Philosophy Reviewer (Finals) PDF

Lesson 1: Freedom and Responsibility Intellectual Choice Vs. Practical Choice Acts of Man – actions shared by humans and Intellectual Choice – a choice which is other animals. deliberately selected based on a moral Human Acts – refer to the approp...

Lesson 1: Freedom and Responsibility Intellectual Choice Vs. Practical Choice Acts of Man – actions shared by humans and Intellectual Choice – a choice which is other animals. deliberately selected based on a moral Human Acts – refer to the appropriate actions standpoint. of human beings. Practical Choice – a choice which is borne Anatomy of An Act out of psychological and emotional considerations 1. Agent 2. Act itself Lesson 2: Intersubjectivity 3. Motif 4. Consequences Intersubjectivity – a coined word from the prefix “inter” which connotes “among and Aristotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and between” and the philosophical term Involuntary Actions “subject” that is equivalent to a conscious Voluntary Actions – these are acts originating being. Thus, intersubjectivity would mean in the general sense as “sharing of subjective from the individual performing the act using states by two or more individuals.” (Scheff knowledge about the situations of the act. 2006). Classification of Voluntary Actions: 1. Conficius (551-479 B.C.E) – ren or o Voluntary - actions are performed “human-heartedness.” It is a virtue from will and reason. central to man that can be found in his o Related to Compulsion – mixed of sociality or intersubjectivity. voluntary and involuntary. It is more 2. Martin Buber (1878-1965) – “I-Thou” voluntary if the desire and choice has and “I-It” relationships been performed and involuntary if it 3. Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) has considered preferences or – “Participation”. In the theory of alternatives. participation, man has the capacity to share himself to others. Involuntary Actions – are acts done under (A) force or coercion and (B) ignorance where the Lesson 3: Human Person and Society doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result. 1. Pre-Industrial Socities - Tribal Society: the term “tribe” Classifications of Involuntary Actions: denotes a group of peoples living in a primitive setting under a leader or o Under Compulsion – circumstances chief. The term ‘tribal society’ which are beyond the control of the associates it to other meaning such as agent and contributes none to the “primitive society” or “preliterate action. Example: A person was society.” Tribal societies are small in kidnapped, hence impossible to scale; bound to their spatial and resist. temporal range of relations in terms of o Through Ignorance of Particular society, law, and politics; and possess Circumstances. – example: a man a moral code, cult, and wide range of steals and ignorant of the law. belief system.  - Feudal Society: Feudalism refers to the economic, political, and social system that prevailed in Europe from about the ninth to the fifteenth century. 2. Industrial Society – is the one which uses advance technology to drive a massive production industry that will support a large population. he objective of an industrial economy is the fast and efficient manufacturing of standardized products. 3. Post Industrial Society – is marked by a progress from a manufacturing- based to a service-based economy. Digital citizenship – is a person who is knowledgeable and responsible enough to effectively use different social platforms in the internet. Disembodied Subject – people are slowly putting aside their bodies in relating with others because the technological society offers an alternative which apparently resolves human of an embodied subject. Lesson 4: Human Person and Death According to Martin Heidegger (1889-1976): - Death is certain - Death is indefinite - Death is impending - Death is one's own property - Death is non-relational - Death is not to be bypassed