Philosophy 1st Quarter Reviewer PDF

**Philosophy 1^st^ quarter reviewer** **Philosophy** 2greek words - - **Philosophy** refer to **"love of wisdom"** - **Lovers of wisdom** Philosophers person engaged in philosophy **Philosophy reason** - **Plato** greek philosopher traced man's need to philosophized **Sense of...

**Philosophy 1^st^ quarter reviewer** **Philosophy** 2greek words - - **Philosophy** refer to **"love of wisdom"** - **Lovers of wisdom** Philosophers person engaged in philosophy **Philosophy reason** - **Plato** greek philosopher traced man's need to philosophized **Sense of wonde**r Plato - - **Rene Descartes** 15^th^ century French philophers **Doubt** Rene Descartes - - - **Karl Jaspers** 20^th^ century Swiss- german **Experience** Karl Jaspers - - - - **Love for wisdom** to have an insatiable desire for truth **Branches of Philosophy** 1. 2. - 3. 4. - 5. Students should consider importance of aesthetics because of: - - - **Holistic thinking** large-scale pattern in system - - **Partial thinking** specific aspects of a situation - - **Truth** an accepted statement - - **Proposition** about world reality - **Opinion** putative fact - **Claim** statement not evidently/ immediately known true **Fact** - - - - - **Opinion** - - - - **Conclusion** judgement based certain facts **Belief**s express conviction not clearly explain by fact **Explanation** provide reason why is it true **Fallacy** products of faulty reasoning **Kinds of fallacie**s **Ad hominen** attack out of the topic **Appeal to force** threat **Appeal to emotion** **Appeal to popular** **Fallacy of composition** true for whole, true of a part **Bias** one sided, affect people viewd and interpret ideas **opinion** influenced by biased **Kinds of biases** **Conflict of interest** connected has vested (bias to kuya or ate) **Cultural bia**s judge without knowing **Correspondence** set of belief, readily accept **Human person** **Man** general term commonly used refer to entire human race **Man** important subject in philosophy **Man** foremost goal of the discipline Human man a **species *homo sapiens sapiens*** or modern human beings **Person** much more complex term human being granted recognition of certain rights and responsibilities **Various perspective have emerge** **Biological perspectiv**e man part of natural world **Biological perspectiv**e significant product of evolution (charles darwin ) **Modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens)** one of most succesfully adapted species **Primates** closedly related to human **Bipedelism** highly developed hands smaller jaws **Primal instincts** human also share with other animal **Psychological perspective** human behavior / analyzing human nature **Mental facultie**s a. **Conscious** mind governs awareness **Unconscious** mind latent or repressed emotions b. c. d. e. **Enactivism** related theory **Enactivism** cognition arises through the interaction between organism and its environment **Economic perspective** mans ability to engage in productive activities **Economic perspectiv**e emerge 19^th^ century desired to posses wealth **Social and political perspective** nature is social and political animal **Social and political perspective** no individual is fully suffecient **Social and political** having integrated themselves into society **Theological perspectiv**e consider man as Gods creation **Theological perspective** special relationship with creator **Awareness of the self** unique traits of humans **Sentience** ability to feel and experience **Sentience** ability to perceive our surroundings using our senses **Self** refers to the quality makes human individual distinct from others **Various views adress the issue regarding the self** **The self as innate** self is a natural part of human being **The self as emergent** awareness of the self is gained through interaction with the world and other human being **The self as integrated and developing** self is composed of varied elements that change over time **Self** closely tied to ideas of identity and personhood **Identity** persist through time/ it may change **identity** distinct personally of individual **Personal identity** person unique physical characteristics **Personhood** recognition of human as distinct entity **Person** have various notions **The person as an "autonomous being**" "reasoned free choice" - **The person as an "autonomous being"** someone who give laws to himself/ herself **Cornelius castoriadis** explain etymology of the word greek word ***[auto]*** **Auto** [ ] means "I" or "myself" **Nomos** means "law" **The person as a "unified individual"** inherent capacity to function as a person **The person in relation to other human being** becomes a person through interaction with other human beings **Rationality** state of being reasonable and ability to solve problems and make decisions **The person as a transcendent being** **Transcendenc**e latin **prix** **trans** means **beyond** **Scandare** means **to climb** **Human person** is in a constant state means always moving, changing, and evolving **Philosophy and spiritual** **Soul** this is who we are ( personality, characteristics) **Spirit** spiritual give by god **Spiri**t immortal and noncorporeal essense of man **Christianity** belive man is the only being with a soul **Jainism and hinduism** recognized the other living beings also posses souls **Animistic such as shintoism** nonliving thing posses soul **Embodiment** central concept in discussing the nature of the human - **Embodied cognition** man is able to perceive and experince through his physical body - **Christian doctrine** hold that spirit is created by God and not embodied in human being **Spirit** essential element for salvation of mankind departed spirits from dead and received judgement of god **Plato** belived human spirit is composed of three parts 1. 2. 3. Man can only function when the 3 parts of soul are working together **Aristotle** rejected platos explanation **Aristotle** believed **soul is not independent of the body** but integrated into human being - **Matte**r components that make up an object **Form** structure and arrangement of matter give rise to object itself **Mind body problem** how mental interact with phsical body **Physicalism** physical processes determine the state of the mind **Idealism** mental processes and thoughts are the only reality **Monis**m argues human being composed neither physicalb nor mental (neutrala) **Dualism** distinctiveness of the physical and mental nature of man **Avicenn**a islamic philosopher **Avicenn**a argued **self awareness and consciousness exist even body is deprived senses** **Rene descartes** propose mind and body exist as two separate entities **mind and body** exist as two separate entities **Monomental conclusion** "I think, therefore I am" **St. Thomas Aquinas** believed soul is the first actuality of the body - **St. Augustine** considered soul to be the driving force that governs body and define human person **Sou**l used to describes the physical -spiritual man and the wholeness of the spirit and the body **Spirit** often refer to spiritual nature of man **Trichotomic view** man is composed of 3 essential part **body, soul, and spirit** - **Dichotomic view** no distinction the spirit and soul - **Psychosomatic unity** body and spirit are inseparable and integrated **Theology** study of god **Theism** belief existence of a god **Monotheism** single god **Following characteristics** **Omniscience** god all knowing **Omnipotence** all powerful **Omnipresence** ever-present **Benevolence** perfectly good,just, and all loving **Divine simplicity** he is goodness itself **Eternal** god is timeless has no beginning or end **Revealed theology** analysis of sacred text **Natural theology** substatiate the existence of god **Natural theology given rise several arguments** **Ontological argument** able to conceive notion of **SUPREME BEING** (convince) **Teleological argument** purpose a god would play in the universe being necessary VITAL **Cosmological argument** nature of exixtence in the universe origin universe \\ **Principle of sufficient reason** lahat may reason **Kalam cosmologica**l argument god is the cause that brought about beginning of universe **Moral argument** mans ethical nature (paguugali) **Agnosticism** belief methaphysical god inherentle unknowable (neutral) **Atheism** rejection or non belief of god **Redemptive salvation** saving faith **Divine providenc**e blessing, miracles **Immanent or transcendent** god pressense in universe **Immanence** manifesting himself in the world as unique entity **Transcendence** existing outside material world presense is beyond / separate from physical reality **Panentheistic** god is both beyond magkasama ang immanence at transcendence **Pantheistic** under transcendence god I s an all encompassing pressence **Pandeistic** god was distinct entity but lost his stae when transforms himself in universe **Emmanuel Kant** proposed human **transcendence is based on rationality** **Jean Paul Sartre** ability to individual meaningfully **relate to people and interact**