PHILO (1)-12-15 PDF - Philosophy Notes

✰ As Plato believes, the soul of every individual possesses the power of learning the truth and living in society that is in accordance to its nature. Choices have consequences and some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices. 20th century gave rise to...

✰ As Plato believes, the soul of every individual possesses the power of learning the truth and living in society that is in accordance to its nature. Choices have consequences and some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices. 20th century gave rise to the importance of the individual, the opposite of medieval thought was God. For Ayn Rand, individual mind is the tool for economic progress, since the mind is important, the sector that molds it should not be controlled by the government. → He believes that thinking is volitional. A person has the freedom to think or to not. ▪ He cited the right to gain, to keep, to use, and to dispose of material values. Most developed countries have disposed their toxic wastes developing countries. LESSON 4 INTERSUBJECTIVITY Intersubjectivity is the condition of man (subject), among other men (subjects). → It refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons; and it is made possible by the awareness of the self and the other. → It is originally coined by philosopher Edmund Husserl. He defined it as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious between two persons as facilitated by empathy. Subjective vs. Objective → Subjective knowledge may designate unsupported or weakly-supported knowledge (claim), because it is opinionated and created with regards to one’s self. 12  → Objective knowledge can designate knowledge (claim) having, roughly, the status of being fully supported or proven, because it occurs when there is a meeting of the mind. Martin Buber is an Austrian-born Israeli Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue. Social vs. Interhuman → The social refers to the life of a group bound together by common experiences and reactions. → The interhuman refers to the life between and among persons; it refers to the interpersonal, that is, a life of dialogue. ▪ Dialogue is a deep and genuine relationship between persons, and it happens when two persons truly acknowledge each other’s presence and treat each other as equals. Ich-Es (I-It) Relationship refers to the world of experience and sensation where there are objects. → The beings do not actually meet. Instead, the “I” confronts and qualifies an idea, or conceptualization, of the being in its presence and treats that being as an object. → An individual treats other things, people, etc., as objects to be used and experienced. Essentially, this form of objectivity relates to the world in terms of the self – how an object can serve the individual’s interest. ▪ It is the encounter wherein we relate to each other as objects, completely outside of ourselves. → It is, in fact, a relationship with oneself; it is not a dialogue, but a monologue. Ich-Du (I-Thou) Relationship refers to the world of encounters and relationships where there are persons. → It is a concrete encounter without any qualification or objectification of one another; it is a dialogue. ▪ In this encounter, we relate to each other as authentic beings – I meet you as you are, and you meet me as who I am. ▪ In this relationship, what is key is how I am with you in my own heart and mind. Obstacles to Dialogue Contrasted With 13 Seeming Being (Natural Self) proceeds not from an (Artificial Self) is image, but from what one really is. a way of → It is an acceptance of the other in the approaching the way that it is also an acceptance of the other governed by self as it is. the image one desires to impress on the other. → It involves deliberately playing up or hiding aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or impressive. → It is the act of doing things to impress others, most often a positive act with pretense. → This occurs when a person is being true to themselves and others; it’s a mixture of positive and negative traits brought upon by honesty. Speechifying (Hear) refers to one’s talking Personal making present is the process of past another. fully opening oneself to the other. There are → It is hearing without listening to what tendencies that make dialogue and personal one says. making present difficult. → This is an encounter wherein there is a “I become aware of him, that he is different wall between a conversations; the from me – unique. people involved pass through one another. a. Analytical thinking is when we break person into parts. b. Reductive thinking is when we reduce the richness of a person to a schema, a structure, and /or a concept. c. Derivational thinking is when we derive the person from a mixed formula. Imposition constitutes holding one’s own Unfolding constitutes finding in the other the opinion, values, attitudes, and oneself without disposition toward what one recognizes as true, regard for those of another. good, and beautiful. → It is telling the other how he or she → It involves seeing the other as a unique, should act, behave, and respond to singular individual capable of freely things. actualizing himself / herself. → It is the interaction between persons, wherein they influence one another; the act of dictating my opinions on the other. 14  The Art of Loving (Erich Fromm, 1956) → A case for love as a skill to be honed by the way artists apprentice themselves to work on the way to mastery; demanding its practitioner of both knowledge and effort. Fromm stated the following in his book: ▪ People think that to love is easy and what is difficult is to find the right person to love or be loved by. ▪ We give more importance to being loved than to loving. ▪ We confuse the initial falling-in-love with the permanent state of being-in-love. Loneliness is one of the most basic experiences of the human being because of self- awareness. It is a phenomenon that belongs to life and existence – something we all recognize. There are a lot of ways by which people address loneliness: 15