Pcc Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy PDF

Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Course Number:...

Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Course Number: PH BIO SCI 101 Lecture Course Title: PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Instructor: Roberto P Fontalba, RPh Learning Activity # 1 Topic: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Botany Expected Time of Completion: 2 hours A. Learning Outcomes At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Recall the historical development of Botany and relate this to present-day conditions. 2. Differentiate the characteristics of plants and animals 3. State the role and importance of plant to human life 4. Classify the plants and animals B. Learning Content This module was prepared for you to demonstrate familiarity of basic plant science. You will be able to explain the basic concept of plant science, trace the origin and evolution of plants, discuss the importance of plants and enumerate the different fields of Botany. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Botany BOTANY: The scientific study of plants; also called plant biology. It is the branch of biology which deals with the structure, physiology, reproduction, evolution, diseases, economic uses, and other features of plants. The word botany can be traced to ancient Greek word “botane” meaning “grass”, “plants”, or “fodder.” Importance of Botany  Green plants form the basis for all life on earth. Plants are the most important larger autotrophs.  Plants are our primary food sources all food is dependent on plants (animal protein mostly comes from domesticated animals that are fed plant materials).  Green plants form the basis for all life on earth. Plants provide the primary source of building materials-lumber cellulose for paper fibers for clothing.  The fuel we use to power our cars, homes, and industries (natural gas, oil, and coal) is the product of fossilized ancient deposits of plants.  All medicines and drugs originally came from plants and many still do. History of Botany  Early humans were hunter/gatherers, they had no domesticated crops or animals.  Early humans in North America (13,000-9000 B.C.) hunted large game, such as giant ground sloths.  For various reasons (climate change, overhunting of big game animals, increased food supply), agriculture developed around 8,000 B.C.  Agriculture involves the selection of certain plants, the propagation of those plants, and the selection of desired traits in those plants.  An example is the wild relative of wheat. The wild relative of wheat in the Middle East has a seed coat that does not separate from the grain very easily. Modern varieties of wheat are easily separated, suggesting that the ease of harvest, especially by manual labor, was a trait that was selected for by early humans. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 1|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph  Another wheat trait that varies is shattering of the seed head-the wild form shatters easily, the cultivated form does not  An early scientist Aristotle, 384 B.C., a Greek Philosopher was also a botanist. Founded the first botanical garden of historical record.  When he died, Theophrastus of Eresus (European) continued to studied plants and wrote many articles. He wrote 10 books on history of plants in which about 500 species (with curative properties). One of his books called “Enquiry into Plants” classified the plants based on the geographical ranges, sizes, uses and growth patterns. The other work called “On the Causes of Plants” explained the economics of growing plants. He is the Father of Botany.  In the 2nd century A.D., Pliny the Elder (Roman) - Historia Naturalis listed known for medical uses of plants (1000 medicinal plants).  Pedanius Dioscorides (Greek)- De Materia Medica was the first book with illustrations of plants.  Valerius Cordus – wrote a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance: “The Dispensatorium”.  Galen (Graeco-Roman) – Galenicals which described preparations of plant and animal drugs.  Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish) – wrote the book Species Plantarium, described binomial system of classification. He is the Father of Taxonomy.  These books are known as herbals, as they deal primarily with the medical use of plants.  During the dark ages, there was little new knowledge added about plants.  The herbals were studied by herbalists, who developed a theory that held that a plant part that resembled a human part should be used to treat associated diseases.  The development of the microscope led to the modern exploration of plant structure and function. Why study Botany? An Asset in a Liberal Education. Since plants constitute one of the most conspicuous features of human surroundings, a knowledge of the principles which govern plant life is an important part of a liberal education. Plants have been part of all major human activities, and are involved in studies of anthropology, economics, aesthetics, literature, religion, and politics. An Appreciation of the Place of Human Beings in Nature. An awareness of man’s dependence upon plants for food, textiles, rubber, dyes, lumber, medicines, oxygen, and many other products increases man’s appreciation of the activities of plants and of his place in nature. Plants are by far the most numerous living things on earth, and man, in spite of his impact upon some parts of the earth’s surface, is a newcomer who is in a relatively minor position. An Important Tool in Many Professions. In many practical fields, such as forestry, pharmaceutics, agronomy, horticulture, plant breeding, soil conservation, and bacteriology, a knowledge of the fundamental features of plant behaviour is essential or exceedingly helpful. Fields of Botany Plant molecular biology: Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids). Plant cell biology: Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells Plant physiology: How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition). Plant genetics: Plant heredity and variation. Plant ecology: Interrelationships among plants, and between plants and their environment. Plant taxonomy and systematics: Oldest branch of botany. It is concerned with the naming of species and describing the evolutionary relationship of species to each other. Plant geography: Study of the geographic distribution of plants. Plant morphology: Form and structure of plants. Cytology: Cell biology (cell structure and function). Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 2|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Plant breeding and Genomics - tomorrow  Developing plants that are resistant to pests, droughts, and pollution using plants to produce pharmaceutical chemicals through genetic engineering (biopharming)  This will be from both traditional breeding programs where certain traits are selected and from genetic engineering.  Plants may be used in removing pollutants from water and soil LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Characteristics of Living Things 1. Organization Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks. 2. Energy Plants and other organisms take in and use energy.  Plant Cells -the basic functional and structural building block of living things. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work All living things get the energy they need to live from a chemical reaction called respiration. This process needs glucose as a starting point. * respiration and photosynthesis are opposites. Importance of Photosynthesis The process is as important for the humans and animals as it is for plants. Other than glucose, which is an important source of carbohydrates, even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot produce these nutrients on our own, and hence have to depend directly on plants, or other animals (which feed on these plants) to derive them. Plants, being the only producers, have a crucial role to play in any food chain. 3. Interaction with environment Plants respond to stimuli in their environment. Plants undergo growth and development. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 3|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph 4. Reproduction Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction. Reproduction 5. Heredity DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms. 6. Evolution Plants and other organisms evolve. 7. Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments Adaptation KEY TERMS: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) A nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information EVOLUTION Cumulative genetic changes in a population of organisms from generation to generation NATURAL SELECTION Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin)  Tendency of organisms that have favourable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation. Differences between plants and animals The differences that distinguish most plants from most animals are: 1. Most plants are able to manufacture their own food from raw materials from the air and soil, while animals lack this ability and depend upon plants for their food. 2. Most plants have green pigments, chlorophylls, which are lacking in most animals. 3. Most plants contain cellulose in their structural framework, a substance lacking in all but a few species of animals. 4. Most plants are stationary, whereas most animals are capable of locomotion. 5. Most plants have an unlimited scheme of growth, as contrasted with the limited scheme of most animals. In unlimited growth, meristems (growth zones) persist during the life of the plant and add to its size. 6. Most plants produce spores, non-sexual reproductive cells. Which are generally lacking in animals Importance of Botany to Man 1. Without plants, there would no food for animals or man. 2. Plants provide oxygen 3. Supply timber to build homes, ships and furniture 4. Hair and fibers to manufacture clothing and papers 5. Provides fuel from coal 6. Spices and flavouring to season our food 7. Oil and resins to manufacture perfumes, paints, soaps and varnishes 8. Use manufacture insecticides 9. Decay of dead organisms 10. Plants are sources of drugs Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 4|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Future roles of botany and botanical scientists  New medical uses of plants may be developed from studying native people uses of wild plants.  Plants will be an important component of space exploration for both oxygen generation and food supply. Overview of Taxonomy Three-Domain Classification 1. Archaea (Kingdom archaea) 2. Bacteria (Kingdom bacteria) 3. Eukarya (All other kingdoms) Six-Kingdom Classification 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista (protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds) 4. Fungi (molds, yeasts) 5. Animalia 6. Plantae KINGDOM A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms DOMAIN A taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdoms SPECIES A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics In nature, they breed only with one another and have a close common ancestry. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 5|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph C. LEARNING ACTIVITIES After reading and understanding the course content, it is your turn to do some activities. You use the given activity sheet provided. Make sure to give your answers completely and concisely. If questions need to be answered in essay form, stick to the point. 1. How to study Pharmaceutical Botany? 2. Describe the other fields or departments of Botany: a. Plant Embryology f. Mycology 3. Horticulture b. Phytopathology g. Bryology 4. Forestry c. Phytogeography h. Applied Botany: 5. Plant Breeding d. Phytopaleontology 1. Pharmacognosy e. Alcology 2. Agronomy D. RESOURCES The following materials are worthy references for you to understand the course better: 1. Introduction to Botany https://byjus.com/biology/botany/ 2. Historical development of Botany https://www.britannica.com/science/botany/Taxonomic-aspects 3. General Botany by Harry J. Fuller and Donald D. Ritchie 4. Pharmaceutical Botany by Heber Wilkinson Youngken E. ASSESSMENT This part will elaborate the importance of botany in pharmaceutical fields. Use Long bond paper for your output and submission date is on Sept. 1, 2020. 1. Using the Binomial System above, give two examples each from Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia and Kingdom Fungi. (Refer to Table 1-1. Classification of Corn). 2. List the Top Ten Medicinal Plants approved by the Medicinal-DOH [Department of Health] in the Philippines. Tabulate your answers [Common name/s, scientific name, Family name, Indication and Picture]. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 6|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Activity / Assessment Rubrics: ELEMENTS EXAMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING POOR REPORT 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point 1. Language and construction The text is written The text is written with Spelling, Errors in spelling, with no errors in little or no editing punctuation, and capitalization, grammar, required for grammar, grammar errors punctuation, usage capitalization, punctuation, and impair readability and grammar need punctuation, and spelling. major editing spelling 2. Format Report is well Minor errors in format Considerable errors Did not follow the prepared in format prescribed format 3. Neatness Report is in an Report is in an orderly Report is in a packet Report is disorderly, orderly packet and is packet and is neat, with with several smudges with many smudges incredibly neat, with a few smudges no smudges 4. Completion All of the work is Most of the work is Some of the work is Student did not turn complete complete complete in report 5. Time Management Report was received Work was 1 day late Work was 2 days late Work was 3 or more on the due date days late TOTAL: 20 points F. REFRENCES: Mauseth, James D. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 5th Edition, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publisher, 2012. Mauseth, James D. Plants and People. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2015 Bidlack, James E. Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology. New York, NY: McGraw:Hill, 2014. Leventin, Estelle. Plants and Society. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Bhattacharyya, Bharati. Systematic Botany. England: Alpha Sci. Inc., UK, 2009. WEBSITES http://chipmuk.apgea.army.mil/ento/PLANT.html http://csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tflab/reproch.htmlReproductive https://www.britannica.com/science/botany/Taxonomic-aspects https://byjus.com/biology/botany/ Prepared by: Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy Instructor, College of Pharmacy Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 7|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Course No: PH BIO SCI 101 Lecture Score: Section: Modular Learning Output #1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Date/Time of Submission: Sept. 1, 2020 (not later than 6:00 pm) Learning Activity: 1. How to study Pharmaceutical Botany? 2. Describe the other fields or departments of Botany: Fields Description a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 8|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph h. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Just shade the face that describes you best in accomplishing this module. THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS Name: Checked by: Course/Year: Date received: Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 9|P a g e  Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208 www.pcc.edu.ph Name: Checked by: Course/Year: Date received: ASSESSMENT: (Long bond paper, Font size 12, Font style: Century Gothic, Single space and Blue Ink for your answers). 1. Using the Binomial System above, give two examples each from Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia and Kingdom Fungi. (Refer to Table 1-1. Classification of Corn). 2. List the Top Ten Medicinal Plants approved by the Medicinal-DOH [Department of Health] in the Philippines. Tabulate your answers [Common name/s, scientific name, Family name, Indication and Picture]. Ph Bio Sci 101 | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 10 | P a g e