Humanities and the arts PDF

***Humanities and the arts*** **Humanities -** are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture **\"humanus\" -** As the word humanities came from the Latin which means human, cultured and refined. ***FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITIES*** - Human nature is inherently...

***Humanities and the arts*** **Humanities -** are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture **\"humanus\" -** As the word humanities came from the Latin which means human, cultured and refined. ***FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITIES*** - Human nature is inherently good. - Individuals are free and are capable of making choices. - Human potential for growth and development is virtually unlimited. - Self-concept plays an important role in growth and development. - Individuals have an urge for self actualization. - Reality is defined by each person. - Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others. **Art -** constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and intuition **Three Classical Branches of Arts** Painting Sculpture Architecture **FUNCTIONS OF ARTS** - Arts is a much needed avenue for people to: - EXPRESS FREELY ONESELF: - SOCIALLY EXPRESS HIS NEED FOR DISPLAY, CELEBRATION AND COMMUNICATION; AND - PHYSICALLY EXPRESS THE NEED FOR UTILITY OF FUNCTIONAL OBJECTS. **THE FORMS OF ART DIFFERENTIATED** **Functional Art Forms** - ****Architecture - weaving - furniture-making **Non - Functional Art Forms** - Painting - Sculpture - Literature - Music - Dance - Theater ***Arts and Philosophy*** **Philosophy -** is a field of discipline which has attempted to explain almost all aspects of human existence. **Art or Aesthetics -** on the other hand, is the study of beauty and taste, concerned with the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of art. **Philosophy of art** - is the study of the nature of art, including concepts such as interpretation, representation and expression, and form - *responsiveness* - *reflection* - *reason* - *re evaluation* the study of the nature of reality and existence, of what it is possible to know, and of right and wrong behavior, or a particular set of beliefs **The Artistic Philosophers** ***[PLATO (428 - 347 BC) ]*** - a philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known for his Dialogues together with Socrates. - He explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless original which he called FORM. ***[ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 BC)]*** - The universal elements of beauty are manifested by order, symmetry and definiteness. - Physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE - He considered art as imitation or a representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY ***[IMMANUEL KANT (1724 - 1804)]*** - Treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime. - His main interest was not on art but on beauty that it is a matter of taste. - For him, beauty is a question of form and color is not important. **artist -** is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art **An artisan - (**from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative The **arts** refers to the theory, human application and physical expression of creativity found in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order to produce objects, environments and experiences **ARCHITECTURE -** an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the earth\'s landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, technologies and cultural adaptations. **SCULPTURE -** an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. **PAINTING -** Painting is the application of pigments to a support surface that establishes an image, design or decoration. **DANCE -** is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself **MUSIC -** is an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping **THEATRE -** a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. **Literature -** most generically, is any body or collection of written work. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value ***The Artist and his medium*** **Production** - is at the heart of making art. **Medium -** When an artist is ready to express himself in art and to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be on what medium to use. **Technique -** Shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated. **Curation -** a process that involves managing, overseeing and assembling or putting together a presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic collection. **THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE ART VISUALS** *GRAPHIC OR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS* A. **DRAWING** **Different Media in Drawing** **PENCIL**- Made of graphite which comes in different hardness from soft to hard or thickness from thick to needle-like. **Shading techniques** - Hatching - Cross Hatching - Stippling - Blending **INK -** It allows for a great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and technique used in the application. **PASTEL -** This is composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder and compressed into sticks **Three Kinds of Pastel:** - Soft Pastel - Hard Pastel - Oil Pastel **Pastel Techniques** - Feathering - Scumbling - Impasto - Sgraffito **CHARCOAL -** An organic medium that comes from burnt wood. *Two Kinds of Charcoal* - **Compressed Charcoal -** The vine charcoal which comes in thin sticks that is easy to blend and erase. - **Manufactured Charcoal** - Made from loose charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed into sticks. **PAPER -** The most common surface used in two-dimensional art. *Three Types of Paper* - **Hot-pressed Paper** - smooth - **Cold-pressed Paper** - has moderate texture - **Rough Paper -** has most texture (tooth) B. **PAINTING** **WATERCOLOR -** Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. **GOUACHE -** The pigment has been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. **OIL PAINTS -** It is a dense painting medium and gives rich, beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century. **TEMPERA -** Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the white) as binder. **FRESCO** - Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural paintings. **ACRYLIC** - Modern medium with synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. **MOSAIC -** Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones orglass called tesserae. **COLLAGE -** Derived from a French word \"coller\" which means to stick. This is a technique of making art by gluing or pasting on firm support materials or found objects. **PRINTMAKING -** Process used for making reproductions of graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. **Printmaking Techniques:** - **Relief Painting (Raised) -** The oldest method of printmaking. - **Intaglio Printing (Depressed) -** Instead of the surface of the plate for the image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal plate. - **Surface Printing (Flat) -** Includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. **PLASTIC OR THREE DIMENSIONAL ARTS** **SCULPTURE** - Originated from the Latin word \"sculpere\" which means to carve. **THREE KINDS OF SCULPTURES** 1. ***Freestanding*** - Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides. 2. ***Relief*** - Sculptures in which the figures project from a background. **Two Variations of Relief Sculpture**: - **Low Relief (bas relief) -** Figures are slightly raised/projected from its background. - **Kinetic (mobile) -** A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy ***THE PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURES*** **Subtractive Process** - Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the material to form the figure. **Additive Process -** The process involves the construction of a figure by putting together bits of the material or by welding together metal parts to create figures. **Process of Substitution -** This process is also known as casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D figure in another material. **Different Media of Sculpture** - **Stone -** A natural medium. Hard and relatively permanent. - **Wood -** Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and durability depending on the kind
of tree it came from. - **Metal -** It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability**.** - **Plaster -** It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into mold. - **Terra cotta (cooked earth) -** Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature. - **Glass-** Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. - **Plastic -** Synthetic medium made from organic polymers. ***Architecture*** **Architecture** - Art of designing buildings and other structures which will serve a definite function. **Construction Principles** **Post and Lintel** - Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks. **Arch** - A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle. **Structures that can be Built from the Principle of Arch:** - **Barrel Vault -** A succession of arches. - **Groin Vault -** A structure that is formed by intersecting arches resulting in four openings. - **Dome** - Structure with the shape of an inverted cup. **Truss -** System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid framework. **Cantilever -** A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting post. **Buttress -** A structure that is built as a support for the wall. **MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE** **Compressive Strength -** Refers to those materials that can support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down. *Materials that are used for Creating Building and Infrastructures***:** - **Stones and Bricks -** Stones are favored over other materials for its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for building simple structures in its natural state. - **Lumber (wood) -** All parts of a building can be constructed using wood except the foundations. - **Iron and Steel -** Provide stronger and taller structures with less use of material when compared to stone or wood. - **Concrete -** Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and gravel ***LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS*** **Literature -** Art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal. **Type of Literature** - Poetry - Fiction - Non - fiction - Drama **MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME GENRES OF MUSIC** **Music -** the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that express various ideas and feelings. Media in Music **Voice Medium -** The oldest and most popular medium for music is the human voice **Classification of Human Voice** - Soprano - Contrato - Tenor v Bass - Baritone **String Instruments-** Provide basic orchestral sounds. - **Bowed -** strings that produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair - **Plucked strings** - that produce tones by plucking the strings with a finger or with a plectrum held in one\'s hand **Woodwind Instruments -** Create sounds by blowing into them. - **Brass Instruments -** Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands into a bell- shaped end. - **Percussion Instruments -** Makes sound by hitting them. - **Keyboard Instruments -** Make sound by means of a keyboard which consist of a series of black and white keys *Some Genres of Music:* **Classical Music -** European tradition that covered the years of 1750 to 1830 Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized. - **Folk Music** - Originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style. - **Pop Music** - Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of rock and roll. - **Jazz** - Originated in the African-American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. - **Blues -** Originated from the African Americans in the deep South of the United States in the late 19th Century. - **Rock Music** - Form of popular music that evolved from rock and roll and pop music. - **Alternative Music -** A style of rock music that emerged from the independent music ***TYPE OF DANCE*** - **Ethnologic (ethnic)-** Includes folk dances associated with national and /or cultural groups. - **Social or Ballroom -** Type of dancing that are generally performed in pairs. - **Ballet -** Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era. - **Social or Ballroom** - Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances. They represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. - **Musical Comedy (musicale)** - Refers to those dances performed by one dancer or a group of dancers **DRAMA AND THEATRE AND GENRES OF DRAMA** **Drama -** Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-out or performed on stage in front of an audience. **Theatre -** Combined art that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture. **Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):** - Tragedy - Melodrama - Comedy - Satire - Farce **CINEMA, GENRES OF MOTION PICTURES AND PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION PICTURES** **Cinema -** Series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion. **Genres of Motion Pictures:** - Feature Films - Animated movies - Documentary movies - Experimental films - Educational Films **People Behind a Motion Picture:** - Actors - Producer - Screenwriter - Director ***ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART*** ***KIND OF LINES*** **Straight lines -** are geometric, impersonal and differ in the direction that they take. - Horizontal lines - Vertical lines - Diagonal lines - Zigzag lines - Curved lines Lines can possess a variety of characteristics, depending on shape, density, rhythm, angularity, and the material that have produced them. ***PROPERTIES OF COLOR*** - **HUE -** the name given to the color - **PRIMARY HUES** - colors that can\'t be created by mixing of other colors. - **SECONDARY HUES -** When two primary hues are mixed in equal amounts - **INTERMEDIATE HUES -** mixing equal amounts of the primary and secondary hues - **TERTIARY HUES -** combining in equal mixture any two secondary hues - **VALUE -** refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. - **SHADE -** when black is combined with hue - **TINT -** when white is added with blue - **INTENSITY -** denotes the brightness or dullness of a color **COLOR HARMONY -** method of establishing color quality in a composition. - **Monochromatic Harmony -** When a single color in the composition is varied in intensity and value by adding white or black. - **Complementary Harmony -** the results when two colors that are opposite each other in the color wheel are placed side by side. - **Analogous Harmony -** results when hues that are adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel is used in a composition. - **Color Temperature -** refers to the relative warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors are colors that have yellow as its dominant component white cool colors have blue as their dominant component. **LIGHT AND SHADOW (VALUE)** - **Achromatic Value -** This refers to the changes in the amount of reflected light which ranges from black to gray to white and vice versa. - **Chiaroscuro -** technique of manipulating light and shadow in painting. masters who have perfected the use of this technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo, **Fernando Amorsolo, -** mastered chiaroscuro. **Negative shapes -** these are between the shapes that are not occupied by any form. **Picture plane** - any flat surface onto which the artwork is created. **CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES** - Natural or Organic shape - Abstract Shape ***TEXTURE*** **Texture -** refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object. **Visual texture -** in such cases where touching the artwork is not allowed, textured can be perceived by the eyes. **Space** - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is created by techniques that add depth and distance to two-dimensional art. **METHODS OF CREATING SPACE** - Overlapping planes (interposition) - Relative Size **Position on the picture (relative height) -** In some paintings, spatial representation is based upon the position of objects relative to the bottom of the frame. - **Foreground -** the bottom part - **Middle ground** - where the horizon is - **Background -** the topmost part **Perspective -** deals with the effect of distance on the appearance of objects. **Linear perspective -** give the perception distance by means of converging lines. **Aerial perspective (gradient) -** the effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. **Space in sculpture -** may be viewed in two ways: it may be considered a single solid object or an assemblage of solids that exhibits space. **Space in architecture -** created and defined by the shape, position, and the materials employed by the architect. ***MOVEMENT*** **MOVEMENT -** Two ways to present motion or movement in their art. - **Actual movements -** may be achieved naturally using wind and water or mechanically through some energy source (batteries or electricity) - **Implied movement -** results when a variety of lines are used together, repeated, change in position, or decreased/increased in size. **ELEMENTS OF MUSIC** - **Rhythm** - is a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence of accented and accented beat - **Melody -** also refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time. - **Harmony -** the sounding of a series of groups of tones in the same time**.** - **Timbre** - tonal quality or the character of the tone that is produced by an instrument or by the human voice. - **Form -** the structure or the framework of a composition **Vocal Forms** - **Opera** - a drama set to music complete with actions, costumes and scenery - **Cantata** - a religious story told in music without actions - **Moro moro** - a Philippine drama set to music which depicts the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims ***Instrumental Forms*** - **Sonata** - a long composition for solo instruments (piano, Violin) - **Symphony -** is a sonata for the orchestra Dynamics - the loudness and softness of the sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound - pp pianissimo - very soft - p piano - soft - mp mezo piano - half soft - ff fortissimo - very loud - crescendo - gradually becoming louder - decrescendo - gradually becoming softer **ELEMENTS OF DANCE** - MUSIC - CHOREOGRAPHY - THEME - MOVEMENT - TECHNIQUE - DESIGN AND COSTUME **ELEMENTS OF DRAMA** - PLOT - EXPOSITON - RESOLUTION - SETTING - CHARACTERS - DIALOGUE - THEME **ELEMENTS OF THEATER** - **Playwright** - work out the plot in terms of the actual actions to be performed and dialogue to be spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the stage. - **Performers** - the ones who portray the characters in a play. - **Director -** works with the playwright to present which is interpreted and translated into dramatic action. - **Production Design -** includes the scenery, props, make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all other special effects used in a theater production**.** ***Acting and the Stars*** - Acting is the art of portraying or impersonating a character in the story. - Set and Directors should know the setting of the story and build artificial sets. - Music and Musical Director is indispensable in motion pictures. - Color in the movies is an innovation in cinematography. - Make-up, Hair and Costume Design. These people are responsible for applying the specific type of make-up, hairstyle and costume to the actors before they face the camera. - Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technicians. Sound technicians are responsible for making the dialogue clear and music of fine quality **PRINCIPLE OF ARTS** - **Balance** - the distribution of the visual weight of objects, color, texture and space**.** - **Symmetrical Balance -** results when the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side. - **Asymmetrical Balance -** when the sides of the composition are different but still looked balanced. - **Radial Balance -** achieved when the elements re arranged around a central point. - **Emphasis -** part of the design that catches the viewer\'s attention. - **Proportion** - feeling of unity created when all parts relate well with each other. - **Repetition** - works with patterns to make the work seem active. - **Rhythm -** created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly - **Variety -** use of several elements of design that adds interest in order to hold the viewer\'s attention - **Unity -** feeling of harmony between and among the parts of the work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness in the composition.