Pharmacology Test VI Blueprint PDF

PN 1005: Pharmacology Test VI Blueprint Ch’s. 41-45, 47-48 Chapter 41 – 8% Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of the Urinary System Ciprofloxacin (Cipro): Use -1 Treat recurrent UTIs caused by E. coli, P. mirabili...

PN 1005: Pharmacology Test VI Blueprint Ch’s. 41-45, 47-48 Chapter 41 – 8% Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of the Urinary System Ciprofloxacin (Cipro): Use -1 Treat recurrent UTIs caused by E. coli, P. mirabilis, and others (not effective against pseudomonas) Fosfomycin: Administration -1 Single-dose treatment for UTI (mix w/ 90-120 mL H20) Pyridium: Use-1 ; Side Effects -1 Use: Relieve burning, pain, urgency, frequency associated with UTIs Side Effects: Reddish-orange urine color - teach patient's to not wear light colored pants/underwear...it WILL stain! Tolterodine (Detrol): Action/Use -1 Action: Block the cholinergic receptors of the bladder, causing relaxation Use: Reduce urgency and frequency of bladder contractions in patients with overactive bladder Don’t feel like you have to urinate as much! Chapter 42 – 8% Drugs Use to Treat Glaucoma and Other Eye Disorders Adrenergic Agents: Use -1 Produce mydriasis for ocular examinations** (dilate pupil before exam/procedures) Beta Blocking Eye Agents: Action/Use -1 Action: Intraocular pressure is reduced with little or no effect on pupil size or visual acuity, mechanism unknown Use: reduce the production of aqueous humor Eye Drop Administration -1 (Ch. 7) Apply gentle traction to lower lid to expose lower conjunctival sac. Drop medication into the lower conjunctival sac. Apply gentle pressure with clean tissue to inner canthus of eyelid. *if more than one medication has to be applied, wait 1 to 5 minutes before administering 2nd drops Isopto Atropine (atropine sulphate): Assessment -1 : Assess for closed angle glaucoma Patient Education -1: caution the patients to temporary avoid tasks that require visual acuity such as driving or operating power machinery Pilocarpine (Pilocar): Use -1 Reverses Mydriasis and cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle) secondary to ophthalmic agents used in surgery or ophthalmic examinations.*(produces miosis)** Chapter 43 – 8% Drugs Used to Treat Cancer Antineoplastic Drug Reactions (Side Effects) -1 bone marrow depression/suppression (resulting in neutropenia), hepatotoxicity, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, alopecia, n/v/d (Antineoplastic Antibiotics end in -cin) Chemotherapy and Cell Division -1 Chemo is most effective on RAPIDLY dividing cells (this is why the majority cause alopecia) Combination Chemotherapy -1 Using cell cycle SPECIFIC and cell cycle-NONSPECIFIC antineoplastic agents. Allows for cell death during different phases of cycle. Has toxic effects on different organs at different time intervals Filgrastim -1 stimulate production of neutrophilic white blood cells. -filgrastim use boosts WBC's Labs during Chemo -1 WBC, RBC, H&H, neutrophils (CBC), also keep an eye on kidney and liver tests Chapter 44 – 10% Drugs Used to Treat Musculoskeletal System Baclofen (Lioresal): Action -1 Act somewhat differently from the centrally acting agents. Manage muscle spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy Colchicine (Lolgout): Use -1 ; Adverse Reactions -1 Use: Prevent and relieve acute attacks of gout*** Adverse Reactions: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea*** Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril): Use -1 in combination with physical therapy, rest, and analgesics to relieve muscle spasms associated with painful musculoskeletal conditions Dantrolene (Dantrium): Use -1 treatment for NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome) Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Antidote -1 airway and oxygen management, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, atropine Probenecid: Action -1 Promotes renal excretion of uric acid and other substances and inhibits reabsorption of urates in the kidney*** Chronic Chapter 45 – 34% Antimicrobial Agents Abx and Diuretics: Adverse Reactions -1 Ototoxicity; nephrotoxicity Abx: Patient Education -2 probiotics, eat yogurt, with women use a backup birth control, wait 30 min before they leave for any medication, hydration, take all antibiotics prescribed Aminoglycosides: Adverse Reactions -3 Neuromuscular blocking (resp depression) when taken with muscle relaxers Ototoxicity*; nephrotoxicity*, Antifungals and Corticosteroids -1 hypokalemia when taken with steroids Broad Spectrum Abx: Use -1 used during empirical treatment, give a broad-spectrum antibiotic first, when culture and sensitivity test comes back then the doctors change the order for antibiotic specific to infection Cephalosporins: Assessment -1 if they are allergic to penicillin, they will be allergic to cephalosporins Common Penicillins -1 Most abx allergies are penicillin related, inhibit cell wall synthesis Culture and Sensitivity -1 determine the causative pathogen. Fluconazole (Diflucan): Use -1 Treat meningitis, candidiasis, systemic candidiasis Isoniazid (INH): Use -1 Treat and prevent tuberculosis** Nystatin: Use -1 Treats different yeast infections Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Use -1 Reduces symptoms of influenza if started within 48 hours of symptom onset Prophylactic Abx -1 for patients with certain cardiac conditions. Secondary Infections -2 serious adverse effect to many abx Tetracycline: Administration -1; Administer 1 hour before or 2 hours after ingesting antacids, milk, or other dairy products, or products containing calcium, aluminum, magnesium, or Fe. Food and milk do not interfere with the absorption of doxycycline. Adverse Effects -1; Photosensitivity (STAINS TEETH AND CAUSES ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA) Contraindications -1;SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO CHILDREN UNDER 8 OR PREGNANT WOMEN Vancomycin: Trough -1 Need trough level drawn, typically after 3rd dose, 30 minutes prior to next dose Trough levels indicate if the amount of vanc is therapeutic enough to clear infection without toxicity Chapter 47 – 12% Herbal and Dietary Supplement Therapy Black Cohosh: Use -1 reduces symptoms of PMS, dysmenorrhea, and menopause Dietary Supplements and FDA -1 Almost all herbal medicines, vitamins, minerals, amino acids for health reclassified as “dietary supplements,” a food category. Must state that product is not evaluated by FDA Echinacae: Use -1 Nonspecific immunostimulant Not recommended in patients with autoimmune disorders or diseases affecting immunity (AIDS) Garlic: Interactions -1 Reduces platelet aggregation; used with extreme caution in patients receiving platelet inhibitors; monitor for bleeding Ginger: Use -1 Alleviates nausea and vomiting Gingko Biloba: Use -1 Treat short-term memory loss,headache, dizziness, tinnitus, emotional instability Vasodilator improves cerebral blood flow May help with intermittent claudication, ED, improve peripheral blood flow in diabetics Reduces platelet aggregation, monitor for bleeding Melatonin: Interactions -1 Do not take with other CNS depressants!! St. John’s Wort: Use -1 Treat mild depression; wound healing Chapter 48 – 5% Substance Abuse Alcohol Withdrawal -1 Visual and auditory hallucinations Seizures** Antabuse -1 helps reduce the desire for alcohol by causing nausea and vomiting with ingestion of alcohol** Health Professionals and Substance Abuse -1 Stress of intense patient care Managing more patients with same resources "Zero tolerance" for mistakes Financial debt Health professionals and substance abuse (Signs of abuse) Behavioral changes: lack of attention to hygiene, mood swings Performance deterioration