PHILOSOPHY-REVIEWER-1.pdf

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER TEST #1 ARISTOTLE - Deductive Reasoning: specific Topic: Ancient Philosophers statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion Philosophy co...

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER TEST #1 ARISTOTLE - Deductive Reasoning: specific Topic: Ancient Philosophers statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion Philosophy comes from the two Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom) Topic: Philosophy as the mother = “love of wisdom” discipline PYTHAGORAS Characteristics of a Philosophical - Pythagorean Theorem Question According to Isaiah Berlin: HERACLITUS - “There is nothing permanent a. often broad or general except change.” b. no single methodology for answering DEMOCRITUS - matter is composed of atoms c. seem to have no practical utility Topic: Doing Philosophy DIOGENES OF SINOPE - living a simple and virtuous life HOLISTIC PHILOSOPHY EPICURUS - all properties cannot be broken down by - a life free of fear and pain its component parts alone, rather the system as a whole entity decides how the SOCRATES individual parts behave - Socratic Method: letting the learner examine and analyze his HOLISM knowledge and views regarding the - the concept of reality topic - came from the Greek word holos which means “all” - summed up by Aristotle PLATO - Theory of Forms: which proposes that everything that exists is based 2 Main Types of Holism on an idea that can only be perceived in the mind. a. Epistemological Holism - Dialectic: where two opposing - claims a scientific theory cannot ideas are discussed in an attempt to be tested individually, since it have new knowledge. would always depend on other established theories  b. Semantic Holism - every word has meaning only in SOCRATIC METHOD relation to other words, sentences - you take on your opponent's view, or the language in which it is used then point out contradictions to show its flaws Philosophy enables a person to METHODS OF SYSTEMATIC DOUBTS - involves questioning everything engage in critical analysis and until only clear interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments and General Type of Knowledge problems. FORMAL KNOWLEDGE Philosophy also improves - knowledge in fields like problem-solving and mathematics and logic decision-making EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE A philosopher is a good - experience and observation to communicator who can clearly and determine what is true (physics & psychology) adequately present his or her ideas Knowledge of Philosophy can Theories of Truth contribute to self-development COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - Truth is about consistency within a Topic: Methods of Philosophy system. PLATO’S DIVIDED LINE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - our souls were once connected to - Truth is about matching claims the World Soul. with reality. ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH - shows how the soul moves from - Truth is based on the ignorance to enlightenment, with consequences of a belief. the sun representing the Good. Sources of Knowledge KNOWLEDGE has 2 levels: FACULTY OF A REASON- person's mental NOESIS (reason)- higher level, involving ability for rational thought and judgement. deep insight FACULTY OF EXPERIENCE- uses senses and DIANOIA (understanding)- scientific and tools to verify empirical claims mathematical reasoning FACULTY OF INTUITION- recognizes BELIEFS- are statements that express self-evident truths directly. convictions ARGUMENTS- convince the Lesson: Why is there a need to reader or listener that a claim is truthful Philosophize? LOGICS- analysis of arguments #1: SENSE OF WONDER (PLATO) - drives the need of a philosopher to question, examine and learn more. #2: TO DOUBT (DESCARTES) - examining ideas and perspectives became the basis of critical thinking #3: EXPERIENCE (CARL JASPERS) - provides us a means to understand challenges to gain new knowledge and perspectives #4: LOVE FOR WISDOM (SOCRATES) - realize that learning is unceasing- there is a lot more to learn and experience in life. HOLISTIC THINKING - requires an individual to have an open mindset PARTIAL THINKING - an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it Topic: How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? OPINIONS- bases which make arguments convincing that a certain claim is a fact. CONCLUSION- is a judgement based on certain facts