Unit 4: Frameworks and Principles Behind Our Moral Dispositions (MMSU)

 UNIT 4: FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITIONS Prepared by: MARK JOSEPH A. BUENAVISTA Instructor I Objectives Define Moral Frameworks Identify Theories of Moral Framework How to solve a problem ethically Approaches to Moral...

 UNIT 4: FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITIONS Prepared by: MARK JOSEPH A. BUENAVISTA Instructor I Objectives Define Moral Frameworks Identify Theories of Moral Framework How to solve a problem ethically Approaches to Moral Framework Role of Moral Framework in Society COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences  Topics Introduction to Ethical Theories Deontology Consequentialism Virtue Ethics Justice and Fairness State and Citizens COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences  Quick Question: There is a runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are five people tied up and unable to move. The trolley is headed straight for them. You are standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences  Quick Question: If you pull this lever, the trolley will switch to a different set of tracks. However, you notice that there is one person on the sidetrack. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Quick Question: You have two options: 1. Do nothing and allow the trolley to kill the five people on the main track. 2. Pull the lever, diverting the trolley onto the sidetrack where it will kill one person. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Introduction to Ethical Theories Ethical Framework It is a perspective useful for reasoning what course of action may provide the most moral outcome. a. Deontology b. Consequentialism c. Virtue Ethics COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology Greek word “Deon”, meaning “Duty” Places emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of the action. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 1. Divine Command Theory Religion as basis of our moral duties An act is right if it accords with God’s will. Religious belief take precedence over any demands of secular morality. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology Two Groups of Divine Command Theory Strong version – No real conflict between God’s commands and genuine morality, because whatever God commands is what is right for the very reason that God commands it. 1. Morality originates with God. 2. Moral rightness means “willed by God”, and moral wrongness means “being against the will of God”. 3. Since morality is essentially based on divine will, not on independent existing reasons for action, no further reasons for action are necessary COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology Two Groups of Divine Command Theory Weak version – Things are good or actions are right on independent grounds from God’s commandments. It is not God’s commandments that make actions right or things good. Instead, it is because they are right or good that God commands or approves them. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology Criticisms on the Divine Command Theory 1. How can we come to know God’s will? 2. Arbitrariness 3. Issue of Human Autonomy COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology Concept of God in Morality Religion may not be able to address the issue of the content of morality (what is moral and immoral), but it can address the issue of its motivation (why be moral). COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Natural Law Theory - System of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Law - Ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by him who has the care of the community. Fundamental precept of the Natural Law - Good is to be done, and evil avoided. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Forfeiture A person who threatens the life of an innocent person forfeits his or her own right to life. Certain context changes a bad act into a good act. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Double Effect It states that it is always wrong to do a bad act intentionally in order to bring about good consequences, but that is sometimes permissible to do a good act despite knowing that it will bring about bad consequences. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Double Effect 1. Nature-of-the-Act Condition - The act, considered in itself and apart from its consequence, is good, or at least morally permissible. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Double Effect 2. Means-End Condition - The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Double Effect 3. Right-Intention Condition - The intention must be the achieving of only the good effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect. If a bad effect is a means of achieving the good effect, then the act is immoral. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 2. Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas Principle of Double Effect 4. Proportionality Condition - The good effect must be at least equivalent to the importance of the bad effect. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 3. Categorical Imperatives: Immanuel Kant A rule of conduct that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any desire or end. 2 kinds of Imperatives - Hypothetical (If you want X, then do Y) - Categorical COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 3. Categorical Imperatives: Immanuel Kant 1. Principle of Universal Law “Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law” COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 3. Categorical Imperatives: Immanuel Kant 2. Principle of Respect for Person/ Principle of End “Act as to treat humanity, whether in your person or in that of any other, in every case as an end and never as merely a means.” COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Deontology 3. Categorical Imperatives: Immanuel Kant 3. Principle of Autonomy “So act as if you were always through your maxims a law- making member of the kingdom of ends” COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences  UNIT 4: FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITIONS Prepared by: MARK JOSEPH A. BUENAVISTA Instructor I Consequentialism The consequences of an action are the ones that ultimately matter in judging whether the action is morally good or bad. An action is morally good because it lead to the right consequences, it is so regardless of the rules that it may follow or violate and of the character traits that its agent may have. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 1. Intrinsic and Instrumental Good Intrinsic Good – Desired for its own sake (whatever is the condition). Instrumental Good – Desired for the sake of something else (serve as a means to further good). COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism Greatest possible Happiness 1. Between an action that results in good consequences, and another that results in bad consequences, the morally good action is the former. 2. Between two conflicting actions that both result in good consequences but in varying degrees, the action whose good consequences are greater is the morally good act. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism Greatest possible Happiness 3. Between two actions that both result in bad consequences but in varying degrees, the one whose bad consequences are lesser is the morally good act. 4. Between two actions both leading to a combination of good and bad consequences, the one with the greater net total of good consequences, or with the maximum aggregate good consequences, is the morally good act. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 2. Hedonistic and Non-hedonistic Consequentialism a. Hedonistic Consequentialism Hedonism, Greek word “Hedone”, meaning pleasure Believed that pleasure is the only intrinsic good, and pain is intrinsically bad or evil. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism b. Non-hedonistic Consequentialism 1. Exclusive non-hedonism – rejects pleasure as intrinsic good. 2. Inclusive non-hedonism – rejects pleasure as only intrinsic good. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 3. Agent-relative and Agent-neutral Consequentialism a. Agent-relative consequentialism egoistic consequentialism The only consequences that morally matter are the agent-related. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism b. Agent-neutral consequentialism Impartial consequentialism Both agent related and non-agent related consequences matter. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism Agent-Relative Hedonism - An action is morally good if it gives maximum pleasure to its agent; while it is morally bad if otherwise. Agent-Neutral Hedonism - An action is morally good if it results in the maximum overall pleasure of all the persons involved in the action; while it is morally bad if otherwise. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism Agent-Relative Non-Hedonism - An action is morally good if it gives maximum benefits to its agent; while it is morally bad if otherwise. Agent-Neutral Non-Hedonism - An action is morally good if it results in the maximum overall benefits for all the persons involved in the action; while it is morally bad if otherwise. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Utilitarianism a. Consequentialism b. Welfarism c. Aggregationism Greatest Happiness Principle - Greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Also called Quantitative (hedonistic) utilitarianism Quantitative differences among types of pleasure COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 1. Intensity the more intense the experience of pleasure, the greater the values of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 2. Duration the longer the experience of pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 3. Certainty the greater the probability that the desired pleasure will be experienced, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 4. Propinquity (remoteness) the shorter the temporal distance between an act and the pleasure that it will produce, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 5. Fecundity the higher the possibility an experience of pleasure will be followed by further experience of pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 6. Purity the higher the possibility an experience of pleasure will not be followed by an experience of pain, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarian Calculus of Felicity/ Hedonistic calculus 7. Extent the higher the number of persons to experience the pleasure, the greater the value of the pleasure. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Yes No 1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. Certainty 4. Propinquity 5. Fecundity 6. Purity 7. Extent COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Mill’s hedonistic utilitarian Also called Qualitative (hedonistic) utilitarianism Qualitative differences among types of pleasure COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Consequentialism 4. Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill Non-hedonistic utilitarian Preferential/Satisfaction Utilitarianism Pluralistic/ Ideal Utilitarianism COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Virtue Ethics Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Greek Philosopher The end is a fulfillment of each thing’s function and anything that satisfies is considered good. Telos Teleology explains that the world and everything in it has a design a purpose. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Virtue Ethics Ergon Function, Task, Work Activity of the rational part of the soul in accordance with virtue. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Virtue Ethics Arete = Virtue Excellence = Being Virtuous We act virtuously when we act according to reason helps us to reach Eudaimonia. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Virtue Ethics Golden Mean Virtue is the mean between two extremes of our emotions and desires, as well as of the actions that they motivate. Extreme excess = Middle State = Extreme deficiency COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Question: A man with some wealth has several children, one of whom is blind, another playboy with expensive taste, third a politician with expensive ambition, a poet with humble needs, and a sculptor who works in expensive materials. How will he draw his will and divide his wealth fairly to everyone? COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Distributive Justice Aims to cultivate virtue of justice among human individuals and social instructions acting as agents of distributive act. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Justice as a Virtue Virtue (Greek word “Arete”) is the excellence of a thing, the disposition to perform effectively its proper function. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Justice as a Virtue Individual Virtue - achieve when a particular function is extremely performing System Virtue - system are all performing excellently and harmoniously COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Two kinds of Justice as Fairness Distributive Justice – Fairness in allocating or distributing benefits (any desirable things) or burdens (any undesirable things). Corrective Justice – Fairness in correcting injustices or in restoring justice. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Kinds of Justice 1. Distributive Justice COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Kinds of Justice 1. Distributive Justice 2. Retributive Justice (Retaliatory justice) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Kinds of Justice 1. Distributive Justice 2. Retributive Justice (Retaliatory justice) 3. Compensatory Justice COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Distributive Justice: Foundations Kinds of Justice 1. Distributive Justice 2. Retributive Justice (Retaliatory justice) 3. Compensatory Justice 4. Procedural Justice COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Scenario: Adam, Karl, Joel, Stuart, John, and Robert went caroling for a number of days until Christmas Eve. When Christmas Eve came, they divided the money among themselves. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Egalitarian Capitalist Socialist Fair Opportunity Utilitarian COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Egalitarian Justice/ Egalitarianism Certain distribution is fair if every member of a group receives an equal share of the distribution. a. Political Egalitarianism b. Economic Egalitarianism COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Capitalist Justice/Capitalism Certain distribution is fair if every member of a group receives his share in the contribution in proportion to his contribution to the success of the goals of the group. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Socialist Justice/Socialism Certain distribution is fair if every member of a group receives his share in the distribution according to or in proportion to his needs. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Justice as Fair Opportunity Certain distribution is fair if every member of a group receives his share in the distribution according to or in proportion to the effort he has exerted in achieving the goals of the group. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Theories of Distributive Justice Utilitarian Justice Any distribution is fair as long as it results in the maximization of the aggregate good or welfare of all persons involved in the distribution. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Justice as Fairness: John Rawls Certain distribution among the members in a group is fair if the principles that govern such distribution were chosen by the members in a fair manner. Principle of Equality Principle of Fair COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Justice and Fairness: Promoting the Common Good Justice as Fairness: John Rawls 1. Principle of Equality 2. Principle of Fair Inequality COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Activity: Magistrate’s Dilemma In a certain village, a person was found murdered one morning. The murdered person belonged to a notorious family who suspected their rival family as responsible. The aggrieved family threatened to create a riot in the village if the one responsible is not found and punished within 24 hours. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Activity: The case cannot be resolved in 24 hours due to lack of evidence. The Village magistrate has two options: Option 1: choose an innocent homeless person to take the blame to prevent a riot that may cause more injury, deaths, and destruction to properties. Option 2: stand by the laws and prepare to defend the village from the aggrieved family even if this would lead to more loss of innocent life and destruction. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph States and Citizens Rights and Duties COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Rights Anything which is owed or due. Moral power, bound to be respected by others. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Kinds of Rights 1. Natural Right – Based on natural law 2. Human Rights – Either those enacted by the State or by Religion. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Kinds of Rights 3. Alienable & Inalienable Rights Alienable Rights – those which could be surrendered, renounced or removed (right to travel, right to operate business) Inalienable Rights - those which cannot be surrendered, renounced or removed (right to life, right to marry, right to education) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Kinds of Rights 4. Judicial and Non-Judicial Rights Judicial Rights – those based on law. These rights are to be respected, permitted, and fulfilled as a matter of justice. Non-judicial Rights – those based on virtue rather than strict justice COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Kinds of Rights 5. Right of Jurisdiction The power of a lawful authority to govern and make laws for his constituent or dependents. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Duty Anything we bound to do or omit. A moral obligation incumbent upon a person to do, omit, or avoid something COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Duties are Either Affirmative or Negative Affirmative Duty – those that require the performance of an act. Negative Duty – those which require the omission of an act. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Conflict of Duty 1. Duties towards God must be given priority over those towards men. 2. Duties that secure public order or the common good have priority over those that safeguard the individual. 3. Duties towards the family and relatives take precedence over those towards strangers. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Conflict of Duty 4. Duties of greater importance take precedence those of lesser importance. 5. Duties based on higher law take precedence over those coming from lower law. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Correlation of Rights and Duty One who has a right to something has the duty to act consistent with that right. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Reciprocity of Rights and Duty Interpersonal Relationship The right of one person implies in another the duty to respect that right. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Ethics of Care A philosophical perspective that uses a relational and context-bound approach toward morality, and decision making. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Taxation The practice of collecting taxes (money) from citizens based on their earnings and property. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Tax Evasion Deliberate arrangement of non disclosure of true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability by declaring less incomes, profits or gains than actually what they earned or overstating their expenses. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences States and Citizens Legal and Moral principle violated due to Tax Evasion Obeying the Law Fair and Transparency Integrity Responsibility towards Nation Leadership COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences AGYAMAN! Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph