Philosophy Periodical Exam Reviewer PDF

U3: Methods of Philosophizing L1: Socratic Method In Socratic method, we learn:\ -To inquire -To implicate -To intrude -To elaborate Socratic Method -a.k.a **maieutics**, **method of elenches**, **elenetic method** or **Socrates debates** -form of [cooperative argumentative dialogue] -it is...

U3: Methods of Philosophizing L1: Socratic Method In Socratic method, we learn:\ -To inquire -To implicate -To intrude -To elaborate Socratic Method -a.k.a **maieutics**, **method of elenches**, **elenetic method** or **Socrates debates** -form of [cooperative argumentative dialogue] -it is a [dialectical method], often involving a discussion in which one point of view is questioned -named after Greek Philosopher Socrates, and is introduced by him in [Plato's Theaetetus] as *midwifery* **\|** employed to bring out definitions implicit in the interlocutors' beliefs or help them further their understanding -**a method hypothesis elimination** -eliminating hypotheses that lead to contradictions \- the **basic form** is a series of questions \- **Aristotle** attributed to Socrates the discovery of the method of [definition and induction], which he regarded as the essence of scientific method\ -**is a way to seek truths by your own lights** **-** a [system], a [spirit], a [method], a [type of philosophical inquiry] and [intellectual technique], all rolled into one. -Socrates never spelled method but [Socratic method] is named after him -- an open system of philosophical inquiry "*I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates* *­­* L2: Scientific Method In Scientific method, we learn: -Emperical method -Dialectic method -Historical method -Logical method Steps in Scientific Method -Observation -Question -Hypothesis -Experiment -Analysis -Conclusion Science -an enormously successful human enterprise -the [study of scientific method] is the **attempt to discern the activities by which success is achieved** Characteristics of Science:\ -Systematic observation -Experimentation -Inductive and deductive reasoning -The formation and testing of hypotheses and theories Scientific Method -should be distinguished from the aims and products of science such as knowledge, prediction, or control. -should also be distinguished from meta-methodology...particular characterization of **Scientific method (i.e., a methodology) -values such as [objectivity], [reproducibility], [simplicity], or [past successes].** -is an epistemological system for deriving and developing knowledge. Methods -- are the means by which those goals are achieved -Method is distinct Uses of Methods in different ranges: -Specific laboratory techniques; -Technological or other material means; -Mathematical formalisms or other specialized languages used in descriptions and reasoning; -Conventions, habits, enforced customs, and institutional controls over how and what science is carried out. Philosophy of science -- is a field that deals with what science is... *"We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light." - Plato* L3: Dialectic Method In Dialectic Method, we learn: -the art of questioning \- the art of philosophizing -the art of construction -the art of debating Dialectic or Dialectics Greek word: Dialectic Greek: dialektike German: Dialektik -a.k.a dialectical method, [is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view] -dialectic is [not synonymous] with **debate** \| [­]is [not synonymous] with **rhetoric** -a [method­] or [art of discourse] that seeks to persuade, inform or motivate and audience. -Logos = Rational Appeal -Pathos = Emotional Appeal -Ethos = Ethical Appeal \>are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience -"[Dialectics]" is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. -Socrates favored [truth] as the **highest value,** could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion -To Socrates, truth, [arete] was the **greater good**... -Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged from the Indosphere (Greater India) and the West (Europe) -[Socrates' Interlocutors] proposed definitions of philosophical cocepts or express views that Socrates challenges or opposes. \| change or refine their views in response to Socrates' challenges. -The [back-and-forth debate] between opposing sides produes a kind of linear progression in philosophical views Full name Hegelian Dialectic German Philosopher -- Georg Hegel (1770-1831) Agenda \> Thesis \> Anti-Thesis \> Synthesis L4: Historical Method In Historical method, we learn: -Historical method -Dialectic method -Socratic method -Historical materialism Historical method -is to adopt historical perspective on the discipline \>Philosophical views today are not the same as they were centuries ago. In other words, [theories change over time] \>It is to admit, rather, that not everyone necessarily shares the same interpretation of these **["things."]** \>This is why disputes often erupt as different points of view struggle for ascendancy, that is, for the right to say "[this is the truth]," "[that is, this] [is]" what identity or race or authorship really means. \>**History of philosophy** seek to trace changes in ideas such as these and the processes by which some ideas gain ascendancy over others \>**Historical methodology** is the process by which historians gather evidence and formulate ideas about the past Important Types of Historical Evidences: 1. Primary Sources - consists of original documents, artifacts, or other pieces of information that were created at the time under study 2. Secondary Sources - contain useful information, but typically involve an analysis of primary source material. **Books and magazines** are common examples of secondary sources. 3. Oral Tradition - consists of stories that are not written down but passed on verbally. Can also be called as [Oral History] sometimes considered a primary source, although there is debate as to where it theoretically fits as a source \>Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of human societies and their development over time that was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883) as the materialist conception of history. \| is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence. \| looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society... \>**Karl Marx** (German: \[maʁks\]; 5 May 1818 -- 14 March 1883) was a [German-born philosopher], economist, political theorist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx\'s critiques of history, society and political economy hold that human societies develop through class conflict The Pyramid of Capitalist Systsem -visualizes and explains class conflict In order (bottom to top) 1. We feed all 2. We eat for you 3. We shoot at you 4. We fool you 5. We rule you 6. Capitalism 7.