Pervasive Computing Part 2 PDF

Chapter 10 Pervasive Computing Part 2 INF112 Learning Outcomes – Students should understand the basics of: ▪ Disruptive Technologies ▪ 3D printing and 3D scanning technologies ▪ Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) ▪ Extended reality (Metaverse) ▪ The concept of a digita...

Chapter 10 Pervasive Computing Part 2 INF112 Learning Outcomes – Students should understand the basics of: ▪ Disruptive Technologies ▪ 3D printing and 3D scanning technologies ▪ Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) ▪ Extended reality (Metaverse) ▪ The concept of a digital twin ▪ How physical objects can be translated into digital models, and how digital models can be used to create physical objects. Disruptive Technologies Technologies that challenge or replace existing processes or products by introducing a more efficient or value-driven alternative. Class discussion: Is this a disruptive technology? Disruptive Technologies ▪ Ubiquitous AI (easy to integrate AI capabilities ) ▪ Spatial Computing (Mixed Reality) ▪ Big Data – Velocity, Volume and Variety ▪ Autonomous Vehicles ▪ Blockchain ▪ Additive Manufacturing (3D printing) ▪ Robotics ▪ IoT ▪ Quantum computing (huge computing power can enhance devices beyond recognition)  Disruptive Technologies 5 UNCTAD, based on data from Maddison Project Database, version 2018, Bolt et al. (2018), Perez (2002), and Schwab (2013).  3D Printing ▪ AKA Additive Manufacturing ▪ Opposite of subtractive ▪ Various types of 3D printers ▪ Use various materials to print with ▪ Facilitates various prototypes ▪ Fail fast (innovation) ▪ Customisation ▪ Easy to change design and print for an individual ▪ Cost reduction due to time savings 6 3D Printing Conventionally, parts are manufactured using injection molding The smaller and more complex a part is, the higher the cost associated with creating a mold Turnaround time can be months. Mistakes are expensive. 3D printing enables engineers/ designers to create prototypes at a fraction of the time and cost to be used for fit and form testing, manufacturing aids, molding and casting tools, prototypes & end-use parts for production 7 Types of 3D Printing ▪ Several different forms from small (nano) printing to printing the walls of houses ▪ Selected based on: ▪ Speed ▪ Process (take into account restarting) ▪ Strength ▪ Quality ▪ Ethics (should we be allowed to print human or other tissues? Who should have access to these medical products?)) 8 Types of 3D Printing ▪ SLA (Stereolithography) ▪ DLP (Digital Light Processing) ▪ FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) – Layer by layer ▪ SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) ▪ SLM (Selective Laser Melting) ▪ EBM (Electronic Beam Melting) ▪ LOM (Laminated Object Manufacturing) ▪ BJ (Binder Jetting) ▪ MJ (Material Jetting) The FDM method is the most common 3D printing method 9 3D Modelling ▪ In order to print something, you need a design to print You can ▪ Create it (Use CAD- Computer Aided Design) ▪ Or download designs (e.g. from ThingiVerse) 10 3D printing in South Africa ▪ Project Aerosud at CSIR ▪ The biggest 3D printing machine on the planet - allows for the printing of components up to 2 m long, 600 mm wide and 600 mm high ▪ A metal-additive manufacturing system ▪ Uses a laser to melt titanium powder to produce metal parts for the commercial aerospace manufacturing sector ▪ https://www.csir.co.za/project-aeroswift ▪ Makerspace at UP ▪ Building a digital repository of human skeletal remains for research and education ▪ Improve understanding of bone diagnosis due to certain situations such as gunshots in anatomically complex sites 11  Makerspace available to all UP students Visit the Makerspace in the Merensky Library Have a look at the different 3d printers Take a design and print it for yourself 12 13 3D Scanning – Physical to virtual So far , we talked about printing physical products from the virtual world But it can be done the other way around too We can scan physical things and put them in a virtual world Even if a scene is built directly from a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scanning 3D scan of a real environment, the discrete objects in that scan will act like a fixed background scenery. – (Downs et al., 2022) 3D Scanning Example A person can be scanned using software that is available on portable devices such as tablets and mobile phones.  Then the scan can be rendered in the digital space. Note: the object is static (it cannot move around in the digital space) 15 Taking 3D Scanning further Change static objects into dynamic objects To animate the figure, the figure must be “re-topologized”. For the process, see the first few minutes of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCdhkLUCV8A The process involves building a rig or skeleton for the figure, and applying it to the geometry of the figure. The “skin” of the figure is created by using many small vertices. Then the figure can be moved programmatically. So what is VR, AR and the Metaverse? ▪ Augmented reality (AR): a view of the real world—physical world—with an overlay of digital elements. ▪ Mixed Reality (MR): a view of the real world—physical world—with an overlay of digital elements where physical and digital elements can interact. ▪ Virtual reality (VR): a fully-immersive digital environment. ▪ Extended reality (XR): an umbrella term that covers all these different technologies, including AR, MR, and VR. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/beyond-ar-vs-vr-what-is- the-difference-between-ar-vs-mr-vs-vr-vs-xr?srsltid=AfmBOoo_A-hXS- BWmgFjTW7e_zhOhg2CPc6RSd-AuCWC-V39cN_fH3_K 18 Representation of the virtuality continuum From https://www.interaction-design.org Mixed Reality Example A 3D artist uses virtual reality hardware and modelling software to draw a 3D object. The artist’s room can be seen in the background. The images of the troll and the screen of the modelling software (Virtual Desktop) are virtual objects. The artist interacts with the virtual objects. When the object has been modelled, it can be 3D printed in any size. 20 Digital Twins Immersive technology allows people to recreate a "digital twin" of an object or a location Definition: “A mirror image of a physical process that is articulated alongside the process in question, usually matching exactly the operation of the physical process which takes place in real time” – Batty, 2018 “Complete digital replica of physical assets, systems and processes” – Rausch, 2021 21 Digital Twins Examples BMW informatics students – create digital twins for BMW cars https://naturalhistory.si.edu/visit/virtual-tour/current-exhibits/deep-time-enhanced-virtual- tour-fossil-list Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris Fire in 2019. Assisted in rebuilding The Metaverse So what is the Metaverse? Investopedia defines it as "a shared virtual environment that people access via the Internet. Technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are combined in the metaverse to create a sense of 'virtual presence.'” Metaverse Technology is a 3D virtual universe that mimics and recreates the aspects of the real physical world. It also allows users to interact and communicate in the digital world. 22 Defining the Metaverse Currently there is no agreement on a single definition for the term metaverse (Dwivedi et al., 2022; Nevelsteen, 2017). Instead, many literature sources present their own explanation and definition of what the term metaverse is and entails. A definition: It consists of the prefix “meta,” which means “beyond” and the stem “verse” from the term “universe.” It is an infinite digital space that exists as a simulated extension of the physical world (Oh et al., 2022). The metaverse allows complete anonymity. 23 Applications of the Metaverse “Metaverse as a tool” means the metaverse is used to solve difficulties and problems in the real world. “Metaverse as a target” refers to how the metaverse itself can perform actions such as developing the metaverse and generating profits. 24 Security and Privacy Issues of the Metaverse 25  Summary VR and AR are two types of immersive technologies Immersive technologies create distinct experiences by merging the physical world with a digital or simulated reality Extended reality is a combination of VR and AR In the extended reality, we get new “worlds” such as digital twins and the metaverse We can create 3D objects through software such as TinkerCad or a 3D scanner 3D objects are only images and do not move in the virtual space  Summary : Recurring Metaverse Concepts ▪ The Metaverse consists out of many scalable, simulated, real-time, shared and persistent virtual environments or worlds (data spaces) that may overlap, extend or enhance the physical word. ▪ There are various forms of real-time virtual interaction in the Metaverse. ▪ Humans may be represented by a virtual self that is called an avatar or a software agent. ▪ The virtual world consists out of many data spaces or objects. Agents may interact and experience some of these objects. ▪ Finally, users or agents may enjoy various social, educational, economic and leisure activities in the Metaverse as an extension of their offline life. 27