Questions and Answers
What type of reasoning starts with a specific observation and makes a generalization?
Which of the following describes a strong inductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning starts with a generalization and looks for specifics.
True
What is metaphysics concerned with?
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Who is known as the father of formal logic?
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Which philosopher is associated with the theory of forms?
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What does the term 'A Priori' refer to in epistemology?
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What is ethical philosophy primarily concerned with?
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Match the following philosophers with their respective focus:
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Empiricism believes that knowledge comes from senses.
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Rationalism asserts that all knowledge must come from sensory experience.
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Study Notes
AREA 1 - METHODS OF REASONING
- Arguments consist of premises that aim to support a specific claim.
Two Types of Arguments
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Inductive Reasoning:
- Moves from specific observations to broader generalizations.
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Strong Induction: Clear logical connection between premises. Example:
- James is a professional soccer player.
- Julian is a professional soccer player.
- Conclusion: Both players have worked hard.
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Weak Induction: Unclear or uncertain link between premises. Example:
- James is a professional soccer player.
- Julian is a professional soccer player.
- Conclusion lacks evidence for shared competition.
-
Deductive Reasoning:
- Starts with a generalization and then applies it to specific instances.
- Example:
- All structures on the city block are made from durable materials.
- Salvador's apartment building is on that block.
- Conclusion: Salvador’s building is also made from durable materials.
AREA 2 - BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics
- Focuses on the nature of reality, including topics like cosmology, ontology, free will, and causality.
- Notable Philosophers:
- Aristotle: Foundational concepts, potentiality vs actuality.
- Immanuel Kant: Known for "Critique of Pure Reason."
- Rene Descartes: Explored dualism.
Epistemology
- The study of knowledge, belief, and truth, including empiricism and rationalism.
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Concepts in Epistemology:
- A Priori: Knowledge before experience.
- A Posteriori: Knowledge after experience.
- Tripartite Theory: Knowledge consists of truth, belief, and justification.
- Notable Philosophers:
- Plato: Theory of forms and knowledge as justified true belief, leading to the Gettier Problem.
- John Locke: Proposed knowledge originates from sensory experiences.
Logic
- Examines principles of valid reasoning and argumentation.
- Employs syllogisms and identifies fallacies.
- Example of syllogism:
- All men are mortal.
- Socrates is a man.
- Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.
- Types of Fallacies:
- Ad Hominem: Attacks the person instead of the argument.
- Notable Philosophers:
- Aristotle: Recognized as the father of formal logic.
- Bertrand Russell: Known for contributions to mathematical logic.
Ethics
- Investigates moral principles and ethical questions.
- Notable Philosophers:
- Socrates: Emphasized ethical inquiry through the Socratic method.
- Immanuel Kant: Developed deontological ethics.
- Aristotle: Known for virtue ethics.
AREA 3 - MOVEMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY
Empiricism
- Argues that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experiences.
Rationalism
- Asserts that knowledge is gained through reason and intellectual insight.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the foundational concepts of methods of reasoning in philosophy, particularly the types of arguments and inductive reasoning. It covers the criteria for strong arguments and explores how observations lead to claims. Ideal for 1st-semester students diving into philosophical reasoning.
