Diversity in Canada: An Overview PDF

Diversity in Canada: An Overview PFD180 Diversity and Indigenous Peoples in Canada Ferhat Goktepe, EdD  OUTLINE INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY IN CANADA THE CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY: KEY CHALLENGES FOUR STATE IDEOLOGIES HISTORY OF IMMIGR...

Diversity in Canada: An Overview PFD180 Diversity and Indigenous Peoples in Canada Ferhat Goktepe, EdD  OUTLINE INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY IN CANADA THE CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY: KEY CHALLENGES FOUR STATE IDEOLOGIES HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY IN CANADA INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN CANADA SUMMARY  Mentimeter Activity Please go to www.menti.com Enter the code 99 25 01 62 99 25 01 62 Answer the questions Putting Yourself in Someone Else's Shoes - YouTube  Introduction Canada: Nation of immigrants One of the most diverse countries Ethnocultural & religious diversity 2020 General Social Survey 92.0% value diversity All contribute to diversity  Introduction Canadian census tracks origins & religions since 1871 Evolving mosaic of diversity Statistics Canada improves data collection 450+ ethnic, cultural origins 200 birthplaces 100 religions 450 languages Comprehensive approach: Recognizes ancestral backgrounds Captures diversity within categories  Introduction Each person has a unique set of characteristics Diversity seen in 2021 Census origins Indigenous groups ✓ First Nations, Métis, Inuit Early European settlers ✓ French, English, Scottish, Irish Later immigrant waves ✓ Italians, Germans, Ukrainians, Chinese, Indians, Filipinos  Diversity in Canada Population (million) 4 5.7 4.4 5.3 4.4 Canadian English Irish Scottish French  Diversity in Canada 2001 2021 77.10% 53.30% 34.60% 16.50% 4.90% 2.00% 1.00% 2.30% 0.90% 2.10% Christian No Religious Affiliation Muslim Hindu Sikh  Diversity in Canada Multiple racialized groups All racialized groups growing Racialized groups, n.i.e. Japanese Korean West Asian Southeast Asian Latin American Arab Filipino Black Chinese South Asian 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 All racialized groups in Canada have been growing from 2001 to 2021 (statcan.gc.ca)  Diversity in Canada 28.70% 44.30% 3.00% 5.40% 9.20% India Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Canada The Diversity of the South Asian Group (Birthplace)  Diversity in Canada 7.10% 8.20% 11.30% 36.40% 29.40% English Punjabi Urdu Hindi Tamil The Diversity of the South Asian Group (Mother Tongue)  Diversity in Canada 7.20% 7.10% 2.80% 8.80% 2.40% Nigeria Ethiopia Democratic Republic of the Congo Jamaica Haiti The Diversity of the Black Population (Birthplace)  Diversity in Canada White people 25+ million ✓ 70% of the Canadian population Diverse ancestry of the “White only” group ✓ 400+ ethnic or cultural origins ✓ 40.7% multiple origins ✓ The most common origins reported o Canadian ➔ 21.2% o British Isles ➔ 40.4% o French ➔ 14.8% o Western European ➔ 15.8%  Diversity in Canada 15.80% 21.20% 14.80% 40.40% Canadian British Isles French Western European The Diversity of the “White only” Group (Origin)  Diversity in Canada 1.50% 1.10% 0.80% 0.80% 27.20% 65.50% English French Italian German Russian Portuguese The Diversity of the “White only” Group (Mother Tongue)  Diversity in Canada Provide an overview of the ethnocultural & religious diversity of Canada Represent many different nationalities and cultural backgrounds Heterogeneous in race, culture, ethnicity, religion, etc. Canada ➔ known for fairness, equality Institutional responses to diversity in Canada Multiculturalism policies Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Provincial human rights laws Employment equity programs Academic and social research studies Inequalities for Indigenous & diverse minorities Disparities in justice system interactions  Diversity in Canada Diversity Variety of human qualities among different people and groups Ethnic, social, or gender variety in a community of people Diversity of a community Primary aspects/dimensions ✓ Age, ethnicity, race, gender (identities), physical abilities/qualities, sexual orientation Secondary aspects/dimensions ✓ Educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, parental status, religious beliefs, and work experience ✓ Fluid & less fixed than primary ones  Diversity in Canada Boyington, 2020, p. 5 https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781772555950/pageid/22  Diversity in Canada Multiculturalism Suggest an ideal of cultural variety Describe the actual state of a society and its condition of having a diverse population Exists in many countries ✓ Canada o National ideology & state policy o The first nation to make multiculturalism a part of its national Constitution The Concept of Diversity: Key Challenges What Is Privilege? - YouTube The Concept of Diversity: Key Challenges The Concept of Diversity Social construction of differences A human resource strategy A value in a mission statement A corporate strategic objective or a policy The name of a course  The Concept of Diversity: Key Challenges Diversity as a framework for social change Need more than a celebration of human diversity Need more than the acceptance of differences Need for a framework ✓ Promote justice and equity ✓ Make things fair for everyone ✓ Challenge patterns of unfair treatment, oppression, and discrimination  1. The Celebratory Approach Canada's diversity challenges Celebratory Fails to address ✓ Unequal power relations ✓ Histories of social exclusion, discrimination, privilege, and oppression  1. The Celebratory Approach Civil Marriage Act (July 2005) ✓ Legalized same-sex marriage ✓ Irwin Cotler's Perspective o An achievement of marriage equity o An example of Canadian leadership in equity, freedom, and justice o Becoming a vibrant and open democracy  1. The Celebratory Approach Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (in 1982) ✓ The first country in the world to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy ✓ Guaranteed rights and freedoms o Freedom of expression o Rights of Indigenous Peoples o The right to equality o Language rights o The protection of Canada’s multicultural heritage  1. The Celebratory Approach Criticism of Celebratory Diversity Racial/ethnic communities were treated as archetypes, not individuals Superficial differences are seen as exotic Diversity initiatives: Avoiding trivialization ✓ "Celebrate difference" vs. multiculturalism ✓ More than special events ✓ Addressing real issues  2. The Difference Approach Social construction of differences Keeps the dominant group's standards intact Diversity concept: Identity aspects Used to refer to significant aspects of our identity ➔ We attach social meaning Certain characteristics become valued and create privilege ➔ Create privilege Some characteristics are devalued ➔ Result in marginalization ➔ Creates oppression  2. The Difference Approach Diversity initiatives: Sameness vs. Difference Problematic to teach how to "appreciate and accept difference" ✓ Fails to address unequal power relations ✓ Overlooks histories of social exclusion and oppression in Canada It can be hard to acknowledge ✓ Social power and privilege provide o Advantages to some people (often unearned) o Disadvantages to others Recognizing this unfairness is the first step ✓ Truly appreciating and accepting diversity  3. The Anti-Oppression Approach Rethinking Diversity Framework Promotes equity, justice, inclusion Challenges patterns of oppression and discrimination Acknowledging power and privilege ✓ Central to the social construction of our identities People will experience certain advantages and disadvantages ✓ Based on the socially constructed meanings assigned to aspects of identity o Race, class, gender, ability, age, sexual orientation, family status, religion, spirituality, language, accent, ethnicity, citizenship, etc.  3. The Anti-Oppression Approach Practitioners employing the Anti-Oppression framework Acknowledge historical oppression and social exclusion of affected communities New consciousness of power ✓ Based on the community’s definition and understanding of their own reality ✓ Challenges accepted truths and realities ✓ Challenge dominant viewpoints and perspectives ➔ Contribute to the oppression and marginalization of others  3. The Anti-Oppression Approach Practitioners employing the Anti-Oppression framework Needs to ensure consistency with the needs of diverse populations ✓ Address power, privilege, self-definition, leadership, and participation “Becoming an ally” strategies ✓ The need for affected communities o To define their own issues o To develop their own solutions o To determine their own leadership structures Four State Ideologies 1. Multiculturalism Ideology 2. Civic Ideology 3. Assimilation Ideology 4. Ethnist Ideology  Four State Ideologies 1. Multiculturalism Ideology Supports people of diversity in maintaining/promoting their distinctive culture Four main principles of Multiculturalism Ideology 1. Adopting the public values of the host country 2. The private values of individual citizens are protected 3. The state recognizes multicultural values and protects them o From interference by other people and by the state itself 4. The state should fund the ethnocultural activities of o Its long-standing citizens and newcomers  Four State Ideologies 2. Civic Ideology The same as the multiculturalism ideology ✓ No government funding to encourage ethnocultural diversity Example: Great Britain  Four State Ideologies 3. Assimilation Ideology A “homogenization” or “melting pot” ideology Newcomers are expected to ✓ Give up their cultural and linguistic identities ✓ Start following the host nation’s culture The state ✓ Protects the private values of individual citizens ✓ Reserves the right to limit the expression of these values under certain circumstances Example: The United States  Four State Ideologies 4. Ethnist Ideology Quite like "assimilation ideology" Difference from "assimilation ideology" ✓ The state has more control to decide o Which groups are permitted to assimilate Example: Japan & Israel History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada Immigration in Canada Started with the arrival of English & French Explorers First contact between Indigenous peoples and European peoples Colonization of the eastern part by the French & English Treaties acknowledging Indigenous Nationhood History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada Constitutional status at Confederation for English and French 1867 The core of Canada’s approach to diversity Bilingualism  History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada Canada’s immigration policy Early focus The late 1800s ✓ A labour pool for settlement and agriculture Shifted emphasis to ✓ Establishing a Canadian industrial base the mid-1900s Canada recognized the rights of minorities To maintain their culture and traditions Some exceptions acknowledged History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada The Massey-Levesque Commission Linked cultural diversity and Canadian identity 1950 Ethnocultural diversity in Canadian society Gradually became an essential ingredient Immigration Contributes about 2/3 of population growth History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada The 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights Outlawed discrimination by federal agencies The Immigration Act of 1960 1960 Immigrants were not to be refused entry into Canada on the grounds of race, national origin, colour, or country of origin Resulted in more immigration from Southern Europe, Africa, and the West Indies History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada The Official Languages Act of 1969 Required the government to give equal status, 1969 rights, and privileges to both official languages in federal institutions Required federal institutions to serve Canadians in their chosen official language  History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada Canada’s official multiculturalism policy (1971) Provided programs and services The 1970s ✓ To help individuals from diverse cultures and 1980s overcome barriers to their full participation in Canadian society Substantial numbers of refugees admitted to Canada History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Granted parents who are members of an English or French linguistic minority in their communities to have their children educated in 1982 the official language of their choice Section 27: “This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.”  History of Immigration and Diversity In Canada The concept of diversity Expanded from language, ethnicity, race, and religion To include gender, sexual orientation, ability/disability, and age The rights of diverse groups are protected in other Canadian legal responses ✓ The Canadian Human Rights Act ✓ The Employment Equity Act ✓ The Canadian Multiculturalism Act Provinces have passed similar legislation and developed programs International Agreements signed ✓ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948) ✓ The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (UN, 1966) Indigenous Peoples In Canada  Indigenous Peoples In Canada Significant Indigenous Presence in Canada before the arrival of Europeans Impact of European Contact Disadvantageous position Social changes, new technologies, imported diseases The Europeans’ quest for new lands  Indigenous Peoples In Canada European Influence in North America: 1500s-1900s The main European influences: French and British French and British competition for dominance by establishing settlements Impact on Indigenous Peoples Land displacement Loss of skills, languages, traditions Dependency on Government Missionary Influence Residential schools ✓ Abuse & cultural suppression  Indigenous Peoples In Canada Indigenous land rights were first 1973 recognized based on a group’s traditional use and occupancy of a certain area of land The Charter of Rights and Freedoms recognized and affirmed the treaty rights 1982 of Aboriginal peoples to protect their cultures, traditions, and languages The Royal Commission report identifies 1996 legal, political, social, economic, and cultural issues crucial for the survival of Aboriginal Peoples Government partnership with Indigenous peoples in Canada to improve their health, housing, and public safety, 1998 strengthen their economic development, and help them implement self- government EMBRACING DIVERSITY & INCLUSION : A Short Film (Out of Royalty free Video, Stock footage) - YouTube  SUMMARY Canada: a diverse and multicultural country Encourages cultural diversity Current Immigration Trends 200,000+ immigrants annually South Asians, Chinese, and Black people ✓ The largest visible minority populations The trend of increasing immigration ✓ Many implications for the development of a Canadian identity  Diversity in Canada: An Overview PFD180 Diversity and Indigenous Peoples in Canada Ferhat Goktepe, EdD