene antibiotics Binds with sterol in fungal cell Amphotericin B membrane to cause Natamycin ru disorganization and loss of cell Nystatin membrane constituents especially in K+ ion ld Acts on Microtubules Griseofulvin Echinocandins Block beta-glucan synthase Caspofungin ga Micafungin Anidulafungin Allylamines Inhibit squalene epoxidase Naftifine ① Terbinafine le ① Azoles Inhibitor of CYP450 enzyme Clotrimazole (lanosterol-14 alpha Ketoconazole demethylase) of fungi Fluconazole @