Logic and Critical Thinking Quiz

Critical Thinking

• Involves distinguishing between facts, opinions, and personal feelings.
• Requires suspending initial beliefs until all relevant information is considered.
• Key skills include observation, analysis, inference, communication, and problem-solving.

Logic

• Focuses on the analysis and construction of arguments.
• Two primary types of reasoning:
  • Deductive Reasoning: Starts with a broad premise leading to a specific conclusion.
  • Inductive Reasoning: Used for predictions, forecasts, or inferring behaviors.

Religion

• Originates from the Latin "religare," meaning to bind or tie together.
• Two classifications of belief systems:
  • Monotheism: Belief in a single God.
  • Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods.

Transmigration

• Belief that a person’s soul can be reborn in another being, whether human or animal.

Hinduism

• Third largest religion, primarily practiced in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Indonesia.
• Considered the oldest religion, possibly starting around 6th century B.C.E.
• The term “Hindu” is derived from Persian, referring to the people of the Indus Valley.
• Central belief in Samsara (reincarnation) and following Sanatana Dharma (Hindu teachings).
• Key scriptures include:
  • Shruti
  • Smriti
  • Vedas
• God is perceived in three forms:
  • Brahma (The Creator)
  • Vishnu (The Preserver)
  • Shiva (The Destroyer)

Buddhism

• Fourth largest religion, primarily in China, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar.
• Based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama, also known as the Buddha.
• Key belief: Attachment and cravings are the root of all suffering.
• Central scripture is the Tipitaka.
• Four Noble Truths include:
  • Life involves suffering (Dukkha).
  • Source of suffering is craving (Tanha).
  • Curing craving requires overcoming it.
  • The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of craving.
• Eightfold Path consists of:
  • Right View
  • Right Mindfulness
  • Right Effort
  • Right Intention
  • Right Speech
  • Right Action
  • Right Concentration
  • Right Livelihood

Islam

• Second largest religion, emphasizing submission to one God, Allah.
• Considers Muhammad as the final prophet.
• Abides by five foundational practices known as the Five Pillars:
  • Shahada: Declaration of faith.
  • Salat: Prayer.
  • Zakat: Charity.
  • Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan.
  • Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Sacred text is the Quran.

Christianity

• Largest religion globally, rooted in monotheism.
• Concept of the Holy Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
• Sacred writings include the Bible and the Ten Commandments.

Logical Fallacies

• Defined as arguments based on flawed reasoning, sometimes intentionally misleading.
• Common types of fallacies include:
  • Ad Hominem: Attacking the individual instead of the argument.
  • Argumentum Ad Populum: Claiming something is true based on its popularity.
  • Ad verecundiam: Relying on authority without critical examination.
  • Argumentum Ad Baculum: Using threats to support a conclusion.
  • Argumentum Ad Misericordiam: Manipulating emotions to persuade.
  • Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam: Claiming truth due to lack of evidence against it.
  • Ad Antiquitatem: Assuming something is better because it's older.
  • Composition: Assuming true of parts is true of the whole.
  • Division: Assuming true of the whole is true for its parts.
  • Dicto Simpliciter: Generalizations that oversimplify situations.
  • Equivocation: Use of ambiguous language to confuse.
  • Hasty Generalization: Drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence.
  • Begging the Question: Circular reasoning where the conclusion is assumed.
  • Post Hoc: Assuming causation from sequential events without evidence.