Indigenous Canada Grade 9 Social Studies Lesson PDF

Indigenous Canada Lesson Part 1  Cultural Diversity in Canada Today Canada is one of the most diverse nations on Earth 40% of Canadians were not born in Canada Over 200 different cultures in Canada Largest groups?  Has Canada always been culturally dive...

Indigenous Canada Lesson Part 1  Cultural Diversity in Canada Today Canada is one of the most diverse nations on Earth 40% of Canadians were not born in Canada Over 200 different cultures in Canada Largest groups?  Has Canada always been culturally diverse?  https://native-land.ca/  Indigenous Diversity Diversity is not new to Canada Canada has always been diverse The major cultures in the past were different than those today Huron, Iroquois, Inuit, Mohawk etc. Indigenous groups had hundreds of different cultures, religions and languages Their world was just as complicated as our world What happened to Canada’s Indigenous Diversity? The arrival of two new cultures to this diverse country would impact the hundreds of other cultures…. What are the two cultures that have shaped modern Canada? Arrival of the French in 1534 French Canada For 230 years the French controlled Canada They called it? “New France” Capital City? Quebec Primary Purpose? Provide animal furs for French fashion Relationship with the indigenous groups? Positive Traded with them to get the furs New France lasted 230 years…..until? 1759 the English Conqueror Quebec (Seven Years War) English Canada Canada becomes British French allowed to stay but they must swear an oath of loyalty to King George III In return the British promise to protect the French Language, Culture and Religion French are given province of Quebec...the English? Ontario Nova Scotia New Brunswick PEI…… etc…. Why did the English want Canada? The French wanted fur The English wanted land The English needed farmland England was overpopulated.. They needed land for their poor Especially the Scottish, Irish, Welsh… and American Loyalists But what was the problem the English encountered when they came to Canada? There were people already living on the land…. The French needed the indigenous people to hunt and gather furs So they had a positive relationship The English needed the land…… They needed to get the native people off the land… So they had a…… Conflict based relationship….. Wars are costly….. What’s a cheaper way to achieve their goals? Diplomacy 外交 Treaties 外交條約 What is it? A treaty is a contract between two nations… Hundreds of treaties were signed by the native people and the English Treaty promises: -Yearly payments -Medical Care -Food Aid -Farming Tools -Education for their Children -Right to use the land -Right to live on the land Will you Sign? Toronto Purchase Treaty (1805) The Mississauga People lived on that land for 10,000 years…. 3 some of the people of In 1805 the British met that tribe…. The British paid them 10 Shillings ($40 or 1000 NT) for 100,000 km of land… Those who signed may have just been random members of the tribe. (Not the leaders) Today the land is worth over $100 Billion Dollars 2010: The Mississauga People sued the Canadian government saying the 1805 treaty was unfair $145 Million given to in compensation $20,000 given to each member. (460,000 NT English Canada Every year more English settlers arrived in the Canadian colonies They settled on indigenous land and set up farms and built cities Where did the indigenous people go? They had to relocate to the “Reservation” Also called the “Reserve” What is it? It is an area of land in the treaty that was “reserved” for indigenous people This was the land that they were expected to live on And stay on Could be arrested if they leave What was the land like? Types of Land? Agricultural Land Land Good Soil Easy to Farm Given to the English people Indigenous Reserves were located…… Mountainous Land Swamp Land Tundra Indigenous Reserves Built on land that was impossible to farm… That were far from English cities… What happened to Indigenous language and culture during this time period? It continued… They were isolated 孤立 But this would change…. Canadian Confederation 1867 Dominion of Canada (1867) We had French Canada We had English Canada Now we have Canadian Canada The British colonies in North America unify to form a new “country” Canadian Laws would now be made in Canada We would have our own Canadian government We would even have our own Prime Minister  John A. Macdonald First Prime Minister In 1867 when sees his new “country” he sees a problem What is the problem? Canada is rapidly industrializing Every year new factories The cities are growing Workers are needed… Only 3 million people in the country And about 1/3 of the population lives like…. How did he see the indigenous people? They don’t speak English They don’t have jobs They don’t farm In his eyes “They do nothing” They live like “savages” 野蠻人 What should be done about them? How can Macdonald help Canada and “help them” Maybe there is a way to assimilate 文化同 化 them ….. But how to do it? Adults are hard to assimilate Who is easier? Assimilate the Kids! What was one of the “treaty promises”? -Yearly payments -Medical Care -Food Aid -Farming Tools -Education for their Children Residential School System Teach the children English Teach them European history and culture Teach them Christianity 基督教 The kids will forget their “culture” They will assimilate And become “Good Canadians” And then in the future….. We will have millions of new workers for Canada! But there was a problem… Before class and after class… They were going home and living in their tradition ways Using their native languages to talk to their parents and grandparents…. Listening to their traditional stories from their family Believing in their traditional religion 傳統宗教  As John A. Macdonald said… “When the school is on the reserve the child lives with his parents, who are savages野蠻人; he is surrounded by savages, and though he may learn to read and write English, his habits, and training and mode of thought are savage.” So what is the solution? “The child must be removed from the reserve” Take the children away from their parents! Send them hundreds km away from their family To boarding schools Forbidden from going home…. Forbidden from speaking their language Forbidden from following their culture Forbidden from following their religion Strict Rules and Discipline If they refused to follow the rules They would physically abused, beaten, whipped, denied food Thousands died at these schools You would be punished for being “native” Mental impact for students? Feeling like it is wrong to be indigenous Was the program a success? What was the result of the Residential schools? Cultural Genocide 文化滅 絕 Hundreds of indigenous cultures were destroyed Their languages that they spoke for thousands of years was…. ……..Forgotten When did the last residential school close? 1996 What does this mean? 1. This policy lasted over 100 years It was able to do damage for a long time 2. Many Canadian leaders believed it was a good program We sent our teachers to Australia and New Zealand to do teach the white people their to do the same to their indigenous people 3. This is not ancient history Many of the people alive today were students at these schools Why does this matter? What has been their experience with schools? How would you view education? What would you tell your kids about education?  After over a 100 years of cultural genocide…. An extremely high amount of dislike and mistrust towards the educational system…. But what is the consequence of this? How many Indigenous Canadians finish high school today? Only 52% Non-Indigenous Canadians- 92% How many complete university? Only 18% Canadians- 60% Why does this matter? Higher Education = Higher Income Why the huge difference? Today more than 50% of Indigenous Canadians live in poverty 40% do not have access to clean drinking water in their home. In comparison 98% of Canadians have access to clean water at home 38% more likely to go to prison Depression rates are 13x times higher for Indigenous Canadians Suicide rates for Indigenous Canadians are 11x higher than Non-Indigenous  The Life Expectancy White Women 80.5 years White men is 78.5 years What about for Indigenous Canadians in 2020? Women 62 Men 56. Why the 20 year 52difference?  So what can the government do to restore trust in the educational system? It’s ironic….. Canada spent over 100 years trying to destroy its Indigenous diversity We have spent millions of dollars to try and destroy their culture…… And now what will the Canadian government need to do?  Spend millions of dollars to repair and restore their culture But how do you repair a culture? The first step is acknowledging 承認 your people committed cultural genocide 文化滅絕 And then? Teaching students about what happened….