Ethics - Its Types and Dilemmas PDF

ETHICS AND ITS TYPES What is ETHICS? Is a branch of philosophy that used to study ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being. May refer to the philosophical study of the concepts of moral right or wrong and moral good or bad. At it’s simplest it is a system of moral principles. The...

ETHICS AND ITS TYPES What is ETHICS? Is a branch of philosophy that used to study ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being. May refer to the philosophical study of the concepts of moral right or wrong and moral good or bad. At it’s simplest it is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and bad their lives. It is also concerned with what is good for individuals or society.  “When people are doing ethics, they need to support their, beliefs and assertions of sounds reasoning, in the other words, even if people believe that ethics is totally subjective, they must be able to justify their positions through logical, theoretically based”.  Believed that ideal behaviors were practices that lead to the end goal of eudaimonia which is synonymous of a high level of happiness or well-being, happiness as a result of an active life governed by reasons. - ARISTOTLE  Giving money to someone in need Examples Writing out one’s future of goal Eudaimonia Expressing gratitude for another actions JUDEO – CHRISTIAN Is rooted in the moral teaching found in the Hebrew bible (old and new testament) It is often viewed as being ground in God’s commandments, and the 10 commandments serves as foundational ethical guidelines. The principle emphasizes on respect for all individuals. ETHICS: SYSTEMATIC APPROACH It understands, analyze and distinguishing matters of right and wrong, good or bad and admirable and deplorable as they relate to the well-being of the relationships among beings. MORALITY: PERSCRIPTIVE This involves the norms, rules and values that are recommended or advocate as basis of behavior. It prescribes what to do or what is considered right or wrong. Are specific beliefs, behaviors and ways of being derived from doing ethics. One’s morals are judge to be good or bad through systematic ethical analysis. MORALITY: PERSCRIPTIVE The reversed of morality is immortality which means that a person’s behavior is in appositions to societal religious cultural or professional ethical standards and principles. Examples: Dishonesty Fraud Murder Sexually abusive acts AMORAL Example: Murder is immoral but if a – is a term used to refer to person commits murder with actions that can normally be absolutely no sense of judged as moral or immoral remorse or maybe even a but are done with lack of sense of pleasure the person concern for good behavior. is acting in amoral way.  Is a contemporary philosophers known for his work on moral theory and ethics. He emphasizes the importance of individual moral responsibility and the role of emotions, such as empathy and compassion in moral decision-making. He argues that morality is not just about rules or consequences but deeply integrated with our social relationships and experiences. - TERRANCE MCCONNEL (1994) TYPES OF ETHICS  NORMATIVE ETHICS – focuses on establishing how things should be 01 or what is right or wrong. It seeks to create frameworks for evaluating moral behavior and decision making. Prescriptive – because it aims to promote guidelines, principles or rules that prescribed how individuals ought to behave. -It aims to guide and dictate moral choices and actions, providing framework for determining the right way to behave on various situations.  METAETHICS 02 – it explores the nature, meaning and foundations of ethical concepts and theories. -It goes beyond merely determining what is right or wrong, instead focuses on understanding the underlying principles of assumptions that inform moral beliefs and judgments.  METAETHICS 02 Descriptive – because it focuses on describing and analyzing the moral beliefs and the language, used in ethics rather than prescribing how people should behave. EXAMPLE: “Murder is wrong” what does it mean? In this statement, expressing a feeling, stating a fact or conveying a rule.  APPLIED ETHICS – it seeks to address specific ethical dilemmas 03 that arises in various fields such as Business Ethics, Medical Ethics, etc. EXAMPLE: In medical ethics “Is it ethical if a doctor be allowed to assist in Euthanasia? The goal of applied ethics is to apply ethical theories and principles to make informed decisions about what actions are morally acceptable in particular context. BASIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 1. Respect for 2. Truthfulness Person ex. showing kindness, ex. honesty listening, supporting and being polite 3. Autonomy -inform the consent 3. Beneficence -emphasizes on moral obligation to act in the beat interest of individuals or the public to promote their well-being. it goes beyond merely avoiding harm (non maleficence) & requires taking, proactive steps for to others It help improve their condition. Example: organ transplant hospitals facilitate organ transplant procedures, to save or significantly improve the lives of patients with organ failure. 4. Omnificence emphasizes on the obligations not to inflict harm intentionally. It is often summarized by a phrased "DO NOT HARM". this principles asserts that It inacceptable to harm a patient or client even the intention is to promote a greater good. EXAMPLE: avoiding overmedication, a physician not to prescribe painkillers to a patient showing signs of addiction, recognizing the potential harm of dependency.  MORAL STANDARDS -are principles or rules that guide human behavior based on what is considered right or wrong, good or bad in terms of ethics. These standards are often universal applying to everyone regardless of culture or personal preferences. These are values that a society uses to determine reasonable, correct, or acceptable. EXAMPLES: Respect, Compassion, Courage, Fairness  MORAL STANDARDS -are guidelines or norms that govern behavior which necessarily involving judgement of right or wrong. These standards might include social conventions, legal regulations or personal preferences. -refers to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical consideration. EXAMPLES: Rules of etiquette Fashion standards Rules of games Various house rules  MORAL DILEMMA Example of dilemma Am I going to tell my mother that my father is cheating on her or break our family or pretend as though nothing happen or continue living together.  3 CONDITIONS IN MORAL DILEMMA EXAMPLE – in Lindsay case, having an abortion is perhaps her best course of action. EXAMPLE – Lindsay has at best two option; To continue her pregnancy or To have an abortion EXAMPLE – whether Lindsay chooses to continue her pregnancy or to have an abortion, the basic moral principle of protecting life (her or her baby’s) will be compromised.  “The complexity of moral dilemmas after requires deep reflection and consideration of values, consequences and the impact on others.” TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMA  ESPISTEMIC MORAL DILEMMA -in this dilemma the challenge lies in uncertainty about what is true or morally 01 justified, that simple conflict of values. ANOTHER EXAMPLE: a doctor might face a dilemma about whether to disclose a terminal diagnosis to a patient, weighing the value of honesty against the potential emotional harm it may cause, all while uncertain about the patient’s preferences for such infos. Overall Epistemic Moral Dilemma emphasis the difficulty of moral decision-making in the light of incomplete or ambiguous information.  ONTOLOGICAL MORAL 02 DILEMMA -these dilemma after arise when these are fundamental disagreements about what it means to be a moral agent or what constitutes ethical behavior.  SELF-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMA 03 – these dilemmas arise from an individuals own values, beliefs or choices. They occur when a person’s moral principles clash with their desires or aspirations. EXAMPLE: choosing between personal gain and staying true to one’s ethical principles.  WORLD-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMA 04 DILEMMA – these dilemmas arise from external circumstances, societal norms or laws that create ethical conflicts for individuals. -They involve situations where individuals must navigate competing moral obligations imposed by the world around them. -Arise from external pressures and societal expectations.  OBLIGATIONS DILEMMA 05 – a specific type of ethical conflict where person faces completing moral duties – one involving an obligation (something they feel they must do) -This typically refers to a moral duty or responsibility that a person feels compelled to fulfill. EXAMPLE: a praents may feel obligated to provide for their child’s needs. 06 PROHIBITION DILEMMA – something they believe they should not do. -This refers to moral or ethical guidelines that prohibits certain action 07 SINGLE-AGENT DILEMMA – involves only one person facing a moral conflicts. This individual must make a decision that involves competing values, obligations or ethical principles. EXAMPLE : a student who must decide whether to cheat on an exam despite knowing its wrong.  MULTI-PERSON DILEMMA – Involves multiple individuals or parties, each with their own values and interest, who must navigate 08 a situation with moral implications that affects them collectively. EXAMPLE: a team of doctors deciding the allocation of limited medical resources during a crisis where they must balance the needs of different patients. A group of friends who must decide whether to support one members unethical behavior leading to a discussion about loyalty versus ethics.