Pharmacology: Urinary & Eye Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the common name for Ciprofloxacin?

Cipro

What is the administration of Fosfomycin?

Single-dose treatment for UTI (mix w/ 90-120 mL H20)

What is the use of Pyridium?

Relieve burning, pain, urgency, frequency associated with UTIs

What is the action of Tolterodine?

<p>Block the cholinergic receptors of the bladder, causing relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Adrenergic Agents?

<p>Produce mydriasis for ocular examinations (dilate pupil before exam/procedures)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of Beta Blocking Eye Agents?

<p>Intraocular pressure is reduced with little or no effect on pupil size or visual acuity, mechanism unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Beta Blocking Eye Agents?

<p>reduce the production of aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Pilocarpine?

<p>Reverses Mydriasis and cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle) secondary to ophthalmic agents used in surgery or ophthalmic examinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Baclofen?

<p>Manage muscle spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Colchicine?

<p>Prevent and relieve acute attacks of gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Cyclobenzaprine?

<p>in combination with physical therapy, rest, and analgesics to relieve muscle spasms associated with painful musculoskeletal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Dantrolene?

<p>treatment for NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the antidote for Neuromuscular Blocking Agents?

<p>airway and oxygen management, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of Probenecid?

<p>Promotes renal excretion of uric acid and other substances and inhibits reabsorption of urates in the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Aminoglycosides?

<p>Neuromuscular blocking (resp depression) when taken with muscle relaxers, Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Broad Spectrum Abx?

<p>used during empirical treatment, give a broad-spectrum antibiotic first, when culture and sensitivity test comes back then the doctors change the order for antibiotic specific to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common allergy associated with Cephalosporins?

<p>penicillin allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of Common Penicillins?

<p>inhibit cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Fluconazole?

<p>Treat meningitis, candidiasis, systemic candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Isoniazid?

<p>Treat and prevent tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Nystatin?

<p>Treats different yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Oseltamivir?

<p>Reduces symptoms of influenza if started within 48 hours of symptom onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse effects of Tetracycline?

<p>Photosensitivity, enamel hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication of Tetracycline?

<p>SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO CHILDREN UNDER 8 OR PREGNANT WOMEN</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of Vancomycin?

<p>Treats antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Black Cohosh?

<p>reduces symptoms of PMS, dysmenorrhea, and menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Echinacae?

<p>Nonspecific immunostimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Garlic?

<p>Reduces platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Gingko Biloba?

<p>Treat short-term memory loss, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, emotional instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Melatonin?

<p>Treats insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of St. John's Wort?

<p>Treats mild depression, wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Antabuse?

<p>helps reduce the desire for alcohol by causing nausea and vomiting with ingestion of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Use

Treats recurrent UTIs caused by E. coli, P. mirabilis, and others, but not pseudomonas.

Fosfomycin Administration

Single-dose treatment for UTIs; mix with 90-120 mL of water.

Pyridium Use

Relieves burning, pain, urgency, and frequency of UTIs.

Pyridium Side Effects

Causes reddish-orange urine, which can stain light-colored clothing.

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Tolterodine (Detrol) Action

Blocks bladder cholinergic receptors, causing bladder relaxation.

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Tolterodine (Detrol) Use

Reduces bladder urgency and frequency in overactive bladder.

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Adrenergic Agents for Glaucoma

Produce mydriasis (pupil dilation) for eye exams.

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Beta-Blocking Eye Agents Action

Reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production, with minimal effect on pupil size.

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Eye Drop Administration

Apply gentle traction to lower eyelid, place drops in lower conjunctival sac, gently apply pressure to inner eyelid canthus.

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Isopto Atropine Assessment

Assess for closed-angle glaucoma prior to administration (atropine)

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Isopto Atropine Patient Education

Caution patients to avoid tasks requiring visual acuity temporarily, such as driving or operating machinery.

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Pilocarpine Use

Reverses mydriasis (pupil dilation) and cycloplegia (ciliary muscle paralysis) caused by other eye medications.

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Antineoplastic Drug Side Effects

Bone marrow depression, hepatotoxicity, mouth sores, heart problems, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

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Chemotherapy & Cell Division

Chemotherapy is most effective against rapidly dividing cells (explaining hair loss).

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Combination Chemotherapy

Uses cell cycle specific and non-specific agents to kill cells during different phases of the cell cycle.

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Filgrastim Use

Stimulates production of neutrophil white blood cells.

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Labs during Chemo

Monitor WBC, RBC, H&H, neutrophils (CBC), kidney, and liver function tests.

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Baclofen Action

Manages muscle spasticity from conditions like multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and cerebral palsy.

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Colchicine Use

Prevents and relieves acute gout attacks.

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Colchicine Adverse Reactions

Causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

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Cyclobenzaprine Use

Relieves muscle spasms associated with musculoskeletal pain, often combined with other therapies like physical therapy.

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Dantrolene Use

Treats neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS).

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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Antidote

Airway management, oxygen, and medications such as neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and atropine are used to reverse the effects.

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Probenecid Action

Increases uric acid excretion and inhibits its reabsorption in the kidneys, often for chronic gout.

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Abx and Diuretics Adverse Reactions

Common side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

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Abx Patient Education

Encourage probiotics, yogurt, backup birth control, hydration, and completing the full course of antibiotics.

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Aminoglycosides Adverse Reactions

May cause neuromuscular blockage, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, especially with muscle relaxants.

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Study Notes

Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of the Urinary System

  • Ciprofloxacin (Cipro): Treats recurrent UTIs caused by E. coli, P. mirabilis, and others. Not effective against pseudomonas.
  • Fosfomycin: Single-dose treatment for UTIs. Mix with 90-120 mL of water.
  • Pyridium: Relieves burning, pain, urgency, and frequency associated with UTIs. Causes reddish-orange urine, which may stain light-colored clothing.
  • Tolterodine (Detrol): Blocks cholinergic receptors in the bladder, causing relaxation. Reduces urgency and frequency of bladder contractions in patients with overactive bladder.

Drugs Used to Treat Glaucoma and Other Eye Disorders

  • Adrenergic agents: Produce mydriasis (pupil dilation) for ocular examinations.
  • Beta-blocking eye agents: Reduce intraocular pressure. Mechanism unknown. Little effect on pupil size.
  • Eye drop administration: Apply gentle traction to lower eyelid; drop medication into lower conjunctival sac. Apply pressure to inner canthus; wait 1 to 5 minutes between drops for multiple medications.
  • Isopto Atropine (atropine sulfate): Used in glaucoma treatment. Caution patients on tasks requiring visual acuity.
  • Pilocarpine: Reverses mydriasis and cycloplegia (ciliary muscle paralysis) in patients to prevent vision damage if ophthalmic medications are used surgically.

Drugs Used to Treat Cancer

  • Antineoplastic drugs: Common side effects include bone marrow depression, hepatotoxicity, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
  • Chemotherapy: More effective on rapidly dividing cells. Combines cell-cycle specific and non-specific drugs. Toxic effects differ depending on organ and time of exposure.
  • Filgrastim: Stimulates production of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell).

Drugs Used to Treat Musculoskeletal System

  • Baclofen (Lioresal): Acts differently from centrally acting agents. Used to manage muscle spasticity from various causes. Used for spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis.
  • Colchicine (Lolgout): Prevents and relieves acute gout attacks.
  • Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril): Relieves muscle spasms, often in combination with other therapies.
  • Dantrolene (Dantrium): Treats neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
  • Probenecid: Promotes renal excretion of uric acid and inhibits its reabsorption, aiding in gout treatment. Note the use of the chronic condition designation.

Antimicrobial Agents

  • Aminoglycosides: Associated with neuromuscular blockade (specifically, respiratory depression) and ototoxicity when used with muscle relaxants.
  • Antifungals and Corticosteroids: Can cause hypokalemia if given together.
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics: Initial treatment before culture and sensitivity testing.
  • Cephalosporins: Caution for penicillin allergies.
  • Penicillins: Inhibit cell wall synthesis.
  • Culture and Sensitivity: Identifies the specific causative pathogen. For example, in determining the need to use antibiotics, cultures can distinguish the presence of fungi.
  • Fluconazole (Diflucan): Treats meningitis and candidiasis.
  • Isoniazid (INH): Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.
  • Nystatin: Treats yeast infections.
  • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Reduces influenza symptoms if administered early.
  • Prophylactic antibiotics: For patients with heart conditions. Note the condition designation.
  • Adverse effects from antibiotics can affect multiple organ systems.

Herbal and Dietary Supplement Therapy

  • Black Cohosh: Reduces symptoms of PMS, dysmenorrhea, and menopause. This use of the herbal supplement is to manage symptoms.
  • Dietary supplements: Classified as food. FDA does not evaluate these types of products.
  • Examples include echinacea, garlic, ginger, gingko biloba, melatonin, st. john's wort.

Alcohol Withdrawal and Substance Abuse

  • Alcohol withdrawal can result in visual/auditory hallucinations and seizures.
  • Antabuse{Antabuse}Antabuse (Disulfiram): Used as a deterrent to alcohol consumption via the induction of nausea and vomiting.
  • Health professionals can also face burnout and substance abuse; behavioral changes indicate possible issues.

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Description

This quiz covers drugs used to treat various urinary system disorders and eye disorders, including those related to glaucoma. It highlights specific medications and their mechanisms of action. Test your knowledge on the treatment and administration protocols for these conditions.

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