Philosophy Reviewer PDF
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This document presents an overview of philosophical concepts, including the fundamental principles and branches of philosophy. It highlights key figures and their contributions, providing basic knowledge on the subject matter. This is suitable for those learning about philosophy.
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**WEEK 1** - **Originates from Greek words \"philo\" (to love) and \"sophia\" (wisdom).** - **Philosophical inquiry encompasses a broad range of topics concerning existence, knowledge, values, and reason.** **Characteristics of Philosophy** - **Science: Philosophy is classified as...
**WEEK 1** - **Originates from Greek words \"philo\" (to love) and \"sophia\" (wisdom).** - **Philosophical inquiry encompasses a broad range of topics concerning existence, knowledge, values, and reason.** **Characteristics of Philosophy** - **Science: Philosophy is classified as a science.** - **Natural Light of Reason: Utilizes rational thought and logic in its analysis and deductions.** - **Studying All Things: Engages in a comprehensive examination of various subjects and phenomena.** - **First Cause or Highest Principle: Investigates foundational principles guiding existence and reality.** **Fundamental Principles** - **Principle of Identity: Affirms that every entity is identical to itself (\"everything is what it is\").** - **Principle of Non-Contradiction: Asserts that contradictory statements about the same thing cannot be true simultaneously.** - **Principle of Excluded Middle: States that for any proposition, it must either be true or false; there is no middle ground.** - **Principle of Sufficient Reason: Claims that there must be adequate explanations for why things exist.** **Branches of Philosophy** - **Ethics: Examines moral values and human conduct.** - **Aesthetics: Studies beauty, art, and taste, exploring what is considered aesthetically pleasing.** - **Logic: Serves as a framework for constructing valid arguments and ensuring sound reasoning pioneered by Aristotle** - **Political Philosophy: Investigates the relationship between individuals and society, focusing on governance and rights.** - **Epistemology: Explores the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge, asking crucial questions about belief and truth.** - **Metaphysics: Examines the fundamental nature of reality, including questions about existence and the nature of non-physical entities; notably influenced by Plato.** **Key Philosophers** - **Aristotle: First to apply logical methodologies to philosophy, shaping the field of logic.** - **Plato: Significant contributor to metaphysical philosophy, emphasizing the distinction between reality and sensory perception.** ***PHYTAGORAS (570 BCE to 495 BCE)*** ***Mathematician and scientist Pythagorean theorem*** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Philosophy Of Numbers** ***HERACLITUS (535 BCE to 475 BCE)*** **everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos. contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Doctrine Of Change and Unity Of Opposites** ***DEMOCRITUS (460 BCE to 370 BCE*** **He devoted himself to the study of the causes of natural phenomena, He theorized that all material bodies are made up of indivisibly small "atoms.** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Atomism** ***DIOGENES OF SINOPE (412 BCE to 323 BCE)*** **He was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Simplicity and Minimalism And Search for Virtue and Self-Improvement** ***EPICURUS (341 BCE to 270 BCE)*** **He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Hedonism and Pleasure** ***SOCRATES (470 BCE to 399 BCE)*** **He was considered the foremost philosophers of ancient times, He was credited with formulating the Socratic method** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Socratic Method And Moral Philosophy** ***PLATO (427 BCE to 347 BCE)*** **A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor's teaching, Dialectic method** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Theory Of Forms** ***ARISTOTLE (384 BCE to 322 BCE)*** **He attended the Academy, and was the prominent student of Plato, all ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense,** **contributions to philosophy, particularly in the areas of Metaphysics And Epistomology** **HOLISTIC THINKING,** **A big picture mentality, Thinking holistically is the opposite of analyzing something, which involves breaking down a larger system into its details.** **PARTIAL THINKING** **focuses on specific aspects of a situation,** **partial view is an important component of analytical thinking** **WEEK 3** **TRUTH** **comes from the Latin word 'factum ' which means 'deed' or something that has done** **OPINION** **comes from the Latin word ' opinio ' which has a number of meanings and also refer to something imagined, conjecture, or an expectation** **Why truth is important? - Truth is important to clarify knowledge, he clear awareness and understanding of anything that surrounds you** - **Basis for Knowledge** - **Effective Decision-Making** - **Trust and Credibility** - **Transparency and Accountability** - **Avoiding harm** **How do you know if something is true?** **You need to analyze or investigate or have own investigation to better understand** **Doubt drives your desires to discover the truth** **CONCLUSION** **a statement or judgment that logically follows from the premises or evidence presented in an argument or discussion** **BELIEFS** **are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts** **personal convictions or acceptances of something as true** **EXPLANATION** **are statements claiming to be true and provides reasons to make the statements true.** **CRITICAL THINKING** **Critical is a Greek word "kritikos " (to separate) and analysis " ana " (throughout) "lusis " (to loosen)** **Critical thinking is the careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interest** **The attributes of critical thinker include, looks for evidence to support assumption and belief adjust opinion, looks for proof, examines the problem, reject irrelevant and innocent information. (Hospers 1997)** **ARGUMENTS** **series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.** **number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called fallacies.** **AD HOMINEM- attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.** **AD BACULUM (FORCE) -- using the threat of forcing or an undesirable event to advance an argument** **AD MISERICODIAM (PITY) -- using emotion such as pity or sympathy** **AD POPULUM (MAJORITY)- the idea is presented as acceptable because lot of people accept it.** **AD ANTIQUITIES (TRADITION)- the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time** **FALLACY OF COMPOSITION -- assuming that what it is true of a part is true for the whole.** **FALLACY OF DIVISION -- assuming that is true for the whole is true for its part** **PETITIO PRINCIPI -- assuming that the thing or idea to be proven is true, also known as circular argument** **POST HOC - assuming a cause and effect relation ship between unrelated events** **BIAS** **These are the personal views of the person presenting it, They are not necessarily errorsin reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. (Abella 2016)** **CORRESPONDENCE BIAS -- tendency to judge a persons personality by his or her actions without regard for external factors or influence.** **CONFIRMATION BIAS -- the tendency to look for and accept information in a way that confirms ones own beliefs and reject ideas that go against it** **CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue.** **CULTURAL BIAS -- analyzing an event or issue based on ones cultural standards** **FRAMING -- focus on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.** **THE METHODIC DOUBT** **also known as methodological skepticism, philosophical inquiry that was famously employed by the French philosopher René Descartes.** **purpose of methodic doubt is to question and challenge the validity of all beliefs and knowledge claims in order** **WEEK 4** **SCIENTIFIC METHOD (GILBUENA 2018)** **term " science " is derived from the Latin word scientia, means "to produce knowledge.** **- also known as empirical method** **is a process of determining truth or knowledge through *experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.*** - ***Observation and Questioning*** - ***Hypothesis and Theory*** - ***Experimentation (Thought Experiments)*** - ***Data Collection and Analysis*** - ***Synthesis and Conclusion*** **SOCRATIC METHOD** **Also known as Socratic questioning or Socratic dialogue, it is named after the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who is known for his use of this methodin philosophical discussions** **Socrates engaged in "didactic dialogue " of questioning that is expressed in the critical examination** **This didactic dialogue intends not to convey new truth but only as guide to arriving the truth (Nelson 1965*).*** **DIALECTIC METHOD** **Also known as "Dialectical Method, it is often associated with philosophers like Plato and Hegel** **It is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject** **Dialectic resembles debate** **Aristotle once said "that a man is a rational animal"** **LOGIC** **Philosopher uses LOGIC as his toolbox, He deals with arguments and all sorts of statements and uses careful rational thought to arrive at the truth.** **INDUCTIVE REASONING- From specific to general** **DEDUCTIVE REASONING- From general to specific** **WEEK 5** **The Human Person** - **Has awareness of self** - **Has self determination** - **is able to reach out and interact with others** - **Has Dignity** **SOUL** **According to Steph (2018), the soul causes the body to live; indeed, it is the soul that animates the body.** **SPIRIT** **the intangible element that enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority and the capacity to reach out to the world and to other persons. (Abella 2016)** **EMBODIMENT- Embodiment makes the human experience and does the things that make him a person.** **HUMAN AND NATURE AND LIMITATIONS - Human nature, being an embodied spirit has its own limit. It can be said that the person is a very biologically deficient being.** **TRANSCENDENCE- According to Abella (2016), The ability to surpass limits is called transcendence, and it is also one important trait that distinguishes the human person from other beings in existence.**