Perpetuation of Life: Plant and Animal Survival PDF

Perpetuation of Life Earth and Life Science Objectives: understand why organism needs to reproduce describe the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction define genetic engineering and explain its significance in modern biology What do you think will happen if every orga...

Perpetuation of Life Earth and Life Science Objectives: understand why organism needs to reproduce describe the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction define genetic engineering and explain its significance in modern biology What do you think will happen if every organism suddenly loses the ability to reproduce?  Reproduction in Plants and Animals Reproduction is a fundamental biological process that ensures the survival and continuity of species across generations. It plays a crucial role in maintaining genetic diversity, which is vital for adaptation and resilience in changing environments.  Why Organisms Reproduce? 1. Survival of Species Reproduction is essential for the continuation of species, ensuring that genetic material is passed down to future generations, thus preventing extinction  Why Organisms Reproduce? 2. Genetic Diversity Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation among offspring, which enhances adaptability and survival in changing environments. This diversity allows populations to better withstand diseases and environmental stresses  Why Organisms Reproduce? 3. Population Growth Asexual reproduction enables rapid population increases since a single organism can produce numerous offspring quickly, which is advantageous in stable environments  Why Organisms Reproduce? 4. Adaptation Mechanism The genetic recombination during sexual reproduction facilitates natural selection, allowing for the emergence of traits that may be beneficial for survival in fluctuating conditions  Why Organisms Reproduce? 5. Repair and Growth Reproductive processes like mitosis not only facilitate reproduction but also play a critical role in growth and tissue repair in multicellular organisms  Why Organisms Reproduce? 6. Resource Utilization Asexual reproduction allows organisms to exploit available resources efficiently, as they do not require a mate to reproduce, making it easier to colonize new habitats Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes (egg cell and sperm cell) through fertilization. In plants, flowers play a major role in sexual reproduction as it houses the structures for this process.  Flowers Flowers serve as the reproductive organs of plants. They facilitate pollination, which is the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma. Successful pollination leads to fertilization, where ovules in the ovary become seeds.  Flowers Flowers produces pollen (male gametes), and they also contain the female reproductive organs (stigma, style, and ovary) PARTS: 1. Calyx- Made up of sepals. Protects the flower bud before it opens and supports the petals. 2. Corolla- Composed of petals. Attracts pollinators with bright colors and scents; protects reproductive parts. 3.Stamen- composed of anther and filament. Responsible for pollen production and distribution. 4.Gynoecium- Facilitates fertilization and seed development. Composed of ovary, style and stigma  Flowers Pollination: Flowers plays a critical role in pollination. Pollinators, such as insects, birds, or wind, transfer pollen from one flower to another, fascilitating fertilization.  Fruits After fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit. Fruits are essentially the mature ovaries of plants. Fruits can either be fleshy (ex: apples and berries) or dry (ex: nuts and legumes) Fruits contain seeds, which are mature ovules that can grow into new plants. Seeds Seeds are essential for plant reproduction; they contain the embryo of a new plant. Seeds allow propagation of flowering plants Seeds can remain dormant until conditions are suitable for germination. It typically consists of an embryo, stored food (endosperm & cotyledons) and a protective seed coat.  Relationship of Plant Parts Flowers serves Fruits develop Seeds contain as the site for around seeds to the embryo and polination and provide stored nutrients fertilization, protection and for the growth leading to seed facillitate seed of a new plant. formation dispersal. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction where an organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism. Characteristics: Offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones). Common in single-celled organisms and some multicellular organisms.  Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Common in bacteria and single-celled organisms. The organism splits into two equal halves, each becoming a new individual.  Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding Involves the formation of a new organism from a bud on the parent. Example: Yeast and hydra.  Types of Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation The parent organism breaks into pieces, each capable of growing into a new individual. Example: Starfish and flatworms.  Types of Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Propagation New plants grow from parts of the parent plant (stems, roots). Example: Strawberries and potatoes.  Types of Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg. Common in some reptiles, insects, and fish.  Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Definition: Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, involves altering the genes of an organism to create a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Purpose: This technology aims to enhance desired traits, improve resistance to diseases, and increase agricultural productivity. Tools Used in Genetic Engineering 1. Restriction Enzymes- Cut DNA at specific sequences for gene isolation and insertion. 2.Ligases- Enzymes that join DNA fragments together. 3. CRISPR-Cas9- A revolutionary tool for precise genome editing, allowing for targeted modifications.  Advantages: 1. Enhanced Crop Yields - can lead to the development of crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental conditions, resulting in higher yields and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides Advantages: 2. Improved Nutritional Content: - can enhance the nutritional profile of food. For example, biofortified crops can contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals, addressing malnutrition in vulnerable populations  Advantages: 3. Improved medicine -plays a crucial role in medicine, including the production of insulin, growth hormones, and vaccines. It enables the development of gene therapies that can treat genetic disorders  Advantages: 3. Disease Resistance: -create plants and animals that are resistant to diseases, reducing losses in agriculture and enhancing food security  Disadvantages: 1. Ethical Concern -The manipulation of genetic material raises ethical questions regarding the extent to which humans should interfere with nature. Issues include animal welfare and the potential for "playing God" with life forms  Disadvantages: 2. BIODIVERSITY LOSS -The widespread adoption of genetically modified crops can lead to a reduction in biodiversity as traditional varieties may be abandoned or crossbreed with GMOs, potentially leading to unforeseen ecological consequences  Disadvantages: 3. Health risk -There are concerns about the long-term health effects of consuming genetically modified foods. Some studies suggest potential allergenicity or unintended effects on human health, although consensus on safety is still evolving  Disadvantages: 4. Economic Concerns -The patenting of genetically engineered seeds can lead to monopolies in agriculture, making it difficult for small farmers to compete. This can increase dependency on large biotech companies for seeds and agricultural inputs  You will be assigned a position on the use of GMOs in our food supply. You will formulate an argument to support the position. You will then be called randonly to share your argument with the class. Rate your understanding. Thumbs up - I understood most of the lesson Thumbs down- I did not understand anything.