PHILOSOPHY (1).pdf

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER 1st Quarter - 1st Semester AREA 1 - METHODS OF REASONING ARGUMENTS TWO TYPES OF INDUCTIVE collection of premises to REASONING support an intended claim. Strong - the connection between...

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER 1st Quarter - 1st Semester AREA 1 - METHODS OF REASONING ARGUMENTS TWO TYPES OF INDUCTIVE collection of premises to REASONING support an intended claim. Strong - the connection between the premises is TWO TYPES OF ARGUMENTS clear and logical. Inductive - starts with an Example: (1) James is a observation, then makes a professional soccer player, generalization. (2) Julian is a professional specific -> general soccer player. Therefore, Example: (1) My street is both players have worked prone to flooding, (2) very hard for their current Torrential rain causes positions. flooding. Therefore, torrential rain from any Weak - the connection source will cause flooding in between the premises is my street. unclear or not certain. Example: (1) James is a Deductive - starts with a professional soccer player, generalization then looks for (2) Julian is a professional specifics. soccer player. Therefore, general -> specific they have played against Example: (1) All structures on each other many times. the city block is made from Explanation: No evidence durable materials. (2) that they are in the same Salvador’s apartment league, division, or even building is located on the city opponents. block. Therefore, Salvador’s apartment building is made from durable materials. AREA 2 - BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY METAPHYSICS EPISTEMOLOGY branch of philosophy study of knowledge and concerned with the nature of belief. reality. deals with empiricism it deals with cosmology (sense-experience), and (structure and origin of the rationalism (theory that universe), ontology (nature of opinions and actions should being), free will (free to be based on reason and chooses what is right or knowledge). wrong), and causality (deals with cause and effect. 2 CONCEPTS OF EPISTEMOLOGY Philosophers of Metaphysics “A Priori” - before (theory) 1. Aristotle - foundational “A Posteriori” - after concepts in metaphysics like (experience) substance, essence, Theory of Tripartite potentiality vs actuality. knowledge needs truth, 2. Immanuel Kant - Critique of belief, and justification. Pure Reason 3. Rene Descartes - dualism Philosophers of Epistemology 1. Plato - theory of forms, idea of knowledge as justified true belief. Gettier Problem - states there are situations where you can have a "justified true belief" but still not have knowledge. 2. John Locke - empiricist who argued that knowledge came from sensory experience. AREA 2 - BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY LOGIC ETHICS studies the principles of valid branch of philosophy that reasoning and argument. questions morality. two parts of logic include syllogisms (a form of Philosophers in Ethics deductive reasoning), and 1. Socrates - focused on fallacies (a mistaken belief). ethical questions and the syllogisms include “All men Socratic method of inquiry. are mortal. Socrates is a man. 2. Immanuel Kant - Therefore, Socrates is deontological ethics. mortal”. 3. Aristotle - virtue ethics. fallacies include ad hominem, where an argument attacks the person rather than addressing the argument. Philosophers in Logic 1. Aristotle - known as the father of formal logic due to his work on syllogisms. 2. Bertrand Russell - works in mathematical logic and logical atomism. AREA 3 - MOVEMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY EMPIRICISM RATIONALISM A view that states that A view that believes that knowledge comes from knowledge comes from senses. reason and intellectual Humans are born as “tabula processes. rasa”. Rene Descartes is a famous rationalist who emphasized TABULA RASA that doubt and reason is the Latin phrase that means basis for knowledge. “blank slate” belief that knowledge comes from experience or perception. rejects the notion that humans are born with pre- existing knowledge. Associated with John Locke.