Introduction to Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy - PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  BASIC CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND PLANTS Definition: What is Botany? ✔ Derives from the Greek Word: BOTANE- herb (plants) ✔ Scientific study of plants ✔ Plants: a wide range of organisms from the smallest bact...

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  BASIC CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND PLANTS Definition: What is Botany? ✔ Derives from the Greek Word: BOTANE- herb (plants) ✔ Scientific study of plants ✔ Plants: a wide range of organisms from the smallest bacteria to the largest living things  BOTANY - Branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life - Covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi - Covers all organism not considered animals - Including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. - Began with early human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants - One of the oldest sciences - Came from the 3 Greek words “graze,plant,cattle” ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) First Scientist Pioneered techniques of logic, observation, inquiry and demonstration Influenced Western Philosophy and Scientific Culture Photo-scientific method involved making meticulous observations about everything SIR FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626) Credited with being the first to define the scientific method Father of Modern Scientific Method Scientific Method A process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. THEOPHRASTUS Greek Naturalist Prepared a list of 500 plants with their names and description Historia Plantarum-the oldest experience in botanical work  TH HISTORY OF BOTANY (PRE-17 CENTURY) 4th century BCE A.D 60 Aristotle and Dioscorides Theophrastus  TH HISTORY OF BOTANY (DURING 17 CENTURY). Early 17th century 1640 1665 1674 1686 Search of Anton van knowledge Johannes Robert Leeuwenho John Ray become van Helmont Hooke ek stagnant  TH HISTORY OF BOTANY (DURING 17 CENTURY). 1727 1758 1760 Widespread Carolus Stephen Hales practice of Linnaeus Botany HISTORY OF BOTANY (LATER PART OF 18TH CENTURY) Laid the foundation for the chemical analysis of plant metabolism Joseph Priestly  HISTORY OF BOTANY (EARLY PART OF 19TH CENTURY). 1818 1840 1847 1859 1862/1865 Chlorophyll Study of Photosynthe Charles Gregor was Plants sis Darwin Mendel discovered  HISTORY OF BOTANY (20TH CENTURY UP TO PRESENT). Early 20th 1903 1936 1940 century Nitrogen 2 types of Fixation/nitrificati Alexander Oparin Ecology Chlorophyll on BRANCHES OF SCIENCE INVOLVED IN BOTANY: AGRONOMY ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY BRYOLOGY ECONOMIC BOTANY ETHNOBOTANY FORESTRY HORTICULTURE LICHENOLOGY PALEOBOTANY PALYNOLOGY PHYCOLOGY PHYTOCHEMISTRY PHYTOPATHOLOGY PLANT ANATOMY PLANT ECOLOGY PLANT GENETICS PLANT MORPHOLOGY PLANT PHYSIOLOGY PLANT SYSTEMATICS TAXONOMY IMPORTANCE OF BOTANY: ◼ Generates oxygen, food, fibers, fuel and medicine that allow humans and other life forms to exist ◼ Prevent soil erosion and are influential in the water cycle ◼ Produce food to feed an expanding population ◼ Understand fundamental life processes ◼ Produce medicine and materials to treat diseases and other ailments ◼ Understand environmental changes more clearly BOTANIST/ SCIENTIST INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF PLANTS LUTHER BURBANK (1849-1926) ◼ American botanist, horticulturist, and a pioneer in agricultural science AUGUSTIN PYRAMUS DE CANDOLLE (1778-1841) ◼ He originated the idea of “Natures War” which influenced Charles Darwin DAVID DOUGLAS (1799-1834) ◼ Scottish botanical explorer of North America and China, who imported many ornamental plants into Europe PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES ◼ Physician, pharmacologist, toxicologist and botanist ◼ Author of De materia medica CARL LINNAEUS (1707-1778) ◼ Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of Binomial nomenclature. ◼ Father of modern taxonomy ◼ One of the fathers of modern ecology GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1822-1884) ◼ Augustinian priest and scientist, and is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants CARLOS MUÑOZ PIZARRO (1913-1976) ◼ Chilean botanist ◼ Known for his studies of Chilean flora, and it’s conservation RICHARD SPRUCE (1817-1893) ◼ English Botanist and explorer who carried out a detailed study of the Amazon flora AGUSTIN STAHL (1842-1917) ◼ Conducted investigations and experiments in fields of ethnology, and zoology in Caribbean region GEORGE LEDYARD STEBBINS , JR. (1906-2000) ◼ Widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century ◼ Developed a comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics  THEOPHRASTUS ◼ Father of Botany ◼ Established botanical science through his lectures (Enquiry into Plants) ◼ Historia Plantarum LEONARDO DA VINCI(1452-1519) ◼ Italian polymath: a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, chemist, painter, Sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer  ROBERT BROWN ◼ Use of microscope ◼ Angiosperm and genosperm ◼ Pollination CHARLES DARWIN ◼ The father of evolution  ROBERT HOOKE ◼ Cell  CLAUDIUS GALEN ◼ Physician and anatomist