Chemistry Quiz on Quantum Numbers and Geometry
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Questions and Answers

What does the azimuthal quantum number (l) indicate about an electron?

  • The orientation of the electron's spin
  • The spin direction of the electron
  • The energy level of the electron
  • The shape of the electron's orbital (correct)

    • Which property is characteristic of metals?

  • Malleability (correct)
  • Lack of luster
  • Brittle nature
  • Poor thermal conductors

    • Which statement about the magnetic quantum number (ml) is true?

  • It describes the energy of the electron
  • It defines the orientation of the orbital (correct)
  • It can take values only from 0 to n
  • It indicates the shape of the electron's spin

    • In terms of electronegativity (EN) difference, which type of bond is formed when the difference is greater than 2.0?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds do non-metals usually form?

    <p>Acidic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry when there are 3 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?

    <p>Trigonal planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular geometry corresponds to 2 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair?

    <p>Trigonal pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecular geometry is displayed when there are 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there are 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs, which molecular geometry is observed?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular geometry corresponds to 5 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?

    <p>Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hybridization is associated with tetrahedral shape?

    <p>sp3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bond angles are characteristic of sp2 hybridization?

    <p>120 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound would test positive with the Xanthoproteic test?

    <p>Aromatic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process for producing hydrogen gas through the Lane and Messerschmidt process?

    <p>Thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction does bromine in CCl4 indicate when testing for alkenes?

    <p>Electrophilic addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound would yield a positive result in the Iodoform test?

    <p>Methyl ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) on acidity?

    <p>Increase acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements produces a crimson red color in a flame test?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is observed when primary amines are tested with the Hinsberg reagent?

    <p>Immediate ppt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hybridization type corresponds to linear molecular geometry?

    <p>sp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonding is prevalent in sp hybridized compounds?

    <p>2 sigma, 2 pi bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests indicates the presence of carbohydrates?

    <p>Iodine test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of anti-aromatic compounds?

    <p>Contain 4n pi electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do electron-donating groups (EDGs) have on acidity?

    <p>Decrease acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of phosphorus is commonly used in safety matches and fireworks?

    <p>Red phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of bismuth subsalicylate?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent is hypophosphoric acid classified as?

    <p>Reducing agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sodium hypochlorite commonly used for?

    <p>Bleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is known as the 'King of all metals'?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of copper sulfate in swimming pools?

    <p>Algicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which halogen is known to be radioactive?

    <p>Astatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is used as a protective agent in dental procedures?

    <p>Ammoniacal silver nitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of poisoning is treated with the antidote Penicillamine?

    <p>Copper poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid is known as 'oil of vitriol'?

    <p>Sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selenium sulfide is primarily used to treat which skin condition?

    <p>Seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using sodium fluoride?

    <p>Cavity prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is known for causing Itai-itai disease due to toxicity?

    <p>Cadmium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of hydrochloric acid besides cleaning?

    <p>Dehydrating agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does Cobaltous chloride appear when anhydrous?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Osmium tetroxide?

    <p>Staining specimens for electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is known as the heaviest and densest metal?

    <p>Osmium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used as an alkalinizing agent?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique property does Mercury have among metals?

    <p>Only metal that exists as a liquid at RT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is the lightest metal?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is primarily used in catalytic converters for organic reactions?

    <p>Platinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive substance is used for liver imaging?

    <p>Tc99m phytate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glass additives is used to mask the blue-green color of iron?

    <p>Manganese oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of Sodium cobaltinitrite?

    <p>Color indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements is the most abundant trace element in humans?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which solution can you find a combination of NaCl, KCl, and Na lactate?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glass is characterized as highly resistant?

    <p>Borosilicate glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is used as a myocardial perfusion agent?

    <p>Tc99m sestamibi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quantum Numbers

    • Azimuthal or Angular Quantum Number (l) describes the shape of an electron's orbital and can have values from 0 to (n-1) where n is the principal quantum number.
    • Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) describes the orientation of the orbital in space. It can have values from -l to 0 to +l.
    • Spin Quantum Number (ms) describes the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron, which is quantized and has a spin up (+1/2) or spin down (-1/2).

    Metals vs Non-metals

    • Metals are shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, usually form basic compounds, and prefer to be cations in aqueous solution.
    • Non-metals lack luster, are brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity, usually form acidic compounds, and prefer to be anions.

    Polarity and Bonding

    • Electronegativity Difference determines bond polarity:
      • 0.0-0.4: Non-polar
      • 0.5-1.9: Polar
      • 2.0 and above: Ionic

    VSEPR Theory

    • The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs around the central atom.
    • Number of Bonding Pairs and Number of Lone Pairs determines molecular geometry.

    Hybridization

    • sp3 Hybridization involves the combination of one s and three p orbitals, forming four sp3 orbitals with a tetrahedral shape.
      • Alkanes are examples of compounds with sp3 hybridization.
    • sp2 Hybridization involves the combination of one s and two p orbitals, forming three sp2 orbitals with a trigonal planar shape.
      • Alkenes are examples of compounds with sp2 hybridization.
    • sp Hybridization involves the combination of one s and one p orbital, forming two sp orbitals with a linear shape.
      • Alkynes are examples of compounds with sp hybridization.

    Aromaticity

    • Huckel's Rule states that a cyclic, planar molecule is aromatic if it has (4n + 2) pi electrons where n is an integer.
    • Anti-aromatic molecules are cyclic, planar, and have 4n pi electrons.
    • Non-aromatic molecules are either not cyclic, not planar, or don't follow Huckel's rule.

    Organic Reactions

    • Free Radical Substitution (SR): Characteristic of alkanes.
    • Electrophilic Addition (AE): Characteristic of alkenes and alkynes.
    • Electrophilic Substitution (SE): Aromatic compounds undergo this type of reaction.
    • Nucleophilic Substitution (SN): Reactions with alkyl halides and alcohols.
    • Nucleophilic Addition (AN): Reactions with carbonyl compounds.
    • Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (SNAcyl): Reactions involving carboxylic acids and derivatives.
    • Redox Reactions: Occur with alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic acids.

    Organic Chemistry Tests

    • Bromine Test (for Unsaturated Compounds): Alkenes react with bromine in CCl4, causing the orange color to disappear.
    • Baeyer’s Test (for Unsaturated Compounds): Potassium permanganate reacts with alkenes, causing the violet color to disappear and forming a brown precipitate.
    • Xanthoproteic Test (for Aromatics): Nitric acid reacts with aromatic compounds, producing a yellow color.
    • Beilstein Test (for Halogenated Compounds): A copper wire with a sample of an alkyl halide burns with a green flame.
    • Lucas Test (for Alcohols): Zinc chloride in HCl reacts with alcohols, forming a cloudy solution. The speed of the reaction distinguishes between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.
    • Ferric Chloride Test (for Phenols): FeCl3 reacts with phenols, producing a blue or purple color.
    • Jones Oxidation (for Aldehydes, Alcohols, and Other Reducing Compounds): Chromic acid in sulfuric acid reacts with aldehydes, alcohols, and other reducing compounds, producing a green color.
    • Tollen’s Test (for Aldehydes and Other Reducing Compounds): Ammoniacal silver nitrate reacts with aldehydes, forming a silver mirror.
    • Fehling’s Test (for Aldehydes and Other Reducing Compounds): Fehling's A (cupric sulfate) reacts with aldehydes, forming a red precipitate.
    • Brady’s Test (for Aldehydes and Ketones): 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reacts with aldehydes and ketones, producing a red precipitate.
    • Iodoform Test (for Methyl Ketones Only): Alkaline iodine solution reacts with methyl ketones, producing a pale yellow precipitate.
    • Hinsberg Test (for Amines): Benzenesulfonyl chloride reacts with amines, producing a precipitate. The solubility of the precipitate in dilute HCl distinguishes between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

    Miscellaneous Chemistry

    • Dobereiner's Triads are groups of three elements with similar chemical properties.
      • Lithium, Sodium, Potassium (Group 1)
      • Calcium, Strontium, Barium (Group 2)
      • Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine (Group 17)
      • Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium (Group 16)

    Chemical Processes

    • Lane and Messerschmidt Process: Used to produce hydrogen.
    • Haber’s Process: Used to produce ammonia.
    • Solvay Process: Used to produce sodium bicarbonate.
    • Dow Process: Used to produce magnesium.
    • Haber-Bosch Process: Another process used to produce ammonia.
    • FraSch Process: Used to extract sulfur underground.
    • Hall-Heroult/Alcoa Chlorine Process: Used to produce aluminum.
    • Linde-Frankl Process: Used to produce oxygen.
    • Welsbach Process: Used to produce ozone (O3).
    • Guggenheim Process: Used to produce sodium nitrite.
    • Ostwald Process: Used to produce nitric acid.
    • Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air: Used to produce nitrogen.

    Storage of Chemicals

    • Sodium: Stored in black cylinders.
    • Hydrogen: Stored in red cylinders.
    • Carbon: Gray cylinders
    • Nitrogen: Black cylinders
    • Nitrous Oxide: Blue cylinders
    • Oxygen: Green cylinders
    • Helium: Brown cylinders
    • Magnesium Hydroxide: Blue bottles
    • Argon: Dark green cylinders
    • Acetylene: Maroon cylinders
    • Chlorine: Yellow cylinders
    • Lithium: Coated with petroleum or stored under oil
    • White/Yellow Phosphorus: Stored underwater

    Flame Tests

    • Flame Tests are used to identify elements based on the color they emit when heated in a flame.
    • Sr: Crimson red.
    • Ca: Brick red
    • Li: Carmine red
    • Na: Golden yellow
    • Ba: Yellow green
    • B: Green
    • Cu: Emerald green
    • K: Crimson (observed through cobalt glass)
    • Ba: Bluish green (observed through cobalt glass)
    • Lithium: Purple (observed through cobalt glass)
    • As, Sb, Bi, Pb: Yellow

    Common Chemicals and Uses

    • Hydrogen: The lightest and most abundant element. Used in fuel cells and ammonia production.
    • Water (Hydrogen Oxide): The most abundant compound on Earth. Essential for life.
    • Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water): Used in research studies of metabolism.
    • Hydrogen Peroxide: A potent oxidizer and antiseptic. -Lithium Carbonate: Used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and as a sodium antagonist.
    • Sodium/Natrium: The primary extracellular cation in the body. Also used to precipitate sodium.
    • Sodium Chloride: Table salt, used as an electrolyte replenisher.
    • Sodium Bicarbonate: Baking soda, used as a systemic alkalinizer and an antidote for aspirin overdose.
    • Sodium Carbonate: Washing soda (decahydrate) and soda ash (anhydrous).
    • Sodium Citrate: Used as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium and as a sequestering agent in Benedict’s solution.
    • Sodium Sulfate: Glauber’s salt, used as a laxative.
    • Sodium Potassium Tartrate: Rochelle’s salt. Used for copper sequestration in Fehling’s agent.
    • Sodium Tartrate: Primary standard in Karl-Fischer agent.
    • Sodium Nitrate: Chile saltpeter, used as a meat preservative. -Sodium Nitrite & Sodium Thiosulfate: Used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. -Sodium Thiocyanate: Water-soluble compound formed upon dissociation of cyanmethemoglobin. -Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate): Cation exchange resin used for hyperkalemia.
    • Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda, Soda Lye: Deliquescent (absorbs water and liquefies). Used as a saponifying agent and draining cleaner.
    • Sodium Hydroxide + Calcium Oxide (Soda Lime): CO2 absorber in anesthesia machines.
    • Sodium Bisulfite & Metabisulfite: Antioxidant used as a preservative.
    • Monosodium Glutamate: Umami flavor enhancer known to cause “Chinese restaurant syndrome” due to excessive intake.

    Phosphorus

    • White/Yellow phosphorus is poisonous
    • Black phosphorus is stable in air and has a graphite-like stucture
    • Red phosphorus is used in safety matches and fireworks
    • Phosphoric acid can be used as a buffering agent
    • Hypophosphoric acid can be used as a reducing agent/antioxidant

    Arsenic

    • Arsenic has several applications in agriculture
    • Lewisite is an arsenical war gas and its antidote is BAL
    • Scheele's Green is cupric hydrogen arsenite
    • Paris Green is cupric acetoarsenite
    • Fowler's Solution is a potassium arsenite solution; formerly used for leukemia
    • Donovan's Solution is composed of arsenic and mercuric iodides, formerly used for dermatologic uses

    Antimony

    • Antimony Potassium Tartrate is also known as Tartar Emetic.
    • Tartar Emetic was formerly used for schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis
    • Sodium Stibogluconate is a more modern treatment for schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis

    Bismuth

    • Bismuth is a byproduct of lead refining
    • Bismuth is a component of Rose metal
    • Bismuth Subsalicylate, also known as Pink Bismuth, is the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol
    • Bismuth Subsalicylate is anti-inflammatory , bactericidal, and antacid

    Oxygen

    • Also known as dephlogisticated air and empyreal air
    • Used for gas poisoning in patients with dyspnea

    Hydrogen Peroxide

    • Also known as Agua Oxigenada and Oxygenated acid
    • It is an antiseptic

    Sulfur

    • Also known as Brimstone
    • Precipitated Sulfur is also known as Lac Sulfur and Milk of Sulfur
    • Precipitated Sulfur is used as a scabicide
    • Sublimed Sulfur is also known as Flower of Sulfur
    • Sublimed Sulfur is a component of Vleminck's Solution, used for scabies and acne
    • Sulfurated Sulfur is also known as Liver of Sulfur
    • Sulfurated Sulfur results from combining sublimed sulfur with potassium carbonate
    • Sulfurated Sulfur is part of White Lotion
    • Sulfur Dioxide has reducing property, antioxidant
    • Sulfuric Acid is also known as Oil of Vitriol
    • Sulfuric Acid is a sulfonating and dehydrating agent

    Selenium

    • Selenium Sulfide is the active ingredient in Selsun Blue
    • Selsun Blue is used to treat seborrheic dermatitis

    Fluorine

    • Sodium Fluoride is used to prevent dental caries and treat osteoporosis
    • Stannous Fluoride is also used in dental products

    Chlorine

    • Chlorine is a greenish gas
    • Sodium Hypochlorite is used as bleach, such as Zonrox brand
    • Dakin's Solution contains 4-6% Sodium Hypochlorite
    • Labarraque's Solution contains 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite
    • Hydrochloric acid is used as a cleaning agent in its concentrated form, known as muriatic acid
    • Diluted Hydrochloric acid was formerly used for achlorhydria
    • Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid
    • Bromine is a CNS depressant and a common reagent for testing alkenes and condensed tannins

    Iodine

    • Iodine is a dark-violet metallic solid
    • Iodine toxicity is known as Iodism; its antidote is Starch
    • Potassium Iodine Saturated solution is used for fungal infections, such as Sporotrichosis
    • Iodophors are products that contain iodine, such as Povidone-Iodine
    • Potassium Mercuric Iodide is Nessler's Reagent and can be used to test for the presence of ammonia

    Helium

    • Helium is used in fluorescent lights and lasers

    Neon

    • Neon is the most abundant noble gas and can be used as a substitute for nitrogen

    Krypton

    • Krypton is the least abundant noble gas

    Xenon

    • Xenon is used in research as a potential general anesthetic

    Radon

    • Radon is proposed as an anticancer agent and used in earthquake detection

    Copper

    • Copper toxicity is known as Wilson's disease
    • Copper's antidote is Penicillamine
    • Copper Sulfate is also known as Blue Vitriol, Roman Vitriol and Salzburg Vitriol
    • Copper Sulfate is a component of Benedict's Solution and Barfoed's Solution
    • Bordeaux Mixture is composed of Copper Sulfate and Calcium Oxide, used as an algicide and fungicide in swimming pools

    Silver

    • Silver has oligodynamic action, meaning small amounts of silver can kill bacteria.
    • Silver Nitrate was formerly used to treat glaucoma and ophthalmia neonatorum
    • Silver Nitrate is the active ingredient in Tollen's Reagent, which differentiates aldehydes by forming a silver mirror
    • Silver Nitrate is used in the form of AgNO3 pencils, also known as Lunar Caustic, to remove warts
    • Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate, also known as Howe's Solution, is used as a protectant for teeth

    Gold

    • Gold is known as the King of all metals and is highly malleable
    • Gold dissolves in Aqua Regia, which is composed of 3 parts Hydrochloric Acid and 1 part Nitric Acid
    • Gold also dissolves in Selenic Acid
    • Auranofin is a gold-based medication for treating rheumatoid arthritis
    • Aurothioglucose is injected intramuscularly
    • Gold Sodium Thiomalate is injected intramuscularly

    Zinc

    • Zinc is present in insulin and is the 2nd most abundant trace element in humans
    • Zinc Sulfate is used in White Lotion, along with sulfurated potash, as an astringent and protectant
    • Zinc Oxide is another name for Zinc White or Philosopher's Wool
    • Zinc Oxide is a physical sunblock
    • Lassar's Paste is a topical antiseptic and protectant that contains zinc oxide
    • Calamine Lotion is a mix of calamine and zinc oxide; Calmoseptin is a brand name for this lotion
    • Excessive exposure to zinc fumes can cause Metal Fume Fever
    • Zinc deficiencies can lead to parakeratosis
    • Zinc is involved in Rinmann's Green, which is a mixture of zinc and sodium cobaltinitrite

    Cadmium

    • Cadmium is a component of older batteries
    • Cadmium toxicity can lead to Itai-Itai Disease, which results in renal insufficiency and painful bones due to osteomalacia
    • Cadmium's antidote is BAL
    • Cadmium Sulfide is known as Yellow Sulfide
    • Cadmium Sulfide was previously thought to be Vitamin B12
    • Cadmium Sulfide is involved in the Vogel Reaction

    Cobalt

    • Cobaltous Chloride is known as Lover's Ink or Sympathetic Ink
    • Cobaltous Chloride can be blue when anhydrous and pink when hydrated
    • Sodium Cobaltinitrite can be used to test for the presence of:
      • Aluminum, causing Thenard's Blue
      • Zinc, causing Rinmann's Green
      • Potassium, causing a yellow precipitate

    Nickel

    • Nickel is known as "Old Nick's Copper"
    • Nickel is used in Ni-Cd batteries, fancy jewelry and coins
    • Nickel is tested with Dimethylglyoxime, which causes a red solution

    Rhodium

    • Rhodium is used as a catalyst for organic reactions

    Ruthenium

    • Ruthenium is also used as a catalyst for organic reactions

    Palladium

    • Palladium is also used as a catalyst for organic reactions

    Osmium

    • Osmium is the heaviest and densest metal, with a density of 22.59 g/cc
    • Osmium Tetroxide is used to stain specimens for electron microscopy and can be used for the asymmetric hydroxylation of alkanes

    Iridium

    • Iridium is used as a catalyst for organic reactions

    Platinum

    • Platinum is used as a catalyst for organic reactions
    • Platinum is also used in alkylating antineoplastic drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin

    Elements

    • Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and the lightest element
    • Lithium is the lightest metal
    • Argon is the most abundant noble gas
    • Krypton is the least abundant noble gas
    • Zinc is present in insulin and is the 2nd most abundant trace element in humans
    • Mercury is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature
    • Tungsten has the highest melting point of all elements
    • Technetium is the first artificially produced element
    • Iron is the most abundant trace element in humans
    • Osmium is the heaviest and densest metal, with a density of 22.59 g/cc

    Solutions

    • Ringer's Solution contains: Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride
    • Ringer's Solution can cause acidosis
    • Lactated Ringer's Solution contains the same components as Ringer's Solution, but also contains sodium lactate which is also known as Hartmann's Solution
    • Lactated Ringer's Solution is used as an alkalinizing agent
    • Darrow's Solution contains Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, and Sodium Lactate

    Glass

    • Type I glass is highly resistant borosilicate glass
    • Type II glass is treated soda-lime glass
    • Type III glass is soda-lime glass
    • Type IV/N glass is general purpose, non-parenteral glass

    Glass Additives

    • Manganese Oxide masks the bluish-green color of iron impurities
    • Borates reduce the coefficient of expansion
    • Potassium imparts an amber color
    • Lead increases refractive index
    • Rare Earths can polarize and absorb light at certain wavelengths
    • Selenium can impart a red color
    • Hydrofluoric Acid is used in glass etching

    Radioactives

    • Technetium 99m Imino Diacetic Acid (IDA) is used for hepatobiliary studies
    • Technetium 99m Phytate is used for Liver imaging, specifically potency studies
    • Gold 198 is used for liver scanning
    • Iodine 131 Rose Bengal is used as a tracer for liver function
    • Sodium Iodohippurate is used to diagnose liver function
    • Technetium 99m Heptagluconate is used for kidney imaging and determining renal function
    • Mercury 197 Chlormerodrin is used for kidney and brain scintillation scanning
    • Technetium 99m Sestamibi/Methoxyisobutyl Isonitrile is used as a myocardial perfusion agent
    • Iodine 131 Sodium Iodide is used to determine Cardiac Output and blood plasma volume
    • Technetium 99m Pertechnetate is used for thyroid scanning
    • Iodine 125 Sodium Iodide is used to assess thyroid function
    • Technetium 99m Etidronate/Phosphonates is used for bone imaging
    • Technetium 99m Macroaggregated Albumin is used for lung scanning
    • Chromium 51 is used for spleen imaging and red blood cell mass determination
    • Phosphorus 32 is used to treat polycythemia vera
    • Cobalt 57 Cyanocobalamin is used for diagnosis

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