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# ESR (mm/hour) in newborns: - 10 +5 -2 - 15 -7 # In case of severe growth retardation, its deficiency (in%) is: + 5-10 - 10-20 - more than 20 - over 30 - more than 35 # The volume of stool of a breastfed infant is based on the volume of food eaten: - 8-10% - 5-6% - less than 2% - more than 10% +...

# ESR (mm/hour) in newborns: - 10 +5 -2 - 15 -7 # In case of severe growth retardation, its deficiency (in%) is: + 5-10 - 10-20 - more than 20 - over 30 - more than 35 # The volume of stool of a breastfed infant is based on the volume of food eaten: - 8-10% - 5-6% - less than 2% - more than 10% + 2% # The volume of stool of a bottle-fed infant is based on the volume of food eaten: + 8-10% - 5-6% - less than 2% - more than 10% - 2% # The volume of stool of a mixed-fed infant is based on the volume of food eaten: - 8-10% + 5-6% - less than 2% - more than 10% - 2% # Hemoglobin concentration in moderate anemia: - 120–90 g/l - 110–90 g/l + 90–70 g/l - 60–30 g/l - 70–50 g/l # The normal serum iron concentration in children is: + 10.6-33.6 µmol /l - 8-12 µmol /l - 34-40 µmol /l - 8-34 µmol /l - 25-40 µmol /l # In the morning on an empty stomach, blood is taken for general analysis: - after physical activity - after mental stress - after administration of medications + in conditions of relative rest - after physiotherapeutic procedures # The volume of a child's stomach at 3 months is: + 100-120 ml - 40-50 ml - 200-250 ml - 1 liter - 1.2-1.3 liters # The pH of the gastric juice of an infant is: - 1.5-2 - 6-7 - more than 7 - 1-1.5 + 4.5-5.5 # Surfactant is produced by: - mast cells - lymphocytes - goblet cells - macrophages + type II alveolocytes # Puerile breathing is heard in healthy children before: - 1 month - 6 months - 1 year - 2 years + 7 years # Normally, in children, the number of red blood cells in a general urine test (in the field of view) is: + 0-3 - 3-5 - 4-5 - 5-6 - 6-7 # Normally, in healthy children, the number of bacteria in 1 ml of urine does not exceed: - 1000 - 10 000 - 25,000 - 50,000 + 100 000 # Vesicular breathing in healthy children is heard: - in the neonatal period - at the age of 3-6 months - at the age of 6-12 months + over 7 years old - at the age of 5-7 years # Respiratory rate per minute in a healthy 1 year old child: - 18–20 + 30–35 - 40–60 - 25 - 20–30 # Respiratory rate per minute in a healthy newborn: - 20–30 + 40–60 - 25 - 30–35 - 60–70 # Respiratory rate per minute in a healthy 5 year old child: - 40–60 - 35–40 - 30–35 + 25 - 18–20 # Respiratory rate per minute in a healthy 10-year-old child: + 18–20 - 20–30 - 25 - 30–35 - 40–60 # Pyuria syndrome is: - leukocytes in urine - red blood cells in urine + leukocytes and bacteria in urine - red blood cells and bacteria in urine - protein in urine # Shift of the mediastinum towards the lesion can be observed with: - hemothorax - pneumothorax - hydropneumothorax - lobar emphysema + pulmonary atelectasis # Particularly intensive development of the alveoli occurs: + from birth to 2 years - from 2 to 5 years - from 5 to 7 years - from 7 to 10 years - from 10 to 14 years # The left lung consists of: - 8 segments + 9 segments - 10 segments - 11 segments - 12 segments # Oliguria is: - increase in daily urine output + decrease in daily urine output - lack of urine output - daytime diuresis is higher than nighttime - nighttime diuresis is higher than daytime # The right lung consists of: - 8 segments - 9 segments + 10 segments - 11 segments - 12 segments # In healthy children of the first year of life, the ratio between respiratory and pulse rates is: - 1:1 - 1:2 + 1:3 - 1:4 - 1:5 # The correspondence of the number of primary teeth to the child’s age is calculated using the formula (n – age in months): -n–2 +n–4 -n–6 -n–8 # Crepitus is formed in: - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles + alveoli # The ductus botallus becomes obliterated during... month of extrauterine life: - first + second - fourth - fifth - sixth # Diastolic blood pressure is from systolic: + 1/2-2/3 - 1/4-1/5 - 1/3-1/4 - 1/5-1/6 - 1/7–1/8 # Blood pressure in legs: - equal to blood pressure in the arms - lower blood pressure in the arms + higher blood pressure in the arms by 10-20 mmHg. Art. - 40-50 mm Hg higher than blood pressure in the arms. Art. - not determined # The volume of a one-year-old child's stomach is: + 250 ml - 40-50 ml - 1 liter - 1.2–1.3 l - 100-120 ml # The pH of gastric juice in older children is: + 1.5-2.0 - 6.0-7.0 - 7.0 - 1.0-1.5 - 4.5-5.5 # In the digestion of protein in infants, the greatest importance is: - pepsinogen - gastrixin - lipase + chymosin (renin) - alpha-amylase # Pepsinogen activator is: - bile acids - enterokinase - proelastase + hydrochloric acid - carboxypeptidase # Pepsinogen in the stomach is produced in: - G cells - border cells + main cells of the body - parietal cells - argentophilic cells # Fountain vomiting is a sign of: - food allergies + pyloric stenosis - food overfeeding - aerophagia - meningitis # The lifespan of red blood cells in children is: - 30 days - 50 days - 60–80 days + 80–120 days - 20–30 days # Average red blood cell diameter in older children: + 7.2 µm - 9.2 microns - 8.2 microns - 6.2 microns - 10.2 microns # The Price-Jones curve reflects: + variations in red blood cell diameter - variations in the shape of red blood cells - variations in red blood cell volume - variations in red blood cell thickness - variations in the deformability of erythrocytes # When auscultating young children, the following type of breathing is heard: - vesicular + puerile - hard - bronchial - weakened # The shift of the top of the Price-Jones curve to the left indicates: + microcytosis - macrocytosis - anisocytosis - elliptocytosis - ovalocytosis # Urine the color of meat slop in children is observed when: + gross hematuria - pyuria - presence of salts - microhematuria - glucosuria # Hemoglobin F from 60–90% (in the neonatal period) decreases to 1-2% to: - 6–9 months - 1–1.5 years - 4–5 years + 2–3 years - 7–14 years # Hemoglobin (g/l) in newborns is on average: - 250 (fluctuations 220-260) + 215 (fluctuations 180-240) - 180 (fluctuations 160-200) - 240 (fluctuations 200-260) - 215 (fluctuations 165-250) # The structure of the renal glomerulus in a child does not differ from its structure in adults after: - 5 months - 1 year - 2 years - 3 years + 5 years # The weight of a newborn’s kidney, equal to 10-12 g, by the end of the first year of life: - doubles + triples - increases 4 times - increases 5 times - increases 6 times # Bladder capacity at 1 year: - 20-30 ml - 50-75 ml + 35-50 ml - 75-100 ml - more than 100 ml # Bladder capacity at 12-15 years: - 100-200 ml - 200-300 ml + 300-400 ml - 400-500 ml - more than 500 ml # Indicate the best place to listen to systolic murmur in case of atrial septal defect: - apex of the heart - II intercostal space to the right of the sternum - xiphoid process + II intercostal space to the left of the sternum - interscapular region # Physiological mobility of the kidneys within the body: + one vertebra - half a vertebra - 1.5 vertebrae - two vertebrae - 2.5 vertebrae # In infants, the lower pole of the right kidney is determined at the level of: - first lumbar vertebra - second lumbar vertebra - third lumbar vertebra - twelfth thoracic vertebra + fourth lumbar vertebra # The total number of nephrons in the kidneys is approximately equal to: - 500000 - 800000 - 1000000 + 2000000 - 300000 # Cyanosis of the skin, mucous membrane of the lips and tongue appears when arterial blood oxygen saturation is less than: - 99% - 98% - 97% - 96% + 95% # True croup is observed with: + diphtheria of the larynx - acute respiratory viral diseases - bronchitis - pneumonia - pleurisy # The first crossover in the leukocyte blood count in children is observed at the age of: - 2-3 days of life + 4-5 days of life - 10-110 days of life - 5-6 months. - 7-8 days of life # False croup most often occurs when: - diphtheria of the larynx + acute respiratory viral diseases - bronchitis - pneumonia - pleurisy # The maxillary sinuses in children are well developed: - at birth - by 1 year + by 7 years - by 2 years - by 6 months # In healthy children over 1 year of age, the ratio between respiratory rate and pulse rate is: - 1:1 - 1:2 - 1:3 + 1:4 - 1:5 # Color index up to 1 month is: - 0.8 - 0.95 + 1.1–1.2 - 0.95–1.1 - 0.8–0.95 # The first (5 days) and second (5 years) “crossovers” of leukocytes are: - equal percentage of lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils - equal number of lymphocytes and monocytes + equal percentage of lymphocytes and all neutrophils - all statements are false - all statements are true # The period of first extension (growth acceleration) occurs at the age of: + 4–6 years for boys and 6–7 years for girls - 4–6 years for boys and 9–10 years for girls - 6–9 years for boys and 6–8 years for girls - 6–9 years for boys and 5–6 years for girls - 6–9 years for boys and 9–10 years for girls # The lower edge of the liver along the right midclavicular line is not palpable with: - 3 years - 4 years + 7 years - 5 years - 6 years # The best place to listen to systolic murmur with a high ventricular septal defect is: - apex of the heart - second intercostal space on the right at the sternum - second intercostal space to the left of the sternum + IV intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum - base of the xiphoid process # What heart murmur is characteristic of patent ductus arteriosus? - prolonged systolic murmur at the apex of the heart - diastolic murmur at the apex of the heart - systolic murmur in the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum + systole -diastolic murmur in the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border - diastolic murmur in the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum # Pollakiuria is: - rare urination + frequent urination - painful urination - urinary incontinence - difficulty urinating # Features of the morphological structure of the skin of young children are? + good development of the basal layer, weak – granular - poor development of the basal layer, good development of the granular layer - good development of the basal layer, good development of the granular layer - poor development of the basal layer, absence of granular - poor development of the basal and granular layers # Is the reduced bactericidal activity of the skin in young children associated with? + neutral or slightly acidic reaction of skin secretions - alkaline reaction of skin secretions - acidic reaction of skin secretions - perfection of local thermoregulation - underdevelopment of the granular layer # Are the sebaceous glands starting to function? + In utero - in the neonatal period - at the age of 1 year - by 3-7 years - by 7-10 years # In case of II degree malnutrition, the body weight deficit (in%) is: - 5-10 - 10-20 + 20-30 - 30-40 - more than 40 # Intrauterine ( prenatal ) malnutrition is diagnosed when the weight -height index is: - below 80 - below 70 + below 60 - below 50 - below 40 # Obesity is diagnosed when excess body weight (in %) reaches: - 10 or more + 15 or more - 20 or more - 30 or more - 40 or more # Vellus hair ( lanugo ) covers the entire body of the fetus... + 20 weeks of gestation - 15 weeks of gestation - 10 weeks of gestation - 25 weeks of gestation - 30 weeks of gestation # Cheese lubricants are the skin of a newborn? + consists of fat, cholesterol - consists of water - contains the secretion of sweat glands - formation ends at birth - formed after the birth of a child # In diseases of subcutaneous fat, does it disappear in the following sequence? + Belly – torso – limbs – face - Face – torso – abdomen – limbs - Abdomen – face – limbs – torso - Torso – face – stomach – limbs - Face – stomach – torso # Is tissue turgor determined? + on the inner surface of the shoulder and thigh -on the outer surface of the shoulder and thigh -on the anterior surface of the abdominal wall -under the shoulder blade -above the collarbone # Sweat glands of young children? + Characterized by underdevelopment of the excretory ducts at the time of birth -The number of sweat glands is greater than in adults -The rate of development of the sweating function is highest in the 1st half of life -According to the rate of development, the sweating function is highest after a year -Sweat glands are not developed # Subcutaneous adipose tissue in young children Is it different? +Small fat cells with nuclei -Large fat cells without nuclei -The amount of subcutaneous fat layer in children according to -The ratio to body weight is relatively less than that of adults -Absent areas of fetal adipose tissue # Children's hair is characterized? +Fetal fluff at birth -Rapid growth in the first two years of life -The thickness of a newborn's hair is significantly -More than older children - Children's eyelashes grow slowly # On what day of life does the “physiological jaundice” of newborns disappear? + 10-12 days - 1-3 days - 5-7 days - 13-15 days - 18-20 days # Poor skin function in young children? + Thermostatic - vitamin educational - respiratory - excretory - immune # Sweat glands of young children? + Function well from birth - Detect functional impairment - The excretory ducts are well developed at birth - Function well from 6 months of age - Function well from 12 months of age # The development of skin appendages is not characterized by the appearance of? + Hair and sebaceous glands at 5 - 7 weeks of intrauterine development - Nails in the 5th week of intrauterine development - Sweat glands in the 8th week of intrauterine development - Sweat glands appear primarily on the palms and soles - no answer # The main regulators of calcium and phosphorus metabolism are? + Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone - Phosphorus - Calcitonin - Triiodothyronine - Iodine # Is rickets classified as subacute? + Frontal and occipital tubercles, “strings of pearls” - Craniotabes - Wave-like current - Kyphosis - Rachitic kyphosis # For the treatment of stage II-III rickets, the dose of vitamin D is? + 3000-4000 IU - 2000-3000 IU - 1000-2000 IU - 4000-6000 IU - 500 IU # The prophylactic dose of vitamin D for premature babies is? + 500-1000 IU - 1000-1500 IU - 1500-2000 IU - 2000-3000 IU - 3000-4000 IU # A family doctor examines a healthy full-term baby, 1 month old, who is breastfed. What disease would the doctor recommend to prevent first? + Rickets - Flu - Orvi - Anemia - Dystrophy # At the pediatrician’s appointment is a 1.5 month old girl who was born full term. She is fully breastfed. What daily dose of vitamin D should a doctor prescribe to prevent rickets? + 500 IU - 800 m - 200 m - 300 m - 600 m # A month-old child has anxiety and increased sweating of the head. From your life history? From the day of birth (September 5th) he is fed cow's milk. On examination, craniotabes is noted. The doctor prescribed a course of ultraviolet radiation. Decide whether it is necessary to prescribe vitamin D3 supplements for this child. + Together with the Ural Federal District - Not necessary - After 2 – 2.5 months. After completing the UFO course - Immediately after completing the UFO course - In 1 month. After completing the UFO course # Boy 8 months. With vivid manifestations of rickets, I received vitamin D 3 at a dose of 1 million units (course dose). His appetite and sleep gradually worsened, and proteinuria appeared. Sulkowicz test (++++). What is the drug of choice for pathogenetic therapy of this condition? + Prednisolone - Thyroxine - Riboflavin - Phenobarbital - Pyridoxal phosphate # A 2-year-old child has growth retardation and severe deformation of the legs. Biochemical examination: hypophosphatemia , metabolic acidosis, normocalcemia. In urine tests: hyperphosphaturia. What pathology are we talking about? + Phosphate diabetes - Vitamin D deficiency rickets - Renal tubular acidosis - Disease de toni- debre - fanconi - Chondrodystrophy # Child 11 months. Hospitalized for ricketogenic tetany. After emergency care, the patient’s condition stabilized and the seizures did not recur. Determine further therapeutic tactics? + Prescribe calcium supplements and antirachitic treatment - Prescribe large doses of vitamin D - Prescribe large doses of calcium - Prescribe glucocorticoids - Prescribe anticonvulsant therapy # The boy is 3 months old. Fed with cow's milk. She is gaining weight well; rickets has not been prevented with vitamin D. The child has excessive sweating, sensitive restless sleep, the back of the head is flattened, craniotabes , and there is no hair on the back of the head. In a biochemical study, is the enzyme level of alkaline phosphatase increased? + Mild rickets, peak period, acute course - Hypervitaminosis D - Rickets is mild, initial period, acute course - Rickets is mild, peak period, subacute course - Moderate rickets, peak period, acute course # A 2-year-old child has a delay in physical development, deformities of the bones of the extremities, and frequent respiratory infections. A blood test shows the presence of metabolic acidosis. Urinalysis revealed hyperaminoaciduria , phosphaturia and glycosuria. What is the reason for the development of such a condition in a child? + Disease de toni – debre – fanconi - Hereditary phosphate diabetes. - Hereditary renal glycosuria. - Alport syndrome. - Rickets. # The child is 2.5 months old. A diagnosis of rickets, acute course, initial period was made. What is most typical for such a diagnosis? + All of the above - Rapid progression of the disease - Prevalence of osteomalacia processes - Pronounced changes in the autonomic nervous system - Acidosis, high alkaline phosphatase levels # Is rickets distinguished by the nature of its course? + Subacute - Chronic with exacerbations - Lightning fast - Lingering - Complicated # Are the symptoms characteristic of the acute course of rickets? + Osteomalacia of bones - Bone proliferation - Broken bones - Thickening of bones - Thinning bones # Does vitamin D activate in the body? + Kidneys - Brain - Skin - Lungs - Liver # Activation of vitamin D in the body occurs under the influence of? + Hormones - Microelements - Vitamins - Temperatures - Enzymes # Closure of a large fontanel with rickets most often in? + 20-25 months - 5-10 months. - 10-15 months. - 1-5 months - 30-35 months. # Is rickets detected in children? + Hypocalcemia - Hyperphosphatemia - Hypermagnesemia - Hypercalcemia - Hypokalemia # Is specific prevention of rickets prescribed for full-term infants from (months)? +2 - 1st -3 -4 -5 # Endogenous causes of malnutrition include all except? + Hypervitaminosis d - Pyloric stenosis - Malabsorption syndrome - Congenital lesions of the central nervous system - poor nutrition # Does hungry stool indicate malnutrition? + 3 degrees - 2 degrees - 1st degree - All answers are correct - all are wrong # In case of malnutrition of the 1st degree, is the calculation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates carried out? + Based on actual weight - Proteins, carbohydrates - for actual weight, fats - for proper weight - Proteins, fats - for the proper weight, carbohydrates - for the actual weight - At the proper weight - Proteins, fats - for actual weight, carbohydrates - for proper weight # The average body weight of a full-term newborn baby is? + 3300-3600 - 2900-3100 - 2500-2700 - 3700-4000 - 3900-4200 # The average body length of a full-term newborn is? + 50-52 cm - 45-47 cm - 47-49 cm - 53-55 cm - 55-60 cm # The average length of a 1 year old child is? + 75 cm - 65 cm - 85 cm - 95 cm - 50 cm # Is feeding a child free-feeding a diet? + When the baby determines the hours and amount of feeding on demand - Every 3 hours - Every 3 hours with a night break - Feeding at certain times, but the amount of food is determined by the child - every 2 hours # Complementary feeding is the gradual replacement of human milk in the 2nd half of life? + New food products different from milk - Juices - Donor milk - Artificial milk formulas - Cow's milk # Average number of breastfeedings per day for a child during the first 1-2 months of life? + 7-8 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 12-14 - 8-10 # Average number of feedings per day for a child in the 2nd half of life? +5 -4 -6 -7 - 10 # The daily amount of nutrition for a child in the 2nd half of life is up to? + 1000 ml - 1200 ml - 900 ml - 700 ml - 1500 ml # Should milk be preferred for feeding children aged 1 to 3 years? + Children's modified industrial release - Children's unmodified industrial release - Paired cow - Mass industrial production - Goat milk # The products that should be included daily in the menu of a child from 1 year to 3 years old include all except? + Fish - Bread - Vegetables fruits - Milk - Meat # When feeding a baby with breast milk, what is the predominant intestinal flora? + Bifidum bacterin - Stafioloccus - Escherichia coli - Klebsiella - Proteus # The respiratory rate of a newborn baby is? + 40-50 per 1 min - 30-25 per 1 min - 40-30 per 1 min - 60-70 per 1 min - 70-80 per 1 min # The average heart rate of a newborn baby is? + 140 in 1 min - 170 per 1 min - 110 in 1 min - 90 per 1 min - 100 per 1 min # The average heart rate for a 5 year old child is: + 100 in 1 min - 120 per minute - 90 per 1 min - 80 per 1 min - 170 per 1 min # Paratrophy includes conditions with? + Excess weight more than 10% - Weight deficiency of more than 10% - Excess body weight from 5 to 10% - Excess body weight and height of more than 10% - Weight deficiency of more than 20% # Most common in young children? + Food allergies - Infectious form of allergy - Drug allergies - Inhalation allergy - everything is wrong # Is the following clinical syndrome characteristic of the initial period of rickets? + Sweating - Muscle hypotonia - Convulsive syndrome - Kraneotabes - rachitic rosary # Are they indicated for the treatment of the initial period of rickets? + Aqueous solution of vitamin D 3, 1000-1500 IU daily - Oil solution of vitamin D 2 500 IU every other day - Oil solution of vitamin D 2, 2-5 thousand each me daily - Aqueous solution of vitamin D3 500 IU daily - not required # Is this a potential problem with pyoderma? + Sepsis - Scuffs - Heat rashes - Diaper rash - Erythema # What are the cutaneous manifestations of atopic dermatitis in young children? + Milk scab and strophulus - Increase in lymphoid tissue - Enlarged thymus gland - Neurasthenic syndrome - Hyperthermic syndrome # Is the damage to the skeletal system characterized by rickets? + Kraneotabesom - Sweating, “balding” of the back of the head - Irritability, anxiety - Hypotension - Weakness # Functional signs of premature babies? + Weak scream or squeak - Length less than 45 cm - The subcutaneous fat layer is not expressed - Lanugo - there is no correct answer # The main symptom of hyperexcitability syndrome ? + Increased muscle tone and reflexes - Muscle hypotonia - Decreased reflexes - Anorexia - weakness # The weight of a kidney in a newborn baby is ____ grams + 10-12 - 5-7 - 33-36 - 40-50 - 60 # The bladder capacity of a 5 year old child is ____ ml - 300 - 400 + 100 - 250 - 500 # A lower topographic location of the kidneys is determined in children up to + 7 years - 1 year - 3 years - 6 months - 8 months # Kidneys in newborns + relatively large size - relatively small size - have a bean shape - have a mature enzymatic system - all answers are correct # Daily diuresis for a child in the first half of the year is + 500 ml - 400 ml - 300 ml - 200 ml -100 ml # Daily diuresis in a 1 year old child is + 600 ml - 500 ml - 400 ml - 300 ml - 200 ml # Daily diuresis in a 10 year old child is + 1500 ml - 1000 ml - 750 ml - 2000 ml - 300 ml # Oliguria is considered to be a decrease in daily diuresis (in% of the age norm) by + 70 or more - 30 or more - 50 or more - 90 or more - all answers are correct # If a disease of the urinary system is suspected, it is carried out first, with the exception of: - general urine analysis - general blood test - biochemical blood test + computed tomography of the abdominal cavity - Ultrasound of the kidneys # Anuria is a sharp decrease or cessation of urine output due to + glomerular filtration disorders - disturbances in the excretion of urine from the bladder - obstruction of the urinary tract below the bladder - disorders of the tubular reabsorption - all answers are correct # Polyuria – an increase in the daily amount of urine, exceeding the age norm by + 50% or more - 30% or more - 10% or more - 20% or more - 5% or more # The kidneys move from the pelvis to the upper parts of the retroperitoneum + in utero - to birth - by 1 month of life - by 1 year of life - by 6 months of life # The formation of kidney fixation structures ends by ________ years + 5-7 - 1 -1.5 - 2-3 - 8-10 - 6-9 # The capacity of the bladder in newborns is approximately _____ ml + 30 - 10 - 20 - 50 - 40 # Bladder capacity in children aged 1 year is approximately _____ ml + 40 - 20 - 60 - 90 - 70 # The capacity of the bladder in children aged 3-5 years is approximately _____ ml + 120 - 70 - 210 - 350 - 300 # The capacity of the bladder in children aged 9-12 years is approximately _____ ml + 220 - 70 - 120 - 350 - 200 # Bladder capacity in adolescents is approximately _____ ml + 350 - 120 - 170 - 210 - 500 # Without what symptom can a diagnosis of cystitis be made? - pain; - temperature; - terminal hematuria; + leukocyturia ; - bacteriuria # In acute cystitis, the following forms are distinguished, except - catarrhal; - hemorrhagic; - fibrinous - ulcerative; + calculous # The following clinical picture is typical for cystitis: - aching pain in the lower abdomen without dysuria; - purulent discharge from the urethra, pain at the beginning of urination; + frequent painful urination, usually at the end of it; - cramping sharp pain in the lower abdomen; - frequent urination without pain. # Pain that occurs in the lumbar region during urination is a manifestation - exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis; - acute pyelonephritis; + vesicopelvic reflux; - renal colic; - vesicoureteral reflux. # Acute cystitis is characterized by the following symptoms - pain, initial hematuria, dysuria; + pain, dysuria, pyuria, terminal hematuria; - oliguria , pyuria, pain when urinating; - pollakiuria, hematuria, increased body temperature; - polyuria, dysuria, hematuria. # The fundamental principles of diet therapy in the treatment of malnutrition are? + Identification of food tolerance period of optimal nutrition, transition period - Only identifying food tolerance - Water-tea diet for 3 days - Drug therapy - there is no correct answer # The intrauterine period of childhood is divided into the following stages? + Embryonic, fetal - Embryonic, neonatal - Fetal, neonatal - Neonatal, infant - Neonatal, fetal # Tissue differentiation and the formation of organs and systems occur at the highest rates in? + I trimester of pregnancy - II trimester of pregnancy - III trimester of pregnancy - II and III trimesters of pregnancy - everything is wrong # Spontaneous fetal movements begin to be felt by the pregnant woman and the doctor during pregnancy? + 18 weeks - 14 weeks - 10 weeks - 20 weeks - 12 weeks # Does the child begin to accurately touch the site of irritation from age (months)? + 7-8 -5 -6 - 10 - 12 # Does the first conditioned reflex to prepare for feeding begin to develop at age? + 2-3 weeks - 1st day - 14 days - 26 days - 10 days # The infancy period of childhood conventionally ends at the age of (months)? + 12 -1 -6 - 10 -8 # Does an infant begin to roll over from tummy to back at age (months)? + 3-5 -1 - 10 - 12 -6 # Does the fetus begin to breathe and suck as it ages? + 22-24 weeks - 18-19 weeks - 20-21 weeks - 26-28 weeks - 30-32 weeks # Is the newborn's spinal cord long (cm)? + 14 - 10 - 12 - 20 - 24 # How long does the preschool (nursery) period of childhood last? + From 1 year to 3 years - From 1 year to 5 years - From 1 year to 12 years - From 3 years to 7 years - From 3 years to 5 years # The period of high school age is characterized by a pronounced restructuring of the following system? + Endocrine - Nervous - Urinary - Cardiovascular - Respiratory # Is the fetus considered viable starting from age? + 22 weeks - 20 weeks - 26 weeks - 28 weeks - 30 weeks # Does the taste organ become completely differentiated at age? + 4 months - 3rd month - 5th month - 6 months - 7th month # Baby aged 3 months? + Gulit - Interested in toys - Fixes the gaze - Plays with toys - turns over # The embryonic stage of the intrauterine period of childhood lasts up to (day)? + 75 - 32 - 10 - 120 - 100 #Does an infant begin to sit up independently at age (months)? + 6 months - 1 month - 10 months - 12 months - 8 months # In the first days after birth in a healthy newborn? + Muscular hypertonicity of the flexors is observed - The head does not hang down - Supports your back - Orderly movements of the hands are observed - Interested in toys # Is it extremely rare in children in the first year of life? + Mastoiditis - Otitis media - Otitis externa - Subperiosteal abscess - there is no correct answer # Does the child perceive faint odors well as he gets older? + 8 months - 3 months - 4 months - 10 months - 12 months # The most pronounced increase in fetal body weight is observed in? + III trimester of pregnancy - I trimester of pregnancy - II trimester of pregnancy - I and II trimesters of pregnancy - no answer # Does the preschool period of childhood last? + From 3 years to 7 years - From 1 year to 3 years - From 1 year to 5 years - From 5 years to 7 years - From 3 years to 5 years # Does a child begin to differentiate pain points with age? + 8 years - 3 years - 4 years - 5 years - 10 years # A child aged 3 months is not? + Sitting - Keeps track of toys - Recognizes mother - Holds head - Orderly movements of the hands are observed # Does a newborn baby have no reflex? + Landau - Sucking - Swallowing - Khobotkovy - automatic gait # Does the fetal stage of the intrauterine period of childhood last? + From 12 to 40 weeks - From 10 to 18 weeks - From 24 to 40 weeks - From 12 to 22 weeks - From 3 to 10 weeks # Does the newborn period last (days)? + 28 - 29 - 27 -7 - 40 # Not typical for healthy newborns? + Alkalosis - Acidosis - Dehydration syndrome - Neuroendocrine deficiency syndrome - all are correct # Is it not observed in a healthy newborn when unwrapped from diapers? + Stiff neck - Stretching - Fetal position - Athetosis-like movements - there is no correct answer # A child aged 5 months? + Eats from a spoon and drinks from a mug - Does not fix the gaze - Doesn't smile - Mother doesn’t recognize - can't hold his head up # Photophobia refers to the physiological characteristics of the organ of vision during? + First 3 weeks - 3 months - 1 year of life - Up to 3 years - 6 months # Does the child hold his head well at this age (months)? +3 -1 -6 -8 - 10 # For a 6 month old baby? + The lower Landau reflex appears - The superior Landau reflex appears Hypertonicity of the flexors disappears - Symptoms of tension disappear - there is no correct answer # Child aged 1 to 1.5 years? + Summarizes items based on essential features - Does not understand the meaning of sentences - Does not understand images of objects and actions - Does not step over obstacles with an extra step - there is no correct answer # In the first days of life for a healthy newborn? + Umbilical vessels become empty - The pulmonary circulation does not work - The systemic circulation does not turn on - The ductus arteriosus does not close - there is no correct answer # Assessment of the health status of the newborn at birth is carried out according to? + Apgar scale - Silverman scale - Advance scale - Shalkova scale - there is no correct answer # Does an infant begin to babble the syllables “ba”, “pa”, “ ma ” at age (months)? + 5-6 -3 - 8-9 - 12 - 10 # Shouldn’t this be considered borderline conditions in the neonatal period? + Loss of body weight more than 10% - Erythema of the newborn - Physiological jaundice - Transient fever - sexual crisis # Healthy baby at 6 months old? + Complacent - Not mobile - Inactive - Has athetosis-like movements - there is no correct answer # Is a child between 3 and 5 years old having difficulty? + Controls himself - Remembers words - Learning a foreign language - Learn to draw - there is no correct answer # Are the rudiments of the most important organs formed during pregnancy (weeks)? + 3 - 6 weeks - 6 - 9 weeks - 12 - 16 weeks - 30 - 32 weeks - 32 - 38 weeks # Does a healthy child begin to stand well with support from age? +7 months -6 months -5 months -9 months - 12 months # Does an infant begin to become emotional as he ages? + 6-8 weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 8 months - 10 months # How long does the period of primary school childhood last? + From 7 years to 11 years - From 1 year to 3 years - From 1 year to 5 years - From 3 years to 7 years - From 11 years to 17 years # According to the Apgar scale , a healthy newborn baby is assessed at? + 8 or more points - 7 points - 6 points - 5 points - 12 points # Do congenital diseases appear more often during the period? + Neonatal - Grudnichkov - Yaselny - Pre-school - School # Does the child know the names of body parts from age? + 1.5 years - 11 months - 10 months - 9 months - 6 months # Do children remember poetry easily as they grow older? + 3rd year - One year - 1.5 years - 5 years - 10 years # Does the child begin to follow the movement of an object from age? + 10 days - 20 days - 25 days - 2nd month - 3 months # Does the replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth occur with age? - 3 years + 5 years - 7 years - 9 years - 10 years # Fine skills (the ability to knit, embroider ) begin to develop at age? + 6-7 years - 2 years - 1.5 years - 2.5 years - 3 years # Does a liter of human milk contain on average protein (g)? + 15.0 - 5.0 - 20.0 - 25.0 - 30.0 # What is the average duration of breastfeeding? + 20 minutes - 5 minutes - 10 minutes - 12 minutes - 30 minutes # Does B-lactose in human milk promote growth in the intestine? + Bifidoflora - Lactoflora - E. Coli - Klebsiella - proteas # When breastfeeding, the content of mother's milk in the daily diet should be at least? + 80% - 75% - 90% - 95% - 60% # Does the energy value of colostrum reach 100 ml? + 150 kcal - 70 kcal - 100 kcal - 200 kcal - 300 kcal # Does a liter of human milk contain on average fat (g)? + 39.0 - 30.0 - 45.0 - 49.0 - 59.0 # Transitional milk is released from the day of lactation? + 4th - 2nd - 3rd - 6th - 7th # Mature milk is secreted from the beginning of lactation with ? + 2nd week - 4th day - 6th day - 1st week - 4th week # The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a child's diet during natural feeding before the introduction of complementary foods should be? + 1:3:6 - 1:1:6 - 1:2:4 - 1:2:6 - 1:1:4 # Does a liter of cow's milk contain on average fat ( g /l)? + 39.0 - 29.0 - 49.0 - 59.0 - 69.0 # Isn't breastfeeding a contraindication on the part of the mother? + Lactostasis - Mastitis - Tuberculosis - Typhus - Syphilis # Should a child receive a food volume equal to 1/5 of his body weight at age? + 4 weeks - 1 week - 10 weeks - 12 weeks - 15 weeks # Is the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines of breastfed children suppressed? + Bifidobacteria - Lactobacillus - Opportunistic flora - Clostridia - Klebsiella # Hypogalactia develops significantly less often with? + Early attachment of the baby to the breast - Complicated pregnancy - Mother's illness - Late breastfeeding - Reluctance to breastfeed # Is breastfeeding a baby absolutely contraindicated? + With cerebrovascular accident - A patient with rhinitis - When regurgitating - For diarrhea - With compensated heart disease # Between 2 and 6 weeks of age, should a child receive a volume of food equal to their body weight? + 1/5 - 1/4 - 1/6 - 2/3 - 2/5 # When breastfeeding with the introduction of complementary foods, the required ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is? + 1:2:4 - 1:1:4 - 1:2:6 - 1:3:5 - 1:3:6 # The breakdown of fat in breastfed infants begins at ? + Stomach - Esophagus - Jejunum - Ileum - Large intestine # In contrast to cow's milk, breast milk fat contains more unsaturated fatty acids ? + 1.5-2 times - 3-4 times - 4-6 times - 5-7 times - 8-10 times # In case of hypogalactia, it is not recommended to prescribe it in order to increase lactation? + Fixed feeding time - Rational nutrition of the mother - Optimal mode - Frequent feeding of the baby - Drink plenty of fluids # Isn't breastfeeding an absolute contraindication on the part of the mother? + Mastitis - Acute mental illness - Kidney failure - Cardiovascular failure - Diffuse toxic goiter # Dyspnea in newborns can be considered a RR greater than: - 30 per minute - 40 per minute - 50 per minute + 60 per minute - 20 per minute # With vesicular breathing, exhalation is equal to inhalation: - 1/2 part - 2/3 part + 1/3 part - 1/5 part - 1/4 part # When breathing hard, the ratio of inhalation to exhalation is: - 1:2 + 1:1 - 1:3 - 1:5 - 1:4 # Pleural friction noise occurs when : - purulent pleurisy - DN syndrome - dry pericarditis - pneumonia + dry pleurisy # The incidence of pulmonary atelectasis in newborns and infants is explained by: - insufficient development of lung tissue - narrowness of the main bronchi + surfactant deficiency - blockage of bronchioles with mucus - blockage of the bronchi with serous fluid # With puerile breathing, exhalation is equal to inhalation: - 1/2 + 2/3 - 1/4 - 1/3 - 1/5 # With obstruction syndrome, a cough is observed: - paroxysmal - spasmodic - painful , dry + unproductive - rude, barking # Dyspnea in children over 1 year of age can be considered a respiratory rate of more than: - 30 per minute - 40 per minute + 50 per minute - 60 per minute - 20 per minute # The ratio of respiratory rate and pulse in a newborn: - 1:1 - 1:2 + 1:3 - 1:4 - 1:5 # Voice tremors increase with : - presence of fluid in the pleural cavity + compaction of lung tissue - increased airiness of the lung tissue - obstructive syndrome - presence of air in the pleural cavity # The upper limit of the lungs is determined with : - 2 years - 4 years - 6 years + 7 years - 10 years # Deep chest pain occurs when : - dry cough - shortness of breath - hemoptysis + pleurisy - rib fracture # Voice tremors are weakened in the syndrome: - bronchial obstruction syndrome + increased airiness of lung tissue - with the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity - pulmonary tissue compaction syndrome - with the presence of air in the pleural cavity # Respiratory rate in children aged 5 years: - 18-20 + 24-26 - 30-35 - 35-40 - 40-60 # Hyperemia of the pharynx, swelling of the arches, loosening of the tonsils are characteristic of the lesion: + upper respiratory tract - lower respiratory tract - middle respiratory tract - bronchioles and alveoli - submandibular lymph nodes # Bulging of the chest on the affected side is observed with : - hypertransparency syndrome - obstruction syndrome - cavity syndrome (bronchiectasis) + accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity - pulmonary compaction syndrome # Koranyi's sign is positive when the lymph nodes are enlarged: + tracheal, bifurcation - submandibular, parotid - bronchial, periglottic - axillary, elbow - groin, knee # Obstructive syndrome in children is characterized by: + wheezing - flaring of the wings of the nose - hoarseness of voice - chest pain - lack of voice # Sputum production with a full mouth is observed in the syndrome: + bronchiectasis - pleural lesions - compaction of lung tissue - emphysema - bronchial obstruction # Vesicular breathing in children is heard at the age of: - up to 2-3 years - up to 5-7 years - up to 10 years + over 5-7 years old - over 10 years old # False croup occurs in children: - gradually, over 1-3 days - suddenly, more often during the daytime + suddenly, often at night - gradually, over 5-6 days - gradually up to 15-20 days # Dry wheezing is heard with the syndrome: + bronchial obstruction - emphysema - pulmonary heart - compaction of lung tissue - cavities in the lungs # Type of breathing in girls at puberty: - abdominal + chest - diaphragmatic - costal - mixed # The inflammatory process in the lungs in infants is most often localized in : - upper lobe + middle beat - lower lobe - apex of the lung - root of the lung # The width of the Krenig fields is determined by the method: - inspection - palpation + percussion - auscultation - bronchophony # Above the Garland triangle determined by percussion : - dulling of sound - clear pulmonary sound + shortened tympanitis - boxed sound - hip sound # Above the Rauchfuss-Grocco triangle determined by percussion : + dulling of sound - clear pulmonary sound - shortened sound - boxed sound - tympanitis # Puerile breathing is heard in children aged: - up to 1-3 years + up to 7 years - over 10 years old - 11-13 years - newborns # The box sound above the lungs is determined by percussion when : - damage to the pleural layers + hyperairy syndrome - lung consolidation syndrome - presence of fluid in the pleural fluid - enlargement of intrathoracic lymph nodes # The following plays a role in the mechanism of dry wheezing: + air flow and condition of the bronchial wall - the presence of fluid in the lumen of the bronchus - cavity in the lungs - fluid in the pleural cavity - presence of air in the pleural cavity # The mechanism of formation of moist rales plays a role: + presence of fluid in the lumen of the bronchi - bronchospasm - presence of a cavity in the lung - accumulation of fluid in the pleura - presence of air in the pleura # Increased bronchophony is observed with: + compaction of lung tissue - obstruction, - damage to the pleura - increased transparency of lung tissue - presence of a cavity in the lungs # Clinical signs of respiratory failure syndrome 1st degree: - shortness of breath at rest, tachycardia + moderate shortness of breath on exertion - rapid breathing - cyanosis at rest - restlessness at rest # Spirography in children is carried out with : -1-3 years + 5-7 years - 10 years - 12 years - over 12 years # Respiratory rate in a newborn (in min.): - 15-20 - 20-30 - 30-40 + 40-60 - 50-70 # The upper respiratory tract includes: + nose and throat - alveoli - trachea - larynx - bronchi # The middle respiratory tract includes: - pharynx - alveoli + trachea - nose - bronchioles # The lower respiratory tract includes: - nose + alveoli - trachea - larynx - pharynx # The formation of the maxillary sinus ends in the period: - newborns - chest + preschool - pre-school - school # The lower nasal meatus is formed towards : - 6 months - 12 months - 2 years + 4 years - 7 years # A high, sonorous voice in children is due to: - rich blood supply to the larynx - abundance of lymphatic vessels - poor development of elastic tissue of the larynx + short vocal cords - pliability of laryngeal cartilage # At birth, the larynx has the shape: - cylindrical - fusiform - pear-shaped - bean-shaped + funnel-shaped # Type of breathing in boys during puberty : - chest - costal - mixed + abdominal - guttural # In the right lung lobes (quantity): -1 -2 +3 -4 -6 # The left lung consists of lobes: -1 +2 -3 -4 -5 # In older children, the ratio of respiratory rate to pulse is as follows: - 1:2 - 1:3 + 1:4 - 1:6 - 1:7 # Respiratory rate in children aged 1 year (per 1 min): - 15-20 - 20-30 + 30-35 - 40-50 - 50-60 # The main symptom of croup in children: + barking cough - bradypnoe - expiratory shortness of breath - apnea - dyspnea # The lower border of the lungs on the left along the midclavicular line in healthy children at the level (ribs): -6 -7 -8 -9 + not defined # The upper border of the lungs in front of preschoolers is located at : - 1 cm above the middle of the collarbone - level of the VII cervical vertebra + collarbone level - 3 cm above the collarbones - I ribs # For comparative percussion over healthy lungs: + clear lung sound - tympanitis - dullness - boxed sound - dull sound # Bronchial breathing in healthy children is heard from the front above : - collarbone + larynx and trachea - alveoli - light - large bronchi # Symptom D" Espina is positive when : - atelectasis - enlarged axillary lymph nodes - pneumonia + enlargement of bronchial lymph nodes - increase paratracheal lymph nodes # Symptom D "E back is determined by the method: - palpation - inspection a - percussion + auscultation - Ultrasound # The cough in children in the first days of illness is dry, and in subsequent days days wet at: - ORI - laryngitis - bronchial asthma + pneumonia - whooping cough # Crepitation is heard when : - pulmonary atelectasis - pulmonary emphysema - pulmonary edema - bronchial asthma + lobar pneumonia # Location of crepitus formation: - bronchi - pleura - large bronchi - trachea + alveoli # Listening to whispered speech and bronchial breathing below the 1st thoracic vertebra is a symptom: - Arkavina - Filatova - Filosofova + D "E back - Dombrovskaya # An additional method for examining the lungs using contrast agents is : + bronchography - fluoroscopy - bronchoscopy - radiography - tomography # Radical infiltration on a radiograph is characteristic of : + pneumonia - bronchitis - exudative pleurisy - laryngitis - bronchial asthma # Retraction of the compliant areas of the chest during breathing is characteristic of : - bronchitis + pneumonia - pleurisy - abscess - ORI # Koranyi's sign is positive when the lymph nodes are enlarged: - cervical + bronchial - bronchopulmonary - axillary - submandibular # At what age does the structure of blood vessels in children become the same as in adults? - 2 years - 7 years - 10 years + 12 years - 15 years # During auscultation of a 2-year-old child, the doctor discovered a murmur at the apex of the heart. The functional nature of the noise can be confirmed by all except : - occupies the beginning of systole - Decreases after exercise - decreases in vertical position - Decreases with depth of inspiration + The noise is loud, rude # Which of the following indicators are pathological in a child 7 days old? - Blood pressure - 70/35 mm Hg. - The upper limit of relative cardiac dullness is the II rib - Embryocardia - Weakening of the first tone at the apex + None of the above # What is not physiological in a baby at the age of 2 weeks? - Slight weakening of heart sounds - Blood pressure - 70/40 mm Hg. Art. B) Heart rate 140 beats/min + Systolic murmur - None of the above - that's right # What is the heart rate of an infant? - more than 160 beats per minute + 120-130 beats per minute 6 - 100 beats per minute - less than 100 beats per minute - 100-110 beats per minute # Does any of the following indicate pathology of the cardiovascular system in a 9- year-old boy? - Blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg. Art. + The left border of relative cardiac dullness is determined 1.5 cm outward from the midclavicular line - Pulse 82 beats/min - Accent II tone over the pulmonary artery - None of the above # The blood circulation of the fetus differs from the blood circulation of the newborn in the following characteristics, except : - presence of placental circulation - presence of an oval foramen - presence of aerial current - presence of a venous duct + no difference # In the fetus, the most oxygenated blood flows to - The brain - To the heart + Liver - Kidneys - Light # Functional noises have all the properties except : - Soft (“musical”) noise timbre + Distributes well throughout the heart area and beyond - Depends on body position (best heard in a horizontal position) - Becomes weaker with deep breaths - Increases after physical activity # Embryocardia is characterized by all of the following symptoms, except : - embryocardia - “pendulum” heart rhythm - The volume of tones I and II is the same - The intervals between tones are the same - In the first two weeks of life, embryocardia is a variant of the norm 7 + Heart rate less than 90 beats/min # In a 12-year-old child, auscultation reveals an accent of the second tone over the pulmonary artery. Indicate the reason for this phenomenon: - Increased blood pressure in the systemic circulation - Slowing of atrioventricular conduction + Pulmonary hypertension - Tachyarrhythmia - Bradycardia # A high resistive apex beat is determined in the following conditions except : - Left ventricular hypertrophya - Thin chest wall - Expansion of the mediastinum - Thyrotoxic + Emphysema # Strengthening of both heart sounds can be observed in a child with : - Myocarditis - Myocardiosclerosis - Severe anemia + Thyrotoxicosis - normal # Frequent pulse in children is observed when : - heart failure + hypothyroidism - anemia - intoxication - bradycardia # The relationship between respiratory rate and pulse rate in children of the 1st year of life is: - 1:2.5 + 1:3-3.5 - 1:3.5–4 - 1:5 - 1:6 # Projection of auscultation of the pulmonary valve: + second intercostal space to the left of the sternum - second intercostal space to the right of the sternum - at the apex of the heart - based on the xiphoid process - third intercostal space to the right of the sternum # The reasons for the weakening of the sonority of heart sounds include everything except : - accumulation of fluid in the pericardium - obesity + fever - emphysema - myocarditis # Projection of auscultation of the tricuspid valve: - second intercostal space to the right of the sternum - at the apex of the heart - second intercostal space to the left of the sternum - third intercostal space on the left at the sternum + lower third of the sternum