Introduction To The Philosophy Of Human Person PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE acquired by the aid of human reason alone (Bittle, 1984). PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY...

INTRODUCTION TO THE acquired by the aid of human reason alone (Bittle, 1984). PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY 1.EPISTEMOLOGY-considers how people come to learn what they know, study nature PHILOSOPHY- greek word “philos” means knowledge. “love” “Sophia” means “wisdom” 2. METAPHYSICS-study of the physics -knowledge of all things. universe and the nature of ultimate reality. Studies and seek questions. 2 OBJECT 3. LOGIC reasoning or truth, differentiates between valid and confusing ideas. MATERIAL OBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY- 4-ETHICS/AXIOLOGY "value or morality philosophy studies all things, all aspects of study of principles and values. reality. 5-AESTHETICS - explore nature of art, EX. OF MATERIAL "There is a chair in the beauty and taste table" there should be object FORMAL OBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY - HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY through their ultimate couses, seeking the 1. PYTHAGORAS-First person to name deepest explanation. himself a philosopher" -known for his EX OF FORMAL- "why is it on there, what phytogoras you see Bakit kaya may table, go beyond 2. THALES OF MILFTUS- Teacher of phyta deeper. goras" First person to explain the world and universe. NATURAL SCOPE OF -he explained that the world is made up of PHILOSOPHY-acquired through the use of "WATER" reason seeking the ultimate explanation, 3. HERACLITUS- He believed that the can be arrived at by applying reasoning to world originated From the FIRE element Facts Supplied by experience. 1. Everything is constantly changing. 2. Opposite things are identical NOTE: 3. Everything is and not the same time. To change the image on this slide, select 4. SOCRATES-First moral philosop- pher the picture and delete it. Then click the Teacher of plate. known For his socratic Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert method. "All human beings desire the good. your own image. 5. PLATO-"Student of Socrates" "teacher of aristotle' Founder Of the academy of The word philosophy is derived from athens. philosophia, which is a combination of the "The soul is immortal, even the physical Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia creased of existence "virtue is knowledge" (wisdom). Thus, philosophy means "love of 6. SAINT AGUSTINE OF HIPPO- bishop of wisdom" (Amanze, et. al., 2010) hippus, region of north africa combined christian doctrine with platonic ideology Philosophy is the science of the first causes 7. ARISTOTLE-Student or plato and (Maritain, 2005). It seeks to know and clarify teacher of Alexander the great. the very source to which the chain of -the soul is divided into three types and causes ultimately all go back for it. each according to each living being. 8. SAINT THOMAS AQUINES Followed Philosophy can be stated as scientia rerum aristotelian philosophy. per causas primas sub lumine rationis Reaffirmed the three types of Soul (First naturalis or the science of beings in their written by aristotle) ultimate reasons, causes, and principles 9. IBN AI-NAFIS First to describe the Medieval 600~1600 pulmonary circulation of the circulatory Modern 1600~1900 System. Contemporary-1600-Present 10. RENE DESCARTES- Father of western philosophy ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY (600 BC-CE) pather of analytical geometry "cogilo ergo Cosmocentric sun (I think therefore I am) Beginning of everything. Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus HOLISTIC VS PARTIAL Socrates, Plato, Aristotle A. HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE-greek word "holos" means whole/entire. open minded, MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY-600~1600 general sense Theocentric the study of the sentence B. PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE- focuses on rature, and essence of God specific aspects of a situation Based on a Ethical existence of evil and the immortality simple poctor.one of the soul part. St. Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Tertullian 3 LEVELS OF INQUIRIES MODERN PHILOSOPHY-1600~1900 a. COMMON SENSE a basic ability to Anthropocentric: the study of man (in perceive con easily relation to himself, others, nature, and God) b. SCIENTIFIC- based on characterized by Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch methods. Cannot be change Spinoza, Immanuel Kant c. PHILOSOPHICAL - relating or devoted to the study, based on reality. CONTEMPORARY - 1900~ PRESENT Explosive: it has no center METHODS OF DOING PHILOSOPHY Auguste Comte, Henri Bergson, Jean- Paul 1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL Sartre 2. REFLECTION PHILOSOPHY IS NOT... TWO DIVISIONS OF PHILOSOPHY 1. Philosophy does not make real progress like the sciences. PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY 2. Philosophy is just stating your personal It is composed of philosophical fields, opinion. which study not only to obtain knowledge 3. Philosophy is not one's view of life or but to use that knowledge for practical other matters. purposes. It presents related data from 4. Philosophy is light reading, something which the directive laws or norms are you relax with in the evening, after all the immediately derived (Ardales, 1987). serious work of the day is done. LOGIC Questions related to reasoning. WHERE DID PHILOSOPHY ORIGINATE? ETHICS Questions related to morality. Pythagoras first coined the term philosophy, AXIOLOGY Questions related to values by a Greek mathematician. He used this AESTHETICS Questions related to beauty term to classify three classes of people who and taste. attended the ancient Olympic Games as SEMANTICS Questions related to meaning. lovers of gain; lovers of honor, and lovers of knowledge or wisdom (Caraan, 2016). SKEPTICAL PHILOSOPHY It is made up of philosophical f led whose HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF main concern is the acquisition of PHILOSOPHY knowledge without any thought of applying it Ancient B.C. 600-C.E. for practical use. It is a philosophy that enriches the mind by principles to be Partial point of view has clearly stated and speculated upon or to be known (Ardales, admitted that the way the person sees 1998). reality or certain phenomenon is based on a single factor or causal agency. EPISTEMOLOGY Questions related to truth and knowledge. Phenomenological method was pioneered THEOLOGY Questions related to God by Edmund Husserl whose aim was to COSMOLOGY Questions related to arrive at a philosophy understood as a universe rigorous science which should describe, PSYCHOLOGY Questions related to soul. rather than explain, an immediate METAPHYSICS Questions related to being experience. and existence. REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE PHILOSOPHY Holism comes from the Greek word "holos" which literally means all, entire, HUMAN SELF-REFLECTION is the totality. capacity of humans to exercise It maintains the interdependence of factors introspection and the willingness to learn to other agencies of causalities. more about their fundamental nature, Holistic thinking refers to a perspective purpose, and essence. that considers large- scale patterns in PRIMARY REFLECTION refers to the systems. process directed at deriving clear concepts It requires an individual to have an open about reality. mindset and the ability to get a general SECONDARY REFLECTION is the sense or impression regarding a situation. realization of the unity of the situation and the individual which provides us with a APPLICATION OF HOLISTIC holistic view of reality. PERSPECTIVE EXISTENTIALISM- Way of life existence, -Holism is used in anthropology wherein an individual existence and freedom and anthropologist can begin to see choices, the significance of choices and interrelationship or correlation of different decision is the absence of entertains. components of a culture. -Example is that one can see the correlation between the ecological situation and social KEY CONCEPTS OF organization of a community. EXISTENTIALISM Holistic medicine is a prominent example of holistic thinking. A medical professional EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE- who believes in holistic care considers the rather a thing to be predicted. relationship between the mind, body, and ABSURDITY- It is brought about because spirit. the human instinct to seek order and meaning is frustrated by the refusal of the PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW world to be orderly or meaningful. ANXIETY- Kierkegaard said, "Anxiety is the Partial point of view focuses on specific dizziness of freedom. aspects of a situation. ALIENATION- The sense that you're a The partial view is an important stranger in the world or a stranger to component of analytical thinking as an yourself. Many aspects of existence can be individual focuses on certain areas or alienating. aspects of a problem in order to understand SUBJECTIVITY- Your first-person it. perspective on the world, including the needs, desires, and emotions that JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980): He accompany that perspective. argued that "existence precedes essence," and his work "Being and Nothingness," SECULAR EXISTENTIALISM VS explores themes of freedom, bad faith, and TRADITION CHRISTIANITY the nature of human existence. SECULAR EXISTENTIALISM ALBERT CAMUS (1913-1960): 1 in "The -The world is absurd, and there is no hope Myth of Sisyphus," he suggests that we find -Man is free from imposed moral values personal meaning and happiness in the -Each person has their own authority struggle itself, embracing life despite its lack concerning the truth -Existence precedes of ultimate purpose. His works, like "The essence Stranger" and "The Plague," explore themes of absurdity, rebellion, and the human TRADITIONAL CHRISTIANITY condition -world is absurd, and it is a wonder there is hope. -God's transcendent universal moral values CONTENTS -God is the absolute final authority over His Nature of Truth creation and all things Kinds of Truth -Person's essence is predestined by God Theories of Truth and precedes existence Philosophy of Man Methods in Philosophizing Fact Vs Opinion EXISTENTIALIST PHILOSOPHERS Fallacies Biases SØREN KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) His key contributions include the concept of NATURE OF TRUTH the "leap of faith". His analysis of religious experience, and the first developed analysis There are two conflIcting philosophical of many key existential concepts, including views about this question: those who af fm absurdity, anguish, authenticity, the weight that truth indeed has a specific nature and of responsibility you bear for your choices, those who deny it. and the importance of the irrational to human life. ▪︎Those who af fm that truth has a specific nature see truth as a substantial property. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) The motivating idea behind this is that His key contributions include the concepts by ascribing "is true," "it's true," or any of its of the "Übermensch" (Overman), an cognates to a givetruth- bearer something individual who transcends conventional theoretically significant is being added to it. morality to create and live by their own ▪︎Those who deny this claim that when we values, and the declaration tha t "God is say that a given truth- bearer is true, the dead," suggesting that the decline of predicate "is true" does not add anything religious belief in modern society significant to it at all. necessitates the creation of new values. MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976): He introduced the idea of "Dasein," which DIFFERENCES OF FACT AND TRUTH means "being-there" and refers to human existence as being deeply connected to the ▪︎FACT world around us. Objective, Empirical evidence only, Specific ▪︎TRUTH Subjective, Based on evidence, but with life as opposed to believing some personal and cultural perspective, Broader alternative KINDS OF TRUTH METHODS OF DOING PHILO. EMPIRICAL TRUTH -described as a posteriori which means that it can only be 1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL - by Edmund known after some relevant experience. Husserl ,describe rather than explain an RATIONAL TRUTH- called a priori which imme- diate experience. word and H means that it can be known before some 2. REFLECTION - when one examines his relevant experiences, meaning thoughts his experience first. -holistic CONTINGENT TRUTH- This is sometimes perspective, reflect you think expressed by saying that a contingent PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION is First of proposition is one that is true in some all a reflection evaluating what you hear. possible worlds and not in others NECESSARY TRUTH- a true statement 2 TYPES whose negatio n must imply a contradiction HUMAN SELF - reflection humans to in reality, such that the negation would be excercise examination of self. impossible 2. PRIMARY REFLECTION to the proceSS PRIVATE TRUTH- can only be known by OF directed at deriving. the person who has the belief or make the 3. SECONDARY REFLECTION-realization statement considered to be true. of the unity of the situation lesson learned. PUBLIC TRUTH- is a kind of truth known METHODS OF by everyone. PHILOSOPHIZING: SUBJECTIVE TRUTH- is dependent on the attitudes, preferences or interests of a PHILOSOPHY OF MAN person or a group of persons The British philosopher Karl Raymund OBJECTIVE TRUTH- is an objective claim Popper (as cited in Demetrio, 2001) is a statement about a factual matter- one theorized that man concurrently exists in that can be proved true or false three distinct worlds: namely, (1) the UNIVERSAL TRUTH- when a belief or a physical world of nature, (2) the internal statement is acknowledged to be true by world of ideas, thoughts, and emotions, and everyone (3) the social world of inter-subjectivity RELATIVE TRUTH -when a belief is Philosophy of the Human Person can be acknowledge only by some people. defined as the science of human beings that interprets the data of experience in the light THEORIES OF TRUTH of metaphysical principles. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY Philosophy of Man is as broad as life and proposes that a proposition is true if it as deep as human understanding, since it corresponds to the facts. Often traced back looks into the wholeness and fullness of to Thomas Aquinas' version: "A judgment is human existence. Philosophy of Man is an said to be true when it conforms to the inquiry into the what-who-and-why of man. external reality" (Summa Theologiae, Q. 16). COHERENCE THEORY- Preferred by METHODS IN PHILOSOPHIZING many idealists. For idealists, reality is like a -A method is a way of doing something, collection of beliefs, which makes the especially in a systematic way. coherence theory particularly attractive -Philosophy of Human Person, being a PRAGMATIC THEORY- William James is rational investigation into the nature of considered the father of pragmatism. A human being, needs a method so that it can sentence is meaningful only if believing it would make a practical difference in your bring out its subject matter in a lucid and belief about certain things or provide logical manner. explanations. Phenomenological and transcendental - because human -beings have two aspects, ▪︎BELIEFS- are statements that express namely, the physical and the psychic. convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD ▪︎EXPLANATIONS- are statements that -ASPECT PHENOMENOLOGICAL assume the claim to be true and provide METHOD reasons why the statement is true. ▪︎Origin - Edmund Husserl ▪︎ARGUMENTS- are a series of statements ▪︎Focus - Direct description of lived that provide reasons to convince the reader experience or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. ▪︎Purpose- To describe experiences as they ▪︎FALLACIES- are arguments based on are perceived, without presuppositions faulty reasoning. Some of them are ▪︎Approach - Investigates the content of intentional, as the person making the claim consciousness as it presents itself is desperate to convince you to accept his ▪︎Key Concept - Intentionality: or her argument. Consciousness is always directed toward ▪︎BIASES- are the personal views of the something person presenting it. They are not ▪︎Methodology - Focuses on describing the necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to lived experience tendencies or inf bences which affect the ▪︎Use of Bracketing (Epoché) - Central: views of people Bracketing is used to set aside biases and focus purely on the experience KINDS OF FALLACY AD HOMINEM- Attacking the person TRANSCENDENTAL METHOD instead of the argument itself. ASPECT AD BACULUM- Using the threat of force or Origin - Immanuel Kant an undesirable event to advance an Purpose- To uncover the a priori argument (pre-experiential) conditions that structure experience AD MISERICORDIAM- Using emotions Approach - Investigates the structures of such as pity and sympathy consciousness that allow for the possibility of experience AD POPULUM- The idea is presented as Key Concept - A Priori Knowledge: acceptable because a lot of people accept Structures like space, time, and causality it. are preconditions for experience Methodology - Analytical: Examines how the AD ANTIQUITATEM- The idea is mind structures experience acceptable because it has been true for a Use of Bracketing (Epoché) - Not central; long time the focus is on underlying conditions rather than suspending judgment AD VERECUNDIAM- Misusing an authority How can philosophy guide us in DICTO SIMPLICITER- Argument based on distinguishing truth from opinion? an unqualified generalization Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide FALLACY OF COMPOSITION- Assuming conclusions or perspectives regarding that what is true of a part is true for the certain situations. They may advance a whole FALLACY OF DIVISION- Assuming that animals. A collective traits that formed and what is true of the whole is for its parts considered the very essence of humanity. 2 GENERAL KINDS TO DISTINGUISH KINDS OF BIAS HUMAN PERSON CORRESPONDENCE BIAS-Tendency to COGNITIVE SELF is the essential judge a person's personality by his/her component of a human persons that deals actions without regard for external factors or with THE WHAT OF A PERSON which situations. includes human persons' belief, desire, CONFIRMATION BIAS- for and accept dreams, and intentions. information in a that confirms one's own PHYSICAL SELF which deals with the beliefs and reject ideas that go against it. essential features of the human way of life CONFLICT OF INTEREST- A person or a or THE WHO OF A PERSON which group is connected to or has a vested includes his/her body type, strength and interest in the issue. appearances. CULTURAL BIAS- Analyzing an event or 4 NOBLE TRUTHS issue based on one's cultural standards. FRAMING- Focusing on a certain aspect of ▪︎THE TRUTH OF SUFFERING (Dukkha): a problem while ignoring other aspects Life is inherently unsatisfactory and filled HINDSIGHT- Is when after an event occurs, with suffering. we feel we already knew what was going to go. ▪︎THE TRUTH OF THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING (Samudaya): The root cause of suffering is desire or attachment (tanha). HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT ▪︎THE TRUTH OF THE END OF DEFINING CONCEPTS SUFFERING (Nirodha): Suffering can be overcome by eliminating desire and MAN - By def nition, it is generally and attachment. commonly def ned to represent the entire human race. A term used to refer for various ▪︎THE TRUTH OF THE PATH TO THE END classifications and species. For a OF SUFFERING (Magga):The path to the HUMAN -living man, human is under the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path. classification of Mamalia. HUMAN BEING - A term used to separate EIGHTFOLD PATHS man from other Human Classifications like Right Mindfulness animals. Right View PERSON- Refers to an individual who Right Intention possess self-awareness, self- Right Concentration determination, rational mind, and the Right Effort capacity to interact with other and with Right Livelihood himself/herself. Right Speech PERSONHOOD -A general term refers to Right Action the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status within him/herself. LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN PERSON AS HUMAN NATURE - A general term refers AN EMBODIED SPIRIT to the deepest and natural behaviour of a person that distinguishes human from Facticity-It refers to the things in our life that are already given. Spatial-Temporal Being- As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude-our finite quality or state. Also, as spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time. The Body as Intermediary- Intermediary means acting as a mediator (Meriam-Webster). Our body serves as an intermediary between us and the physical world.