PDHPE Notes - Sports Medicine PDF

**PDHPE Notes - Sports Medicine** **Critical Question 1 - How are sports injuries classified and managed?** -------------------------------------- **Ways to Classify Sports Injuries** -------------------------------------- **[Direct and indirect Sports Injuries:]** **Soft Tissue Injuries**...

**PDHPE Notes - Sports Medicine** **Critical Question 1 - How are sports injuries classified and managed?** -------------------------------------- **Ways to Classify Sports Injuries** -------------------------------------- **[Direct and indirect Sports Injuries:]** **Soft Tissue Injuries**: - - - - - **Hard Tissue Injuries**: - - - - **[Soft and Hard tissue:]** Soft tissue = tissues that connect, support or surround other structures or organs of the body. **[Overuse:]** **Causes**: Result from repetitive, low-impact exercises like jogging or stepping, leading to pain and inflammation. **Common Overuse Injuries**: - - **Stress Fractures**: Small incomplete bone fractures caused by repeated impact on hard surfaces. Early symptoms include local swelling and tenderness. **Treatment**: Initially use the **RICER** method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral), followed by prolonged rest for full recovery -------------------------- **Soft tissue Injuries** -------------------------- **[Tears, sprains and contusions:]** **Tear** = occurs when a muscle or tendon undergoes excessive stretching Two types of tears: - - **Sprain** = damage or a tear to a ligament that connects the bones in a joint. There are also three grades of sprains: 1. 2. 3. **Contusion** = (bruise) is caused by a collision with another person or an object. Leads to internal bleeding/hematoma. - **[Skin abrasions, lacerations and Blisters:]** **Abrasion** = when the surface layers of the skin have been broken or removed through a scraping action, not disturbing sub-layers of skin. - - **Lacerations** are damage to the skin and underlying tissue (cut) that causes significant blood loss and can vary in severity depending on the depth of the wound. - **Blisters** = occur when the outer layers of the skin separate due to excessive friction and cause a pocket of fluid to form - **[Inflammatory response:]** Inflammatory response = the body's natural healing response following soft tissue damage Its main functions are to: - NO HARM: - - - - -------------------------- **Hard Tissue Injuries** -------------------------- **[Fractures:\ ]**There are 2 classifications of fractures, **Simple** and **compound**. - - There are different types of fractures: greenstick, comminuted, depressed, oblique, longitudinal, spinal, transverse and serrated. Management of fractures requires: - - - - **[Dislocation:]** Dislocation is the displacement of a bone at a joint. - - Signs and symptoms of dislocation: - - - Management: - - - When treating a dislocation, follow these guidelines. - - ---------------------------- **Assessment of injuries** ---------------------------- **[TOTAPS (Talk, Observe, touch, active and passive movement and skills test)]** - - - - - - **Critical Question 2 - How does Sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes?** --------------------------------- **Children and young athletes** --------------------------------- **[Medical conditions (asthma, diabetes, epilepsy):]** Sports medicine personnel need to be aware of the correct management of the medical conditions of asthma, diabetes and epilepsy. Asthma: Nature of Asthma - - - - - Management - - - - - Diabetes: Type 1 - - - - ### Type 2 - - Epilepsy: - - - - - - **[Overuse injuries (stress fractures):]** Definition: Result from repetitive use of a body part, leading to tissue damage and discomfort over time. Characteristics: Develop gradually, recur after short rest due to insufficient healing. Examples: Stress fractures, tennis elbow, Achilles tendonitis, swimmer's shoulder, runner's knee. Susceptibility: Children and young athletes are more prone due to different growth rates in bones and soft tissues. Common Causes: - - - - - - - Management: - - - - - **[Thermoregulation:]** Thermoregulation: The process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature, regardless of environmental temperature. Children\'s Heat Regulation: - - - Acclimatisation: - - Cold Exposure: - **[Appropriateness of resistance training: ]** There is no evidence that resistance training slows the growth of children and young athletes. Resistance training is more likely to have a positive effect on their growth. ----------------------------- **Adult and aged athletes** ----------------------------- **[Heart conditions]** **Athlercrosis** - the build-up of plaque in the arteries, as a result of poor lifestyle choices like smoking and drinking. Common in Adults. **Arteriosclerosis -** is the hardening of arteries, reducing/minimising the amount of blood flow allowed to travel around the body. It is a result of age and is common in elderly people. Result of these heart conditions: - - - Causes of heart disease: - - - - - - Impact on athletes: - - - - **[Fractures and bone density:]** Fractures in aged athletes can be due to osteoporosis, a condition characterised by the deterioration of bones making them more susceptible to breaks. Physical activity increases bone mass and makes bones stronger. Types of exercise and sports options available include: - - - Causes: - - - **[Flexibility and joint mobility:]** Exercise has a positive effect on flexibility and joint mobility in older people. - Causes: - - - - Suitable exercise for this condition: - - - - --------------------- **Female athletes** --------------------- **[Eating disorders:\ ]**Female athletes are often under pressure to fit the social pressures of the female physique and beauty, while still being great athletes. - - - Female athletes often do weight-bearing and resistance training, which helps keep bones stronger. If the female athlete combines an eating disorder with her training, however, she may not have the nutrients to build strong bones. **[Iron deficiency:]** Iron deficiency (anaemia) results from two conditions: bleeding and a lack of iron in the athlete's diet. Anaemia is much more common in female athletes because of menstruation. - - - **[Bone density:]** BD is a particular issue in female athletes as oestrogen levels drop, which leads to lower mineral counts. - - - **[Pregnancy: ]** There are many ways that pregnancy affects the body of a female athlete. This includes an increase in relaxin. A hormone that allows for greater flexibility. - - - - **Critical Question 3 - What role do preventative actions play in enhancing the well-being of the athlete?** -------------------------- **Physical preparation** -------------------------- While injuries cannot be entirely prevented, proper preparation can significantly reduce their likelihood. **[Pre-Screening:]** Purpose and Benefits: **[Skill and Technique:]** **[Physical Fitness:]** Importance: Components of Fitness: 1\. Health-related: 2\. Skill-related: **[Warm-up, Stretching, and Cool-down:]** Warm-up: Stretching: Cool-down: **[Key Considerations:]** 1\. Physical preparation is crucial for minimizing injury risks and enhancing athlete performance 2\. Proper preparation includes pre-screening, skill development, physical fitness, and appropriate warm-up/cool-down routines 3\. Returning to play too soon or inadequate preparation can increase injury risks and negatively impact performance **Physical Preparation** ======================== - **Pre-screening** ----------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Skill and technique** ----------------------- - - - - **Physical fitness** -------------------- - - - - **Warm-up, stretch and cool down** ---------------------------------- Warm Up: - - - - - - - - Stretching: - - - - - Cool down: - - - - - - ---------------------------------------------- **Sports policy and the sports environment** ---------------------------------------------- **Purpose of Rules**: - - - **Sport-Specific Rules**: - - - - - - **Field/Court Dimensions and Play Structure**: - - **Contact Rules**: - - - ---------------------------------- **Environmental considerations** ---------------------------------- **[Tempurature regulation:]** The body uses four temperature regulation mechanisms: **convection, radiation, conduction, and evaporation**. - **Convection**: **Heat is transferred by moving a fluid (air or water) away from a heat source.** In the human body, convection occurs when heat is removed by moving air or water passing over the skin, taking the heat away. - - - Strategies to Support Heat Loss via Convection: - - - - - - **Radiation:** Heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, primarily infrared. Both the body and external sources like fires and the sun emit radiant heat. - - - Strategies to Support Heat Loss via Radiation: - - Strategies to Gain Heat via Radiation: - **Conduction:** Heat is transferred between two objects in direct contact, **always moving from the hotter object to the cooler one.** - - - Strategies to Support Heat Loss via Conduction: - - - **Evaporation**: Heat is transferred from the body to water (sweat), which evaporates into vapour and removes the heat from the body. Primary Mechanism for Heat Loss: - - - - Strategies to Support Heat Loss via Evaporation: - - **[Climatic conditions:]** **Temperature:** Hot Weather and Its Dangers: - - - Strategies to Manage Heat in Hot Weather: - - - - Cold Weather and Its Challenges: - - - Cold Weather Strategies for Safe Participation: - - - - **Humidity:** Humidity refers to the **concentration of water in the air.** High humidity **makes it harder for sweat to evaporate**, reducing the effectiveness of the body's primary temperature regulation mechanism. - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Wind:** **Effects of Wind on Heat Loss and Gameplay**: - - - **How Cold and Wind Increase Hypothermia Risk**: - - **Strategies to Manage Body Temperature in Windy and Cold Conditions**: - - - - - **Rain:** **Heat Loss**: - - **Safety Risks**: - **Management**: - - **Altitude:** **Effects of Altitude on Oxygen Levels**: - - - **Risks of High Altitude**: - - **Acclimatisation**: - - **Training Benefits**: - **Pollution:** Pollution refers to environmental contaminants, with air pollution being the primary concern for athletes due to increased breathing during exercise. **Health Risks**: - - **Safety Strategies**: - - **[Guidelines for fluid intake:]** **Before Performance:** - - - - - - **During Performance:** - - - - - - - **After Performance:** - - - - - +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Climati | Tempera | Humidit | Wind | Rain | Altitud | Polluti | | c | ture | y | | | e | on | | conditi | | | | | | | | ons | | | | | | | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | Primary | \- | \- | \- wind | \- | \- | | | safety | Excessi | Dehydra | chill | slipper | increas | | | concern | ve | tion | (hypoth | y | e | | | s | hot or | | ermia) | surface | altitud | | | | cold | \- | | s | e | | | | conditi | Hyperth | \- wind | | sicknes | | | | ons | ermia | can | \- poor | s | | | | lead to | | blow | visibil | (Hypoxi | | | | Hyperth | | objects | ity | c) | | | | ermia | | in | | | | | | or | | sportin | Hypothe | \- | | | | Hypothe | | g | rmia | higher | | | | rmia | | contetx | chances | chance | | | | | | ts | increas | of | | | | \- | | | e | hypothe | | | | Dehyrad | | \- | | rmia | | | | tion | | affect | | | | | | | | the | | | | | | \- | | game | | | | | | Young | | flow | | | | | | athlete | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Seconda | \- | \- | \- | \- | \- | | | ry | radiati | difficu | convect | can't | increas | | | safety | on | lty | ion | evapora | e | | | conditi | increas | in | (increa | te | convect | | | ons | ed | evapora | ses | | ion | | | | in the | ting | with | \- | | | | | heat | (concen | wind) | conduct | | | | | (tennis | tration | | ion | | | | | ) | gradien | | | | | | | = | t | | | | | | | Hyperth | of | | | | | | | ermia | water | | | | | | | | in the | | | | | | | \- | atmosph | | | | | | | evapora | ere) | | | | | | | tion | | | | | | | | will | | | | | | | | increas | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | in heat | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Strateg | \- | \- | \- wear | \- move | \- | | | ies | regular | hydrati | wind-pr | indoor | bringin | | | to | drink | on | otectiv | | g | | | assist/ | breaks | | e | \- | (o2) | | | overcom | | \- less | clothin | footwea | | | | e | \- | clothin | g | r | \- | | | climati | clothin | g | | might | Clothin | | | c | g | - more | \- | change | g | | | conditi | - | convect | cancell | | | | | ons | snowboa | ion | ation/c | | \- | | | | rding | | hange | | diamox | | | | thermal | \- stay | locatio | | (blood | | | | s | in | n | | thinner | | | | and | air-con | | | to move | | | | jacket | | | | blood) | | | | | | | | | | | | \- for | | | | | | | | hot | | | | | | | | weather | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | more | | | | | | | | breatha | | | | | | | | ble | | | | | | | | clothin | | | | | | | | g | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Fluid | \- | | | | | | | intake | regular | | | | | | | + | , | | | | | | | Acclima | consist | | | | | | | tisatio | ent | | | | | | | n | hydrati | | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | (pre-, | | | | | | | | during | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | post) | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Acclima | \- | | | Very | | | | tisatio | exposur | | | importa | | | | n | e | | | nt | | | | | to | | | to | | | | | adjust | | | adjust | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+