Per Dev Quarter 1 Reviewer PDF

lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Per Dev Quarter 1 Reviewer Creative and Critical Thinking (Isabela State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university D...

lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Per Dev Quarter 1 Reviewer Creative and Critical Thinking (Isabela State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 1: Introduction to Personal Development Human Development and Personal Development  Physical Development - Which covers the growth of the body and the brain, motor and sensory skills and even physical health  Cognitive Development - Which covers our capacity to learn, to speak, to understand, to reason and to create  Psychosocial Development - Which includes our social interactions with other people, our emotions, attitudes, self- identity, personality belief and values Factors that Affect Human Development  Heredity or the inborn traits passed on by the generations of offspring's both sides of the biological parents families  Environment is the world outside of ourselves and the experiences that results from our contact and interaction with this external world.  Maturation is the natural progression of the brain and the body. Personal development The process in which persons reflect upon themselves, understand who they are, accept what they discover about themselves, and learn new sets of values, attitudes, behavior and thinking skills to reach their fullest potential as human beings. Origins of Personal Development  The first Homo sapiens drew figures to narrate their experiences.  The Greek philosophers asked questions about the self and being human.  Eastern cultures emphasize the quest for being a “superior man.” Psychology and Personal Development Psychology - It is the study of human behavior and mental processes. Humanistic and Positive Psychology - Discussed the issues of growth and search for meaning Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Personal Development in Adolescence Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood. Three Stages of Adolescence (Corpus et al., 2010) 1. Early Adolescence - 10 to 13 years of age 2. Middle Adolescence - 14 to 16 years of age 3. Late Adolescence - 17 to 20 years of age Self-Awareness It is the ability to know yourself extensively not only regarding your traits and characteristics but also knowing your inner state and how you think. Self-awareness theory: According to psychologists Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund, when you focus on yourself, you tend to compare what you currently observe to the standards you set for yourself. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 2: Knowing Oneself Approaches to Understanding the Self  self-concept - This refers to your perception of yourself and how you define and understand yourself as a multidimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being.  self-esteem - This refers to a positive or negative self-evaluation of the self- concept.  self-worth - This refers to how much you value yourself.  self-efficacy - This refers to your belief and confidence that you can accomplish tasks and control your environment.  self-complexity - This refers to the varying ways in which you can think about yourself, which can be high or low according to researchers. Types of Self Awareness a. Internal Self Awareness - Clearly seeing your inner self: your personality, values, desires, reactions, and impact on other people b. External Self Awareness - Involves understanding how others see you The “self” may be identified in various context such as in psychology, sociology or religion.  Psychology “self” is a essence of a person thought, feelings and actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles and relationship.  Religion “self” includes a person’s life purposes, meaning, aspirations and one’s relationship with a higher being.  Sociology “self” is defined by the roles when we relate with others. Steps to Become More Self-Aware Delay Take feedback gratification. constructively. Ask yourself why. Take feedback constructively. Take feedback constructively. Let go of biases. Reflect often. Use tools to Downloadedknow by viliva yourself. jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 3: Developing the Whole Person Holism Holism emphasizes the totality of the person. It is the tendency in nature to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolution. Gestalt (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler) Gestalt – Whole The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Mind and Body Dualism Socrates argued that the person is dualistic made of a body and a soul We believe in dualisms such as male or female, good or bad, yin and yang and life or death Various Aspects of Holistic Development of Persons a. Physiological – physical attributes b. Cognitive – intellectual functioning c. Psychological – how thinking, feeling and behaving interact d. Social – interaction with others e. Spiritual – beliefs, values, virtues. Physiological Development  Some major physiological changes occur during puberty.  These changes are from the reproductive hormonal activity and central nervous system.  Adolescence is a crucial period of establishing patterns of health-influencing behaviors. Cognitive Development  cognition – remembering, attending, and reasoning  cognitive processes – learning, memory, language, perception, problem solving, and abstract thinking  attitude – cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements  Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – variations in development  mindfulness – awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, and sensations Psychological Development Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856  It is on how our cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements of attitude act in accordance with or in opposition to another  under developmental psychology  Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development theory – various stages of identity development  Maturation timeline in our life has conflicts in terms of our personal and social needs, according to Erikson. Social and Emotional Development  inherent and innate capability to reach out and form relationships  four basic emotions: happy, sad, fearful or surprised, and disgusted or angry  involves understanding and managing our emotions, resolving social conflicts, and making responsible decisions  important in building relationships, solving problems, and coping with challenges Spiritual Development  the discovery and experience of the inner guide that steers the values and virtue of a person  adolescence – interconnectedness and empathy  adulthood – search for meaning in life and self-transcendence Basic Drives and Affects  Behavior - Manifestation of an attitude and individual has  Attitudes - Persons thoughts, feelings and emotions about another person, object, idea, behavior, or situation. - It is the result of evaluation. Personal Development and Stress Management  stress – reaction to demands and pressures; challenges our ability to cope  stressor – any event, force, or condition that results in stress  Improving the five critical areas of personal development improves our ability to manage life challenges. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Bandura’s Triardic Reciprocal Causation Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 4: Development Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence Each developmental stage in adolescence is characterized by different milestones in the physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional domains. Principles of Development Consequences of Change Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Erik Erickson Identity Theory Erik Erickson proposed that there are eight stages of development. Each Stage is characterized by a crisis that needs to be resolved. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 5: The Challenges During Middle and Late Adolescence Challenges Faced by Adolescents  Attitudes and behavior toward sexuality and sexual relationship Adolescents exploring their sexuality should be able to draw their limits in terms of sexual expression and should be responsible to see the consequences of their behavior  Academic Concerns The role of student is the primary role of an adolescent who is still in school  Group Belongingness While there is an urge to be independent and autonomous from family members, thre is also an urge to seek a replace of this support system  Health and Nutrition Adolescents, because of their growing bodies and brains, are giften with so much energy that seems inexhaustible, resulting to abuse of body and mind  Developing Self-Esteem Adolescents who are creating their self-identity should be objective and balanced when viewing themselves  Roles Although the roles seem separate and different from each other, we must learn to integrate all these roles.  Material Poverty There are a lot of stories about adolescents who are going through various types of financial difficulties  Parents Working Abroad Several studies show that migration is indeed heartbreaking, making them long for parental care, and even develop consumerist attitudes  Parents Working Abroad Several studies show that migration is indeed heartbreaking, making them long for parental care, and even develop consumerist attitudes  Relationships Maintaining relationships require certain level of maturity  Values and Beliefs Different people may endorse conflicting values and beliefs Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Common Issues During Adolescence  Physical Concerns - Achieving physical perfection may be taken to extremes, resulting in more problems.  Substance and Alcohol Abuse Drug addiction is a condition in which an individual is unable to control the use of addictive substances known as psychoactive drugs. Alcohol is a substance that affects five neurotransmitters responsible for thinking, feeling, and behavior.  Teenage Pregnancy The UN Population Fund in 2011 reported that there’s a 65% increase in cases of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines over the duration of 10 years.  Peer Pressure This refers to a group's influence on a person's decisions or actions. Social and Emotional Competence  Emotional competence is the ability to manage emotional responses.  Social competence is the ability to relate to others effectively. Rebellion - This is when adolescents reject societal standards and replace them with their own Morality - This is a set of principles that a person chooses to live by. It influences his or her decisions about what is right and wrong. Concrete Thinking - This involves making conclusions based on the actual presence of an object or direct experience with a concept. Abstract Thinking - This involves imagining or comprehending things that are not physically present. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 6: Coping with Stress in Middle and Late Adolescence Stress - A reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disturbs the well-being, state of calm, or equilibrium of a person. Stress may be caused by situation that may be life threatening or life-changing (Stressors) Stress Is the way the body reacts to challenging situations. Cortisol – stress hormone Common Stressor  School demands  Selecting a school or college  Separation anxiety College life  Romantic relationship  Family definitions and expectations  Health concerns  Social life  Bullying Common Coping Mechanism  Conduct Creative Imaginary of the Problem  Seek group or social support  Get intro relaxation activities  Create more comfortable situation  Lean to manage your time  Eat nutritious food Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856 Chapter 7: The Power of the Mind: The Whole Brain Theory The Human Brain The brain has always been a fascinating body part. It is a delicate, gel-like organ that is considered as the most powerful part of the human body. The study of the brain made it easier for people to understand how it connects bodily functions together and how it affects your cognitive abilities and behavior.  Forebrain: This is considered the biggest part of the brain. It mostly consists of the cerebrum.  Midbrain: This part is found between the forebrain and the hindbrain. It is responsible for eye movement and auditory information.  Hindbrain: This part is composed of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. The Four Lobes of the Brain  Frontal Lobe - This region is responsible for the higher-level thinking processes like problem solving, learning, and organizing.  Parietal Lobe - This region integrates sensory data like touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45155856  Temporal Lobe - This region’s main function is to process auditory signals and information. It is an important component in understanding language.  Occipital Lobe - This region processes visual information, including the detection and identification of colors, movement, and other visual stimuli. The Left and Right Sides of the Brain  Left Brain - Tiny bits of information are gathered and processed in a linear or lateral way. - It easily understands symbols. - It applies logic in solving problems by integrating different bits of information. - Verbal thinking is dominant.  Right Brain - It organizes information as a whole and not in small pieces. - It prefers concrete objects rather than symbols. - It makes use of intuition in problem solving. - Visual thinking is dominant. Downloaded by viliva jch ([email protected])