Personality 2024 PDF

Personality  Dr Tabassum Alvi Assistant Professor Psychiatry Majmaah University  Learning Objectives  1 Define Personality? 2 Explain theories of personality development? 3 Compare different Personality Types? 4 Devise strategies to wo...

Personality  Dr Tabassum Alvi Assistant Professor Psychiatry Majmaah University  Learning Objectives  1 Define Personality? 2 Explain theories of personality development? 3 Compare different Personality Types? 4 Devise strategies to work with different personalities?  Assignment  How do you see your personality development in the light of theories of personality and identify your strengths and weaknesses and how to improve?  PERSONALITY ‘The distinctive and characteristic patterns of behaviour, emotions and thinking that define an individual personal style and influence interactions with the Environment’ It is stable over time since adolescence and manifested in different environments and recognizable to acquaintances.  KEY CONCEPTS TEMPRAMENT  It refers to hereditary aspects of personality e.g. sensitivity, irritability, moody, friendly etc. PERSONALITY TRAIT A stable enduring quality that person shows in most situations e.g. being friendly, competitive, sociable etc. PERSONALITY TYPE A style of personality defined by group of related traits e.g. introvert, extrovert etc. Cont…  KEY CONCEPTS  SELF CONCEPT A person’s perception of his or her own personality traits. Self concept can be positive or negative. Self concept affects personal adjustment. SELF ESTEEM A positive evaluation of oneself i.e. regarding oneself as a worthwhile person  Comparison of Personality Types Extroversion   Introversion  The state of or tendency toward  They obtain gratification from what is being wholly or predominantly outside the self“, Extroverts tend to enjoy concerned with and interested in human interactions one's own mental life“  Enthusiastic/talkative/assertive energized, and gregarious  They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing,  Likely to enjoy time spent with people using computers, hiking and fishing. and find less reward in time spent alone.  They are more analytical before  They are more prone to boredom when speaking. they are by themselves.  Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings  Comparison of Personality Types Type A Personality  ❖ Competitive ,achievement oriented, sense of time urgency, get angry easily and hostile. ❖ Appears to promote heart disease, depression and distress. ❖ Shorten life span Type B Personality ❖ Easy, Non competitive, placid and cool. ❖ Life span is prolonged.  PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT   Intellectual or Cognitive development  Psychosexual development  Social development  How personality is formed    No-one fully knows the extent to which personality is determined by genetics and hereditary factors, compared to the effects of up-bringing, culture, environment and experience.  Nature versus Nurture: Most studies seem to indicate that it's a bit of each, roughly half and half, although obviously it varies person-to-person.  Personality changes over time Intellectual or Cognitive Development  Jean Piaget KEY CONCEPTS:  Human children are viewed as inquiring scientists who make up schemas about physical world and assimilate and accommodate the new information ❖ Schemas---theories about how physical & social world operate. ❖ Assimilation---refers to using existing schemas in new situation. ❖ Accommodation---modifying a schema to fit in new information PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY  Best known Psychodynamic approach introduced by Sigmund Freud Our Personality  Conscious- things we are aware of. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.  PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES   Oral stage  Anal stage  Phallic stage  Latency  Genital stage   EROGENOUS ZONE At each stage different part of body becomes a child’s primary erogenous zone FIXATION An unresolved conflict or emotional hang up caused by over indulgence or by frustration  ORAL STAGE  ❖ 1 to 18 months----erogenous zone---mouth ❖ Oral fixation----dependent personality (passive, attention seeking, want to be mothered and showered) aggressive and sarcastic adults. ❖ Oral traits----over eating, alcoholism, smoking.  ANAL STAGE  ❖ Between ages 18 months to 3 years----erogenous zone -----anal region ❖ Anal Fixation---Anal retentive personality---- rigid, obsessional, orderly, & compulsively clean ❖ Anal Fixation---Anal expulsive personality---- disorderly, destructive, messy, & cruel  PHALLIC STAGE  ❖ 4 to 5 years ❖ Oedipus Complex: Boy feels interest in mother and rivalry with father ❖ Electra Complex: Girl loves father and competes with mother ❖ Phallic personality traits – narcissism (Responsible for formations of disturbed relationship later on)  PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES  LATECY ❖ From age 6 to puberty psychosexual development is dormant GENITAL STAGE ❖ Begins at puberty ❖ Person successfully negotiated earlier stages enters mature phase of adult functioning  Eric Eriksson  Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development  Psychosocial stages of personality development  Trust Vs. Mistrust   Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt  Initiative Vs. Guilt  Industry Vs. inferiority  Identity Vs. Role Confusion  Intimacy Vs. Isolation  Generativity Vs. Stagnation  Integrity Vs. despair   TRUST MISTRUST  Trust Vs. Mistrust   Birth to 18 months  Infancy  Trustworthiness, sense of hope  Insecurity, suspiciousness & inability to relate to others  Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt   18 months to 3 years  Early childhood  Autonomy----self control without loss of self esteem, ability to cooperate & express oneself  Shame & doubt----compulsive, resistant, defiance  Initiative Vs. Guilt   3 to 5 years  Late childhood  Encouragement----develops ability to evaluate one’s own behavior, sense of purpose, Feels confident in doing what they want.  Discouragement----self denial, self resistant or feels guilty if they do something of their choice.  Industry Vs. inferiority  6 to 12 years  School age  Sense of industry---realization of competence and realization of their skills.  Feeling of inferiority---withdrawal and inadequacy  Identity Vs. Role Confusion   12 to 20 years  Adolescence  Identity----coherent sense of self, plans to actualize one’s abilities  Role confusion----indecisiveness.  Intimacy Vs. Isolation   20-40 years  Young & middle adulthood  Intimacy----Establishment of intimate & personal relationship  Isolation----Failure to establish intimacy  Generatively Vs. Stagnation   40-65 years  Late adulthood  Generativity----Creativity, productivity, concern for others  Stagnation----Self indulgences, impoverishment of self  Ego Integrity Vs. despair   65 years to death  Adjustment to changing physical self  Adjusts to deaths of relatives, spouse & friends  Integrates philosophical & religious values into understanding of self and promote comfort  Review accomplishments  Depression, loss and failure  PERSONALITY DISORDERS  ‘Enduring deeply ingrained maladaptive pattern of behaviour or inner experience that markedly deviates from the expectations of the individual’s culture, and manifested in different ways: ways of perceiving and interpreting self and others the rang of mood and it’s intensity and impulse control. -Personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive causing either significant impairment in social or occupational functioning, subjective distress or others have to suffer. In the DSM personality disorders are grouped into three clusters ( A, Band C) based on similarities in symptoms, traits and defense mechanism used. Cluster A ( odd and eccentric people). Cluster B ( dramatic, emotional and erratic people). Cluster C (anxious or fearful people).  Classification of Personality Disorders Cluster DSM ICD A Schizoid Schizoid Paranoid Paranoid Schizotypal.............. B Histrionic Histrionic Antisocial Dissocial Borderline Emotionally unstable.Borderline.Impulsive type Narcissistic ………… C Avoidant Anxious Dependent Dependent Obsessive Compulsive Anankastic  Personality clashes or just differences?  ‘Some people weave burlap into the fabric of our lives, and some weave gold thread. Both contribute to make the whole picture beautiful.' Anonymous  Conclusion   Understanding different personalities helps you clarify your thoughts and emotions.  Helps to understand your own self.  Helps in accepting and dealing with different people.  Assignment  How do you see your personality development in the light of theories of personality and identify your strengths and weaknesses and how to improve?   Thank you