Homeostasis (Indonesian) PDF

HOMEOSTASIS  Menjaga kondisi internal dalam tubuh dalam kondisi konstan Normal Physiological ranges In fasting blood Arterial pH 7.35-7.45 Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L O2 content 17.2-22.0 ml/100 ml Total lipid 400-800 mg/100 ml Glucose 75-1...

HOMEOSTASIS  Menjaga kondisi internal dalam tubuh dalam kondisi konstan Normal Physiological ranges In fasting blood Arterial pH 7.35-7.45 Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L O2 content 17.2-22.0 ml/100 ml Total lipid 400-800 mg/100 ml Glucose 75-110 mg/100 ml 4 MEKANISME HOMEOSTATIK MELIBATKAN: Reseptor - menerima informasi Pusat kontrol - memerintahkan apa yg harus dilakukan Effektor - merespon utk merubah lingkungan internal 1-10 Negative Feedback: Inhibitory 6 Positive Feedback: Stimulatory. Stimulus trigger mechanisms that amplify the response and reinforces the stimulus. 7 Kondisi internal yang perlu dikontrol misalnya  Temperatur  Kadar glukosa  air dlm tubuh  ion dlm tubuh  pH darah  dll  Temperatur tubuh dimonitor dan dikontrol oleh pusat termoregulator di hipotalamus  Mempunyai reseptor yg sensitif thd suhu darah yg mengalir ke otak  Reseptor temperatur di kulit mengirim impuls ke pusat -----beri informasi suhu kulit  Animals with a large surface area compared to their volume will lose heat faster than animals with a small surface area. Volume = _______ Volume = _______ Surface area = ______ Surface area = ______ Volume : Surface area Volume : Surface area ratio = ___________ ratio = ___________  Volume : Volume : Surface area Surface area ratio = 1:6 ratio = 1:5 For every 1 For every 1 unit of heat unit of heat made, heat made, heat is lost out of is lost out of 6 sides 5 sides Volume : Volume : Surface area Surface area ratio = 1:6 ratio = 1:5 The bigger the Volume : Surface Area ratio is, the faster heat will HOMEOSTATIS TUBUH TERHADAP SUHU PANAS  Otot kulit akan relaksasi, rambut flat  Glandula sudorifera sekresi keringat di permukaan kulit utk meningkatkan pembuangan panas scr evaporasi  Vasodilatasi pembuluh darah kulit, panas banyak dibawa darah ke kulit, dibuang ke udara The skin  This means more heat is lost from the surface of the skin If the temperature rises, the blood vessel dilates (gets bigger). vasodilatasi  HOMEOSTASIS TUBUH TERHADAP SUHU DINGIN  Otot kulit berkontraksi, rambut tegak  Glandula sudorifera berhenti mensekresi  Vasokontriksi pembuluh darah kulit  Kontraksi dan relaksasi otot secara cepat, menghasilkan energi panas (menggigil)  This means less heat is lost from the surface of the skin If the temperature falls, the blood vessel constricts (gets shut off). vasokontriksi Mekanisme termoregula si 1-11  Tubuh memerlukan kadar glukosa yg konstan.  Kelebihan glukosa dirubah menjadi glikogen dalam hati / hepar  Diatur oleh 2 hormon yg dihasilkan pankreas : Insulin Glucagon Glycogen If there is too much glucose in the blood, Insulin Insulin converts some of it to glycogen Glucose in the blood Glycogen If there is not enough glucose in the blood, Glucagon Glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose. Glucose in the blood  Glucose levels rise after a Insulin is Glucose meal. produced and Concentration glucose levels fall to normal again. Normal Time Meal eaten  Glucose levels Glucose rise after a Concentration meal. Diabetic Insulin is not produced so glucose levels stay high Time Meal eaten Glycogen The glucose But there is in Glucose the blood to no insulin concentration increases. convert it into rises to glycogen. dangerous Insulin levels. Glucose in the blood OSMOREGULASI  Mengontrol level air dalam tubuh  Hipotalamus mengontrol pelepasan ADH  Kontrol level air oleh ginjal OSMOSIS Sel  0.9% NaCl 3% NaCl normal krenasi  0.9% NaCl 0.5% NaCl normal bengkak lisis  ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH= VASOPRESIN) Collecting Duct ADH H2O Hypertonic Interstitial Fluid Urine  ? ? ? ? Unit Unit 1 - Objective 1 - Objective 1 7  Normal status Misalnya krn Air< < di darah apa??? Terdeteksi oleh hipotalamus ADH >> dilepaskan Oleh glandula pituitaria Ginjal mengabsorbsi Banyak air Produksi Urin > di darah Karena apa??? Terdeteksi oleh hipotalamus ADH > pH darah diatur oleh 1. Kidneys 2. Lungs 3. Buffers in blood H+ DISEKRESI HCO3- DIABSORBSI Bloo H+ d Kidney HCO3- Urine Nephron  Jika pH terlalu rendah  Ekskresi ion hidrogen, mempertahankan bikarbonat  Jika pH terlalu tinggi  Mempetahankan hidrogen, ekskresi bikarbonat  1 Tubulus Proksimal 4 Tubulus Distal NaCl Nutrients H2 O HCO3 H2 O K+ NaCl HCO3 H+ NH3 K+ H+ KORTEKS 2 Filtrasi Lengkung Henle turun H2 O Salts (NaCl and others) NaCl HCO3– H2 O H+ Urea MEDULA NaCl Glucose; amino acids LUAR Some drugs 3 5 Tubulus Lengkung Henle Pengumpul naik Key Urea NaCl H2 O Active transport Passive transport MEDULA DALAM Unit 1 - Objective 1 Jika pH terlalu rendah  Bernafas lebih cepat untuk mengeluarkan CO ( CO akan 2 2 membentuk asam karbonat dlm darah) Jika pH terlalu tinggi  Bernafas lebih lambat utk mempertahankan CO 2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- Carbonic Acid Blood pH Drops to 7.3 How does the body compensate? Breath faster to get rid of carbon dioxide eliminates acid Blood pH Increases to 7.45 How does the body compensate? Breath slower to retain more carbon dioxide – retains more acid