Telangana History, Movement, & Culture PDF

PNR PUBLICATIONS TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE Best book for: Group - I, II, III, IV, S.I - Constables, D.L, J.L, Forest Department, A.E, AEE, PCB, TRT, TET, Panchayatiraj Secretaries, Gurukula Board an...

PNR PUBLICATIONS TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE Best book for: Group - I, II, III, IV, S.I - Constables, D.L, J.L, Forest Department, A.E, AEE, PCB, TRT, TET, Panchayatiraj Secretaries, Gurukula Board and all other Competitive exams Author: Naveen Reddy Pailla M.Sc., Ph.D. (OU) i TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE First Edition: July - 2018 Second Edition: July - 2018 Third Edition: March - 2019 Updated Third Edition: January - 2021 Price: Rs. 480/- Special thanks to translators: G. Taruni M. Keerthi P. Anusha For copies contact: PNR Publications, Cell: 955 000 86 80 E-mail: [email protected] Typesetting: Bhandari Arts ‘N’ Printers Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad. Disclaimer: No part of PNR Publications may be transmitted (or) reproduced in any form (or) any means i.e., recording, photocopying, electronic (or) otherwise without the information of the above mentioned publishr of the book. Information contained in this book has been obtained by author from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor its author bear any responsibility for any error, omission or damages arising out of use of this information. ii  FOREWORD All the notifications released by Telangana recruitment agencies are giving high priority and weightage to the Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement. Aspirants must be attentive and realize that, there is a huge competition for any competitive exam in the current scenario. On an average for every 1000 posts, 8 lakhs aspirats are competing in Telangana. Half of the aspirants are convenient and affordable to get the coaching from renowned institutes across the state, but at the end only 1000 aspirants can only be successful. Out of the 1000 many are successful without any coaching. This can only be possible with a right choice of material and a systematic plan of preparation. So aspirants are advised not to waste the time in reading the books which are out of syllabus. Aspirants must choose the standard books/material and should revise as many times as possible. This book has been compiled from pre-satavahana age to the Telangana Formation Day i.e., 2nd June 2014 by referring all the authentic sources information to cater the needs of different competitive exams. A complete and detailed explanation is given about the dynasties of Telangana, writers, literature, architecture and culture. This book enables the aspirants to cope up to face all kinds of questionnaire in the exam. Success is always recognized by the achievement not by the efforts. This book has been brought by a Job Achieving strategy by a winner of multiple competitive exams. And certainly it helps you to be successful if you can work systematically and strategically. – PNR Publications iii  About myself (Author) At present I am working as Deputy Tahsildar in Revenue Department. I have been successful in different competitive exams like TSPSC Group-II, selected as a Deputy Tahsildar, Telangana State Level Police Recruitment Board (TSLPRB), Selected as a Sub Inspector of police. Also was the 31st ranker of the Nationwide CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) JRF (junior research fellowship) and successfully completed the Ph.D in Chemistry from Osmania University. All of these have been achieved by self-preparation by choosing the right choice of books and by preparing self-running-notes and without any coaching. At the time of my preparation, as the syllabus was new related to Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement, there were no exact books found relevant to the syllabus. So I have referred and gone through multiple Literature & Culture and History & Movement books written by different eminent historians and writers of Telangana and prepared my own notes according to the syllabus. Now as the time is less to the aspirants to refer multiple books, I’ve come up with latest publication of Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement by adding detailed and complete information to my existing notes to contain every element of syllabus. This book will certainly help the aspirants to complete the syllabus within a short span of time by covering every element of syllabus. Wishing you all the best. Yours Naveen Reddy Pailla iv  INDEX Chapter Page No. I. Cultural History of Telangana 1. Era / Period before Satavahanas 1 2. Satavahanas 6 3. Ikshvakus 20 4. Vishnukundina’s 26 5. Vemulawada Chalukyas 32 6. Mudigonda Chalukyas 36 7. Kakatiya Dynasty 39 8. Period After Kakatiya’s 60 i) Musunuri Nayakas ii) Padma Nayakas (Velama Nayakas) 9. Qutubshahi’s Dynasty 68 10. Mughal Rule in Telangana 82 i) Sardar Sarvai Papanna 11. Asaf Jahis (Nizam Kingdom) 84 i) Reforms of Salarjung – I 12. Important Organizations / Parties emerged during Nizam Period 111 i) Majlis-e-Ittahad-ul-Muslameen (MIM) ii) Hyderabad State Congress iii) Vandemataram Movement in Osmania University iv) National Movements in Hyderabad Province 13. Samsthanas in Nizam Kingdom 120 v 14. Structure of Telangana Feudal System 122 15. Prominent Gadi’s (Fortresses) in Telangana 125 16. Telangana’s Vetti and Baghela System 126 17. Socio – Cultural Revival / Renaissance in Telangana 127 i) Arya Samaj ii) Brahma Samaj iii) Theosophical Society iv) Other Organizations v) Students Organizations vi) Women Organizations vii) Labour Unions viii) Caste Associations 18. Telangana Adi-Hindu Movement 132 19. Andhra Mahasabha 136 20. Literary, Library Movement and Newspapers 139 i) Library Movement ii) Telangana Literary Organizations iii) News Papers 21. Literary Researchers and important poets who did work for development of literature in Telangana and their writings 147 22. Telangana Peasants and Tribal Rebellion 152 23. Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle 156 24. Operation Polo – End of Nizam Rule 162 i) J. N. Chaudhari Military Rule ii) M. K. Vellodi Civil Government vi  II. History of Telangana Movement and State Formation The Idea of Telangana (1948 – 1970) 1. Telangana Society, Arts & Crafts 169 i) Unique Culture of Telangana in Hyderabad State 169 ii) Telangana State Geography and other factors 169 iii) Religions & Caste’s in Telangana 172 iv) dependent Caste’s in Telangana 175 v) Scheduled Tribes in Telangana 177 vi) Telangana Festivals 180 vii) Telangana Jataras (Fairs) 188 viii) Telangana Handicrafts and Specialty 194 ix) Folk Dances of Telangana 198 x) Telangana Folk Art Forms 202 xi) Important Tourist Places, Heritage Sites in Telangana (District Wise) 208 xii) Forts in Telangana 220 xiii) Buddhist & Jain Centers in Telangana 221 xiv) Social Evils in Telangana – Position of Women 221 2. Mulki Movement and Emergence of Mulki and Non-Mulki 224 i) Employment and Civil Services Rules under Mir Osman Ali Khan, 7th Nizam’s Farmana of 1919 and Definition of Mulki ii) Violation of Mulki Rules from 1948-52 during Military and Vellodi Rule vii 3. Hyderabad State in Independent India 233 i) The formation of cabinet under the leadership of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao ii) Bhoodan Movement iii) 1952 Gair Mulki Movement, City College Incident & Formation of Jaganmohan Reddy Committee 242 iv) 1953 – Demand for Separate Telangana State, early discussions and formation of State Reorganization Commission (SRC) 246 v) B. R. Ambedkar’s View on SRC and Formation of Small States 251 vi) Responses of various leaders on SRC Recommendations 252 4. Formation of Andhra Pradesh – 1956 254 i) Gentlemen’s Agreement 258 ii) Telangana Regional Committee 261 5. Violations of Telangana Safeguards between 1956-1969 265 6. 1969 Telangana Movement 273 i) Reasons for the movement ii) The beginning and the Progress of the movement iii) Results of the Movement iv) Important dates in 1969 movement v) The major events of the 1969 movement which happened for the first time vi) Women who participated in 1969 movement vii) Martyr’s Stupa inauguration and its specialties 7. Major Events took place in 1970 and later period 318 i) Telangana Praja Samithi as Political Party ii) Lok Sabha Elections (1971) viii  Mobilisational Phase (1971 – 1990) 8. Court Judgements on Mulki Rules 325 9. Jai Andhra Movement 330 10. 6 Points Formula Program 335 11. Article 371 – D, Presidential orders 336 12. Officers Committee (Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee) Report - 1948 338 13. G. O. 610 339 14. J. M. Girglani Commission 340 15. Naxalite Movement in Telangana, Anti-Landlord Struggle in Jagityala – Siricilla, North Telangana 342 i) Alienation of Tribal and Adivasi Lands 16. Rise of Regional Parties in 1980’s and changes in the Political, Socio – Economic & Cultural Fabric in Telangana, Suppression of Telangana Identity 361 i) World Telugu Conferences (Prapancha Telugu Maha Sabhas) ii) Establishment of Telugu Desham Party iii) Measures taken by N.T. R to suppress Telangana existence iv) Regional Parties – its Founding Members v) Expansion of New Economic Policies in Hyderabad and other Telangana Regions 17. Economic Reforms in 1990 and their Consequences & Regional Disparities 373 ix 18. Quest for Telangana Identity – Intellectual discussions & debates – Political Ideological efforts 381 i) Himayath Nagar By-Elections – 1983 ii) Telangana Party iii) Telangana Jana Sabha iv) Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha Commission on Telangana v) Telangana Supporters March (Padayatra) to Delhi vi) Telangana Porata Samithi vii) Velichala Jagapathi Rao efforts for creating awareness on Telangana viii) Telangana Legislative Forum ix) O.U Forum for Telangana (1987) x) Telangana Sangarshana Samithi (1989) xi) Prolonged Discussions on Telangana in Assembly Meetings (1992) xii) Discrimination and Under development of Telangana Towards Formation of Telangana State (1991-2014) 19. Public Awakening & Intellectual reaction against discrimination – formation of Civil Society Organization, Articulation of Separate Telangana Identity 385 i) Telangana Information Trust 385 ii) Telangana Liberation Students Organization (TLSO) 386 iii) Telangana Mukti Morcha 387 iv) Telangana Praja Samithi Conference 387 x v) Resignation of Legislative Assembly Member Pranay Bhaskar 387 vi) Dev Gowda’s Uttarakhand declaration 388 vii) Nizamabad Advocates Meeting 388 viii) Warangal Meeting 388 ix) Manjeera Writers Association Meeting 388 x) Mallepally Rajam Trust Meeting 388 xi) Hyderabad Forum for Freedom of Expression 389 xii) Prolonged Discussion on Telangana in State Assembly 389 xiii) Bhuvanagiri Sabha 389 xiv) Centre for Telangana Studies 391 xv) Telangana Pragathi Vedika 391 xvi) Telangana Mahasabha – Suryapet 392 xvii) Jai Telangana Party 393 xviii)Telangana United Front 393 xix) Warangal Declaration 395 xx) Telangana Jana Sabha 396 xxi) Telangana Students Front 397 xxii) Telangana Studies Forum 397 xxiii) Telangana Jana Sanghatana 397 xxiv)Essays written in Newspapers on the Discrimination in the Irrigation Sector 397 xxv) Efforts of Telangana Congress and B.J.P to highlight the issue of Telangana 398 xi 20. Establishment of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in 2001, Political Realignment 400 i) Alliance for 2004 elections, Later stage of Telangana Movement 404 ii) Pranab Mukherjee Committee 406 iii) 2009 elections – Alliances – Telangana in election Manifestos 410 iv) The Agitation against Hyderabad as Free-Zone 413 v) Fast Unto death by K. Chandra Shekar Rao with the demand of Separate State 415 vi) Formation of Telangana Joint Action Committee 420 vii) All – Party Meeting (5th January, 2010) 422 viii) Formation of Sri Krishna Committee 423 21. Role of Political Parties in Later Phase 427 of Telangana Movement i) Public Protests – Suicides for the cause of Telangana 22. Cultural Revivalism in Telangana, Other Symbolic Expressions in Telangana, Literary forms – Performing arts and other cultural expressions 438 23. Role of Various groups and cultural organizations in changing the struggle into a public movement 440 i) Telangana Samskruthika Vedika (Cultural Forum) ii) Telangana Writers Forum iii) Telangana History Society xii  iv) Telangana Cultural Federation v) Telangana History Congress vi) Telangana Singidi Writer’s Association vii) Writers, Poets & Singers in Telangana Movement viii) Role of Intellectuals in Telangana Movement ix) Role of Students in Telangana Movement x) Role of Journalists in Telangana Movement xi) Role of Employees in Telangana Movement xii) Role of Advocates in Telangana Movement xiii) Role of Doctors in Telangana Movement xiv) Role of NRI’s in Telangana Movement xv) Women in the Telangana Movement xvi) Role of Civil Society groups, Organized & Unorganized sectors, Castes and Communities in Telangana Movement 24. Intensification of Telangana Movement, Forms of Protest and Major events 478 25. Parliamentary Process for the formation of Telangana State, First Government of Telangana 490 26. Andhra Pradesh Re-organization Act, 2014 496 27. Committees formed in Telangana Region during different occasions 504 xiii  III. Telangana Additional Information 1. Telangana State Official Symbols 508 2. Popular Films on Telangana Backdrop 508 3. Important Persons of Telangana 513 i) In Film Industry ii) Popular Painters of Telangana iii) Prominent Sports persons from Telangana iv) Noted Personalities in Other Fields 4. Literary Genres Born in Telangana 524 5. Prominent Persons of Telangana – their Awards 526 6. Telangana Poets – their Pen Names 527 7. Telangana Prominent Persons – Original Names 528 8. Titles 529 9. Telangana Dialects 530 IV. Previous Papers 1. Sub-Inspector mains Paper (21-04-2019) 534 2. Constable Mains Paper (28-04-2019) 538 3. Sub-Inspector Prelims (26-08-2018) 541 4. Constable Prelims (30-09-2018) 544 5. TSPSC VRO (16-09-2018) 549 6. TSPSC Group-IV (07-10-2018) 551 xiv  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture I. Cultural History of Telangana 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Era / Period before Satavahanas 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Study of past through literature is known as telugu people lived is described as “Trilinga “History”. desham”. Study of past through Material remains is The important source of water to Telangana known as “Archaeology”. is Godavari river, it is an Perinnial river. Ancient history can be studied based on two Godavari river is described as “Thelivaha” things: in ancient period. 1) Literary evidences: The people who lived in surroundings of this The books written by different poets during Thelivaha river were known as “Trilingulu” different periods, will tell us about the living later this changed as Trilinga desham and conditions of different kings, social situations finally into “Telangana” and the administration of the state. Starting from king Indra varma’s “Purli 2) Archaeological evidences: inscription” of ganga dynasty till different Important sources are inscriptions, coins, kings of Kakatiya dynasty used the words monuments, pictures and sculptures. “Trilinga”, Tilinga and Telinga as Engraving text or Pictures on hard rocks is synonyms. called inscription. The credit of making the word “Telangana” In Archaeology study of inscriptions is known popular goes to different poets after the as “Epigraphy”. Kakatiya period. In Archaeology study of coins is known as According to P. Sri Rama Sharma, the word “Numismatics”. “Telangana” came into usage between the These inscriptions and coins will tell us about period of “Amir Khusroo to Abul Fazal” the victories and governance of kings. (i.e., between the period of Alauddin Khilji to 1st inscription and coins related to Telangana akbar). history are found at “Kotilingala” of Velagaturu mandal in Jagityal district. Inscriptions with the word The names of Kings found on the coins in “Telangana” Kotilingala are Gobada, Siri Kamvaya, Siri 1. “Thellapur inscription” (B.C.1417) in vayu, Siri Narana and Sama Gopa. Sangareddy district : in which “Telangana Script found on the inscription of Kotilingala puram” is mentioned. is “Brahmi Script”. 2. Velicharla inscription of Pratapa Rudra Origin of Word Telangana Gajapati (A.D.1510). Word Telangana is an most ancient word. 3. “Tirumala” & “Chinakanchi” inscriptions of Sri Krishna Devaraya. According to the Archaeologist “Parabrahma Sastry”, the place where PNR Publications 1  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture During kakatiya’s period ,some section of K.Thimma Reddy, Professor in Telugu Brahmins were called as “Telagaanyulu” it University of Srisailam have brought Pre- means they belong to Telangana. historic sites (which are present on the left side The Telangana word “Aanemu” means of Krishna river) into lime light. country. According to Suravaram Pratap Raja Ram Singh have identified many sites Reddy, the usage of Telangana language was in Northern Telangana from Basar to prominent during Golconda rule also based Bhadrachalam in the Godavari valley. on the word “Aanemu”. Raja Ram Singh proved that Telangana has According to the available sources , evidences from the first phase of evolution of history is divided into 3 parts. Man kind. 1. Pre- historic period : No written literature is In recent times, Dyanavalli Satyanarayana available during this period. have identified ten pre-historic sites. 2. Proto historic period: Written literature of The book named “Research on the land of this period is available but it cannot be Telugu”, which was written by deciphered. Ex: indus valley civilization. B.Subramaniyam is the basis for the study 3. Historic period: Written literature is available of pre-historic period in Telangana. and can be deciphered. Pre-historic period is divided on the basis of tools used by the humans, they are Pre-Historic period 1) Paleolithic age : (old stone age) The study of pre-historic period in Telangana (From B.C. 2,00,000 to B.C 8,500) was done by Sir Robert Brucefoot in the 2) Mesolithic age : ( Middle stone age) mid-nineteenth century in Nalgonda district (From 8,500 B.C to 3,000 B.C) “Valigonda”(presently in Yadadri district) in the tombs of Megalithic period. 3) Neolithic age : ( New stone age) (From 3,000 B.C to 1,500 B.C) Hyderabad State Archaeological department which was established in the year 4) Megalithic age : 1914 have scientifically identified different pre- (From 1,500 B.C to 300 A.D) historical sites. 1) Paleolithic Age: In the year 1953, Hyderabad state The paleolithic weapons were found in archaeological department have published a Telangana are similar to the ones which were book “Antiquarian remains in Hyderabad found in Africa’s Acheuleon. state”, which named 118 places as The tools used in this period are stone tools protected places. such as small scrapes, choppers, stone hammers etc. Note: Salvage Archaeology or Rescue Archaeology is the study of Ancient 2) Mesolithic Age: excavations in the places which are in the This is also known as Microlithic Age. danger of imminent destruction. In this period small stone tools i.e; microliths The retired secretory of archaeological were used. department V.V.Krishna Murthy have During this period , humans started drawing identified different pre-historic sites, and painting on the rocks. especially the places where paintings & First generation pictures of Mesolithic pictures are present. age were found in the caves of 2 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Mahabubnagar district “Sanganoni The megalithic burial ground which was Palli”. The important pictures in this were excavated in the premises of Hyderabad “deers”. Central University was the 1st in the 3) Neolithic Age: country. The food grains present in this, dated In this period, human started to do cultivation back to 4,250 years. by setting at one place. The burial grounds were divided into 4 types Tools and weapons were made up of based on its construction. Bones. 1. Pit burials 2. Cyst burials From this period, humans started using 3. Dolmen 4. Rock cut burials Copper & Bronze tools. 1) Pit burials: They started cultivating millets like Jowar ,  The dead body was kept in the burial box Ragi and legumes like horse gram and black which was made up of mud or granite, then this gram. box is kept in a pit and covered. Big rocks were Piles of ash which belonged to Neolithic period kept around this burial ground in circular form. was found at “Utnoor”mandal of 2) Cyst burials: Telangana.  The stone burial box was not completely Ash is produced by burning the dung of buried, but some part is kept open above the animals. So by this we can know that cattle ground surface. rearing was done during this period. 3) Dolmen: In this period, the dead bodies were buried  A dolmen is a type of single chamber megalithic by keeping their head towards North. tomb, consisting of two or more vertical Two infants were buried in a pot evidences megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal were found in Nagarjuna Konda. capstone or table 4) Megalithic Age: 4) Rock cut burials: In this period from B.C 1500 to A.D 300,  Caves were cut from the rocks and the dead Telangana people used to bury the dead body bodies were buried in this. in the mud burial box or they used to bury in a Food grains, iron tools, red & black cave like structure. Big stones were kept in pottery, gold ornaments and beads were circular form surrounding this burial ground found in this burials called as megaliths. known as Megaliths. Hence this period is In Eleshwaram of Nalgonda district, a known as megalithic age. burial box in the shape of elephant was These Megaliths were known by locals as found. Along with this 4 burial boxes were Pandavula Gullu,Veerlapadulu. found. The people used to bury food grains, At one burial site Eleshwaram, a man’s agricultural tools and ornaments along with the skeleton is found on top of women’s dead person. By this articles we can say that skeleton. people were civilized. Thousands of grave yards were found in In Telangana , the civilization of people started Narkatpally of Nalgonda during the with megalithic age. excavations made by Meadows Taylor. In this period, iron tools were used for the The red & black pottery were found in first time, hence it is also called as “Iron Age” Utnoor tombs. PNR Publications 3  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture At Moula Ali of Hyderabad, the bangles A buddhist monk “Bhavari” of asmaka made up of clay and golden beads were kongdome has introduced Buddhism in seen in the grave yard. These grave yards were Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. present in 30 to 40 acres of land. A king “Mahapadma Nanda” of Nanda Horse skeleton was found in the grave yard dynasty have won over Asmaka kingdom. He of Pochampadu. was the 1st king to win over southern india in Beads made up of bones were found in the history of india. Hasmatpet, outskirts of Hyderabad. After Mahapadma Nanda, the Mauryan kings Historic Period of Maghada made Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as their feudatory states. The period in which written literature is present and which can be deciphered is known as Later, Sri Mukha have founded Satavahana historic period. dynasty and ruled over Anhra Pradesh and Telangana. In India, this period started from Aryans but in Telangana it started from 6th Century B.C. Eventually Telangana became a merging Arayan culture which was present in north point for North and South India. india introduced in Eastern india by The word “Telangana” came into usage from “Vaideha”. the period of Delhi sultanates. Amir “Agastya” introduced Aryan culture in Khusroo used the word “Telangana”. Southern india. During Delhi sultanates period, the places of In 6th century B.C, Buddhism, Jainism and like Telangana, Andhra, Tamilnadu were all wise 62 other religions started against the together known as Telangana. domination of Brahmins. Later during Golconda Qutub Shahis period, Buddhist scriptures are known as Tripitakas. the present day Telangana along with coastal They are: Andhra was known as Telangana. 1. Sutta pitaka From Nizam’s period, the telugu places in 2. Vinaya pitaka and Hyderabad state were known as Telangana. 3. Abhidhamma pitaka Buddhist Jataka stories (B.C 600 to 400): The 16 mahajanapadas formed in the 6th the place between Godavari and Krishna rivers century B.C, were for the 1st time mentioned was known as Andha padam & Andha ka in the buddhist scripture “Anguttara Rattam (Andhra Rashtram). Nikaya”. Aitareya Brahmana of Rig-veda have Out of these 16 mahajanapadas, only one mentioned First time about the people of mahajanapada “Asmaka” is present in Andhra. Telangana region. Remaining 15 are present in Northern india. According to Suttanipata of sutta pitaka, Asmaka kingdom and Mulaka kingdome “Asmaka Mahajanapada” was present in today’s Nizamabad, Karimnagar and were present on both the sides of Godavari Adilabad. river. These were known as “Andhaka Ratta” (Andhra State). The capital of Asmaka was pottana or Podhan (present day Bodhan) in Nizamabad Capital of Mulaka kingdom- district. Prathistanapuram (paithan). 4 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Chronology of prominent dynasties ruled over Telangana region from Ancient period to Modern period:  Satavahanas – (220 B.C to 225 A.D)  Ikshvakus (220 A.D to 300 A. D)  Vishnukundins (358 A.D to 569 A.D)  Vemulawada Chalukyas – (750 A.D to 973 A.D) (parts of North-West Telangana )  Mudigonda Chalukyas – (850 A.D to 1200 A.D) (parts of Khammam & Warangal)  Kakatiyas – as feudatory Kakatiyas (956 A.D to 1162 A.D) – Independent Kakatiyas (1163 A.D to 1323 A.D)  Musunuri Nayakas – (1325 A.D to 1368 A.D) (parts of Khammam district)  Velama Nayakas – (1325 A.D to 1475 A.D) (Parts of Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar)  Qutubshahis – (1518 A.D to 1687 A.D)  Asafjahi’s – (1724 A.D to 1948 A.D) PNR Publications 5  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Satavahanas 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 (B.C 220-225 A.D) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Satavahanas were the first dynasty which Origin of Satavahanas: had established vast kingdom in Telangana and According to B.S.L.Hanumanth Rao, south india. satavahanas are Aryans. The places ruled by them: According to R.S. Sharma, satavahanas are  Telangana  Andhra Pradesh Dravidans.  Karnataka  Maharashtra Varna of satavahanas: According to “K.M.Phanikkar”, Sathava- hanas have played important role in cultural According to the ancient texts (puranas), the integration between south india and Aryavarta founder of dynasty Srimukha was described (ancient name of Northern and Central india). as Sudra (Vishala) Various names of satavahanas are According to ancient literature Pracheena Shalivahanas, Andhra-Bhritya, Andhras Vajmayam they are sudras. and Satakarni. According to “Kathasaritsagara” written Progenitor of Satavahana dynasty is by Somadeva suri, satavahanas are born to “Satavahana”. yaksha by name shatha and to a brahmin lady. Hence satavahanas belong to yaksha class. Satavahana means the one who have vehicle. According to Nasik inscription of Goutami In Kannada, Satavahana means “farmer”. Balasri, she described herself as In ancient texts, Satavahanas were described Rajarshipatni Kshatriapatni, hence some as “Andhra-Bhrityas”. historians describe them as kshatriyas. Satavahanas ruled between 220 B.C to 225 In Nasik inscription of Gautami balasri , the A.D approximately. Gautamiputra satakarni was described as to a men of Naga sect , so they belong to Naga Satavahanas sect. 1st Capital: Kotilingala (Jagitial district, According to a book Dvatrimsika erstwhile Karimnagar district) puttalika, satavahanas are born to male 2nd Capital : Pratishtana puram (Paitan) brahmin and to a female of Naga sect. 3rd Capital : Dhanyakatakam (Amaravati) Dispute regarding birthplace of Progenitor : Satavahana satavahanas: Founder of dynasty : Simuka (Sri Mukha) There is difference of opinion regarding the Official language : Prakrit birthplace of satavahanas. Ruling language : Prakrit (The language in Different historians have given different places. which instructions were given to public) Karnataka : According to V.S.Sukthankar, Emblem : Sun the birth place of satavahanas is bellary in Greatest king : Gautamiputra satakarni Karnataka. Foreign traveller : Megasthenes 6 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Reason: Myakadhoni inscription of lakh army, two thousand cavalry and one Pulomavi 3 and Hirahadagali inscription of thousand elephantry. pallava shiva skanda varma are found in Few fortified cities of Telangana out of 30 Bellary. cities which were mentioned in Vidarba: According to V.V.Mirashi, Megasthenes Indica are: Bodhan, satavahanas belong to Vidarba of Kotilingala, Dhulikatta, Pedda Bhankuru, Maharashtra. Kondapur, Phanigiri, Gajulabhanda and Maharashtra: P.T.Srinivas Iyengar , K. Indrapuri. Gopalachary and D.P.Sarkar. according to In natural history book of pliny and these, the birthplace and capital of satavahanas periplus of the erythraean sea of unknown is Pratishtana Puram. writer the foreign trade of satavahanas was Coastal Andhra : R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. explained. Smith and I.J. Rapson have described Native / Regional books: “Andhra” as the first birthplace of Puranas, Jataka stories of buddha and jain satavahanas. books. According to them, capital is Dhanyakatakam 2) Inscriptions: Telangana : The following historians, 24 inscriptions related to satavahanas are have decided “Telangana” as the available. birthplace of satavahanas. Inscriptions are written in prakrit language 1. According to P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, and brahmi script was used in it. Satavahanas have started ruling from Telangana. 3. Coins: Coins are issued in prakrit and desi 2. Kambampati Satyanarayana: Satavahanas languages. have started ruling from Telangana and expanded into West, North and Southern According to historians, Telugu language directions. has evolved from desi language. 3. According to Dhame Raja Reddy, the coins 4) Excavations: and inscriptions of simukha are found in Kondapur – Sangareddy district (Erstwhile Kotilingala so thier 1st capital is Kotilingala.Medak district) 4. G. Rambabu, B.N. Shastri, Mallampalli In 3rd Century B.C only, Kondapur was Somasekher Sharma , Sri Ram Sharma have developed as a city. described Telangana as the birthplace of Approximately 4000 coins related to satavahanas. Sathavahanas are found in Kondapur. Evidences Related to History of Mallampally Somasekher Sharma have Satavahanas described Kondapur as “Mint city of satavahanas”. 1) Literary Sources: Before satavahanas only , Kondapur was the Foreign books: capital for the “Ashika kingdom” (Ranga The Greek Ambassador Megasthenes in his Reddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts). book Indica (in Greek) have stated that king In the South, Kondapur was the main of Andhra’s tribe have 30 fortified cities , one centre for trade with the Roman empire. PNR Publications 7  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Necklace made up of Roman scptaria with According to Vayu Purana, there were 17 the symbol of Tiberius Caesar (emperor) kings who ruled over 272 years. was found in Kondapur. Important Satavahana rulers: Kotilingala – Jagityal district (Erstwhile Srimukha/ Simukha: Karimnagar district): He is the founder of the satavahana kingdom/ It is present at the meeting point of Godavari dynasty and contemporary to Ashoka. and Peddavagu. In inscriptions, he was called as Chimukha It is the first capital for satavahana kingdom. and Sindhuka. The pillar made up of sandstone was found Vayupurana – Sindhuka here on which the words “Nagagopinikaya” Matsya purana – Balipuchaka, Bali. in brahmiscript were written. Simukha’s 8 coins were found at Kotilingala. On Munulagutta near kotilingala Jains In Nanaghat inscription of Devi Naganika , “shilachchadalu” were founded. there is a mention about the king Simukha that Viddanki coins and coins of srimukha , early “Raya Simukha satavahana Sirimatho”. satavahanas and of rulers before satavahanas Earlier he patronised Jainism, later he turned were found in kotilingala. to Brahmanism (Vedic religion). Peddabankur – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile Important jains tourist site during his period – Karimnagar district): Munulagutta (Karimnagar) It is present on the banks of Hussain miya The name on the coins issued by Srimukha- water stream. Ranagobhadra, Rana Goswamy. In Peddabankur one pot was found in farmer’s The 13 Rock edict of Ashoka mentions that th field which contained 22 thousand satavahana Simukha as feudatory of Mauryans. coins. Ashoka has given title “Raya” to Simukha. 22 fresh water wells which were built with Ashoka has named Satavahanas as bricks and one well which was made with clay “Satyaputra” in his inscriptions. bangles is found here. Srimukha has defeated the leader of “Rathika” The coins of Roman emperors Augustus, clan i.e., Maharathi Tranakayiro and Caesar and Tiberius found here. married his daughter “Naganika” to Simukha’s Dhulikatta – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile son Satakarni-1 Karimnagar district) According to jain texts, people revolted V.V.Krishna Shastri has found out the against him due to his cruel administration. buddhist stupa which belonged to Satavahanas Later, Krishna brother of Simukha became the time. king. Satavahanas Political History Kanha / Krishna Historians have different opinions regarding theIn inscriptions, he was named as “Kanha”. number of kings who ruled over Satavahanas He was the first Satavahana king to issue kingdom and their time period. inscription – Kanheri inscription. According to Matsya purana, there were He engraved Nasik and Kanheri caves for 30 kings who ruled for 456 years. the Buddhist monks. 8 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture He appointed special officers “Dharma  Kalinga (Orissa) : Kharavela Mahamatya” for the welfare of the buddhist  Northwest India: Demetrius (Indo- monks. Greek King) Kanha patronized “Bhagavatha religion” As a mark of victory against Pushyamitra during his period Bhagavatha religion has Shunga , Satakarni-1 have issued coins with spread from North India to Deccan. the symbol of “Ujjaini Town”. Satakarni-1 The kalinga king who invaded the Musika city He is the son of Simukha. of Satavahanas during Satakarni-1 was “Kharavela”. This was revealed from His wife Naganika has issued Nanaghat kharavela’s Hathigumpha inscription. inscription ( it is decorative inscription). It is in “Prakrit”. According to Hathigumpha inscription , Kharavela have destroyed the city of Pithunda Titles given to Satakarni-1 in Nanaghat with donkeys and he won Mushika city and inscription are: gained title “Mushikadhipati”.  Dakshina padapati  Ekaveera Historians opine that the Mushika city is the  Apratihita chakra  Shura present day Kondapur in Sangareddy district Naganika’s father – and Pithunda city is present day “Guntupalli”. Maharathi Tranakayiro But according to Chulla Kalinga Jatakam, Naganika describes herself as “Yajna hutana Satakarni-1 have defeated Kalinga king sugandhaya digavuta sindaya” in Nanaghat “Kharavela” and expanded his kingdom inscription. towards east. Nanaghat inscription has revealed the idols of Note: According to the inscription found in following persons., Srimukha, Satakarni-1, May 2011 in the outskirts of Mukkatrav Maharathi Tranakayiro, Naganika, Vedaksha peta village of Kotilingala, “Huku Sri” Satakarni , Shatasri (sons of Satakarni-1). Satavahana is the son of Naganika and According to puranas, the titles of Satakarni-1 Satakarni-1.  Mahan After the death of Satakarni-1, his wife  Mallakarna (Matsya Purana) Naganika took up the responsibility of administration till her son attained adulthood. According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni- 1 has performed two Ashwamedha yagas and Skandasthambi : one Rajasuyayagam and other 20 rituals. Invasions of Greek were started during his According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni- period. 1 has donated many Horses, Cows, Elephants and villages to Brahmins he was the first to Satakarni-II: donate lands in india. He built a gateway to the southern side of He issued Ashwamedha coins, his coins Sanchi Stupa. contained the symbols of elephant and Ujjain Amongst Satavahanas, Satakarni-II have city. ruled for longest period of 56 years. Contemporaries of Satakarni-1 are: During his period, Satavahana kingdom  Magadha : Pushyamitra shunga expanded towards north india. PNR Publications 9  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture According to Gargi Samhita, he annexed 1) Somadeva Suri – Kathasaritsagaram Vidisha which was the second capital of 2) Kshemendra – Brihat Katha Manjari Shungas. 3) Hari sena – Brihat Katha Kosham He conquered Magadha capital 4) Varahamihira – Brihat Samhita “Pataliputra” in the Northern India. Gunadhya’s Brihat Katha was translated into From his period, Saka-Satavahana conflict Sanskrit by king Durvinita of Ganga started. dynasty. His court artist was Vashishta putra Ananda. Based on Brihat katha, Vishnu sharma wrote Kuntala Satakarni Panchatantram. He was the 13th ruler. According to Somadeva Suri’s Kathasarit- sagaram, there were differences between He changed the official language as Sharva Varma and Gunadhya. Sanskrit in the place of Prakrit. According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra, His title was Vikramarka. Kuntala Satakarni caused the death of his wife Court poets and their work during his Malayavathi due to the sexual position named period: “ Karirtha”  Gunadhya – Brihat Katha Kamasutra was translated into telugu by (Paisachi Prakrit language) Aadi Narayana Shastri  Sarva Varma – Katantra Vyakarnam Pulomavi-I  Vatsyayana – He was the 15th ruler of Satavahanas. Kamasutra, Nyaya Bhashyam He invaded Magadha in North India and Kuntala Satakarni married princess of North defeated Kanva king Susharma and annexed India – Malayawati. his kingdom. Kuntala satakarni learned Sanskrit language Coins of Pulomavi-I are found in “Kuhrama through Sarvavarma because he felt / Kuharam” near pataliputra (Bihar). embarressed before his queen who knew Sanskrit. Gaurav Krishna Sarva Varma wrote Katantra Vyakarnam he was responsible for the disintegration of which was a grammatic book in Sanskrit. the Andhra kingdom. So he was degraded and Through this book Kuntala Satakarni learnt named as “Aristakarma”, “Vai Krishna”, Sanskrit. “Rikta varnudu” in puranas. Gunadhya wanted his literary work Brihat Hala Katha to be dedicated to the king but king He was the 17th king of Satavahanas. He ruled refused. So, Gunadhya has burnt his book. only for 5 years. At present only one chapter of Brihat Katha He was the Telangana’s first written great is available. poet among kings. The main character in brihat katha was His period was described as the Golden era “Kubera / labbika”. for prakrit. Based on Brihat katha, 4 Sanskrit literary Hala was the author of “Gatha Saptashati” works were done in 10th & 11th century. in Maharashtri prakrit language. 10 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture This book contains 700 romantic love The only king who followed Shalivahana Saka stories which reveals the rural social was “Yadava Ramachandra Deva” (king conditions of that period. This book describes of devagiri) the importance of marriage traditions, betel Gautamiputra Satakarni was the first king to leaves and parani (which is applied by women use mother’s name in front of his name. on their feet during marriage) and also His mother Gautami Balasri have issued describes about festival Holi. Nasik inscription. This inscription was issued Gatha Saptashati is similar to the book after the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni “vajjalagga” written by Svetambara jain during the 19th Regnal year of his son Monk “Jayavallabha”. Vaashistaputra Pulomavi. Bana in his book Harshacharita have In Nasik inscription Gautami Balasri describes mentioned that Hala has written Gatha herself as “Satyavachanadana Ahimsa Saptashati. Nirathaya” and “Rajarshi Vadhuvu”. Hala had titles “Kavi Vatsala” and “Kavi Titles of Gautami putra Satakarni according Raja”. to Nasik inscription: In Kutuhala’s “Leelavati Parinayam”, it was  Eka brahmana  Aagama Nilaya mentioned that Hala has invaded Simhala  Dvijakula Vardana  Eka Shura (Srilanka) and married Simhala Princess  Chaturvarna Shankara Leelavati. According to this book, they were married in Bhimeshwara temple near  Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana Sapta-Godavari.  Varna Saankarya Nirodaka According to Dr. Sanganabhatla Narsaiah,  Eka Dhanurdara this place is Bhimeshwara temple on the banks  Sakayavana Pahlava Nighadhana of Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao peta  Bhenakataka Swamy in Jagityal district.  Trisamudra toya peetavahana (one Hala felicitated the poets – “Kumarila” and whose horses drunk the water of 3 oceans) “ Sripalitha”.  The sovereign title “Rajoran” The important army commander of Hala was  Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara. “ Vijayanada”. Jogalthambi War: Gautamiputra Satakarni In this war, Gautami putra satakarni have He was the 23rd king of Satavahanas according defeated “Nahapana” who was an important to Puranas. ruler of Kshatrapas. After this war, He was the greatest king among Satavahanas, Gautamiputra Satakarni gained the title he revived the political Glory of Satavahanas. “Destroyer of Kshatrapas” (Kshaharata When he ascended the throne in 78 A.D, Vamsha Nirvaseshakara). “Shalivahana Saka” was started. After victory in this war, Gautamiputra From 1957, Indian Government has Satakarni have re-issued the coins of recognised 78 A.D as the beginning of Nahapana with his name. Shalivahana Era / Saka. These re-issued coins were found at Jogal thambi in Maharashtra. PNR Publications 11  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Gautamiputra Satakarni have annexed many Bana in his book “Harsha Charita” have kingdoms and changed the capital of mentioned Yagna sree as “Trisamudradipati”. Satavahan’s from Dhanyakatakam to In Silappadikaram book, the Yagna Sri was Pratishtanapuram. described “Paasanda Sathan”, means the Gautamiputra Satakarni have built a city by one who opposes the rituals of Yagnam / Yaga. name “Bhenakatakam”. He was the contemporary of Acharya His coins were found at Cuddalore in Nagarjuna. Tamilnadu. Yajna sree have built Parvata Vihara or He donated 100 nivartana land to Buddhist Mahachaitya Vihara at Nagarjuna Konda monks. for Acharya Nagarjuna. Vashistiputra Pulomavi (VPP) / According to Chinese traveller Fahien, this Vihara had 5 floors and 1500 rooms. Pulomavi II In Nasik inscription , he was awarded the title Pulomavi III “Dakshinapadeshwara”. He was the last ruler of Satavahanas. During his period, Amaravati Stupa was built. The inscription which tells about fall of 1st inscription of Satavahana in Andhra Satavahanas Kingdom and Pulomavi III was Pradesh was Dharani Kota inscription Myakadhoni inscription (Near Bellary – issued by VPP. Karnataka ). Rudradaman of Western Kshatrapas (Kardamaka) dynasty has defeated Administration Vashistiputra pulomavi. Satavahana’s have followed Maurya’s Due to the fear of Rudradaman ,VPP have administrative system. changed the capital from Pratishtanapuram Kingdom was passed from father to son i.e; it to Dhanyakatakam. This is evident from was hereditary. Girnar inscription or Junagadh inscription “Monarchy system abide by Dharma of Rudradaman. Shastra” is the source of Satavahana state The title of VPP : Navanagara Swamy. system: Junaghad inscription tells us about Vashistiputra Shiva sri Satakarni administration and the Ministers of His title was Kshatrapa. Satavahanas. He was the 1st Satavahana king to issue coins There were four main ministers for giving in two languages i.e; in Prakrit and Tamil. advice to the king. They were known as Yajna Sri / Yagna Sree Satakarni “Amatyas”. Amatya’s are not hereditary. Yagnya sree inscription was Chinna Ganjam.  Vishwasamatya – Prime Minister, Loyal to king , internal Advicer to king. His coins contained the symbols of boat. Due to this , it is evident that foreign trade took  Rajamatya – the one who implements the place with Roman empire during his period. orders of the king. Historians opine that “Matsya Purana” was  Mahamatya – Finance Minister written in his period.  Mahatalvari – Commander General of Army 12 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Along with them, different officers were Town Administration appointed. Administration of Town / Cities is looked after Important Officers: by the “Nigama Sabha”. The members of Nigama Sabha were Hiranika – Treasurer (the one who collects taxes) Gahapati. They were the community heads. There was reference about the administration Bhandagarika – Royal goods stores in- charge of cities during Satavahanas in the “Bhattiprolu Nigama Sabha inscription”. Mahatalvara – Bodyguard This inscription was issued by “Kubera”. Pratihara – Sentry Megasthene’s Indica also has the reference (a soldier to control access to a palace) of Nigama Sabhas. Rajjagahaka – the person who does land “Rajakamket” is the place where the surveys and collects taxes. administration is under the direct control of Rajuka – judge king. Mahadharmika – person who looks after education and resolves religious conflicts. Military force Maha aryaka – Hathigumpa inscription of Kharavela Person who looks after legal affairs mentions about four military forces of Pattaka Pala – Satavahanas. Registrar of land documents The army was composed of four arms Rajavija – Doctor for the court (Chaturanga) – infantry, cavalry, elephantry and chariots. During Satavahanas, the lands were donated Temporary military camp was called permanently by the condition “Akshayanivi”. Skandhagara. Division of Kingdom Administrators Permanent military camp was called Kataka Kingdom – King (present day cantonment). Aharas – Amatyas Economic Condition / (Governors) Economic System Vishaya – Vishayapati The main occupation of the people was Grama (Villages) – Gramika, Gramini “Agriculture”. Local Body Administration - Village The land where crops were grown is known Smallest division of the kingdom – Village as “Sitakshetram” and the head of this was Head of the village administration was known as “Sitaadyakshya”. Gramika or Gramini. Unit of land Measurement was Mahakaryaka was the officer to resolve the “Nivarthana”. problems of villagers. 1 Nivarthana = 1.5 Acres (Approx) A group of villages were called Gulmi. Head Main source of income was “Land Tax” of Gulmi was “Gulmika”. Land tax was known as Bhaga / Dheyameya. According to Myakedoni inscription, Gulmika  Dheya – Land tax was collected in the also acted as army chiefs in boundaries of villages. form of money. PNR Publications 13  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture  Meya – Land tax was collected in the form These shreni’s eventually formed into castes. of produce. According to inscriptions, there were 18 Generally land tax was collected as 1/6th of different types of Shreni’s or guilds. the crop produce. 1. Kolika – Weavers Tax collected from Artisans was “Kurukara”. 2. Halika – Farmers Shulka – tax on water. 3. Thilapistika – Oil Millers Kara – tax on Vegetables and fruit crops. 4. Kularika – Potterman The land donated to brahmins and buddhist monks was exempted from tax. 5. Udhaya Yantrika – Man who operates water machines. The scientific expert team was appointed by the kings to invent new tools for agriculture. 6. Vadhaka – Carpenter This team was known as “Odhayantrika”. 7. Gandhika – Perfume Makers The inventions of odhayantrika are: 8. Kasakara – Brass workers Udhaga yantram – for ploughing the land 9. Thesakara – Stone polishers (Machine) 10. Kamaras – Blacksmith Gati yantram – for pulling water to up 11. Malakara – Flower merchants Garika yantram – for separation of 12. Lohavaniya – Iron merchants seeds from raw cotton 13. Suvanakara – Gold smith Rihatta Gadiya – tool for fetchinhg water 14. Selavadhakas – Architects Water Resources / Irrigation 15. Avesina – Artisans Upadhana – wells 16. Lekakas – Writers Thadaga – lake / tank 17. Chammakaras – Leather works Rahata Gadiya – Lift irrigation 18. Pasakaras – Medhari varu Paniya Gaharika – Irrigation officer These shreni’s worked as banks in those days Farmers are of two types: i.e; they accepted deposits and have given 1. Halika- Small scale farmers loans. In those days interest was 12% per 2. Gahapati / Samsarin – Large scale farmers annum. or Zamindars. According to Rishabadatta’s Nasik Important crops during Satavahanas: inscription, Rishabadatta took a loan of 2000 Paddy, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Cotton, Wheat, Karshapanas from Kolika shreni of Govardhan Jute. Mandal at 12% interest rate. Later Coconut (in the 1 st Century A.D it was Rishabadatta have re-paid the loan to Kolika exported from Maliyadesam to South India). shreni and in turn Kolika shreni have donated the money to Buddhist Monks. Shreni / Professional Associations During Satavahanas, a type of Iron named During Satavahanas, each profession had its “Vooj” was manufactured.the evidence of this own association known as Shreni. The head is found in Kondapur of Medak district. of the Shreni was “Shresti” (Shetty). 14 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture The tools of goldsmith were found at The important literary sources which tell us Kotilingala. about Port cities & trade in Satavahana The strongest shreni / guild was Kolika shreni period: (Padmashali’s), Economically Satavahana 1. Periplus of the Erythraean sea by kingdom was strongest because of Kolikula unknown author: This book mentioned that shreni (Padmashali’s). Arikamedu (near Puducherry) was named as the international sea port. During Vashistiputra pulomavi period, a man 2. Ptolemy’s “the Guide to Geography”. “Rakkasi lotai” have invented a machine to separate seeds from cotton. This machine was 3. Pliny’s Natural history. known as “Giraka”.  According to Pliny Roman women imported thinnest cloth from India and in Because of this “Giraka” machines, the seeds return they gave 5 crores of sterling Roman were separated easily and clothes were gold coins. manufactured within less time and they were exported. Important port cities in West coast during Satavahanas: During this period, the clothes were exported to Roman Empire.  Bharukacha (Barigaja) – Present day Bharuch (Gujarat) Historian Pliny opine that in Roman Empire  Kalyan – Karnataka the men were attracted to women who wore  Sopara – Maharashtra the soft muslin clothes which were exported from India to Roman Empire, Because of this Important port in East coast: attraction of men towards women, the moral  Maisolia (Motupalli) values of roman empire are coming down. Important places during Satavahanas: Trade  Gudur – Famous for soft / thin clothes Barter system was followed.  Machilipatnam – Famous for muslin Trade unions issued “Punch marked coins”  Palanadu – Diamond industry  Vinukonda – Metal industry There was domestic and foreign trade during  Konasamudram (Karimnagar) – this period. Best quality iron Domestic traders were known as “Sedhi” Exports of Satavahana’s: Main mode of transportation was bullock cart. Soft clothes, Muslin The business men when travelling to long Toys and things made up of elephant trunk. distances they formed a union known as Spices, Sandal wood, Forest herbs. “Bidaras” to fight against thieves. Golden chairs, gems, pearls. The important trade centres were Kotilingala, Sugar , oil, ghee. Dhulikatta and Kondapur. Luxury goods. Female slaves. The men who did foreign trade were known Imports of Satavahana’s: as “Sarthavahas” Gold, silver, pearls, silk, camphor. PNR Publications 15  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Coins But there was Polygyny and practice of Sati Roman coins were found in Andhra, during Satavahanas (Strabo named about Telangana due to trade with Roman Empire. practice of Sati during this period). In Peddabhankur, the coins with the pictures There were no Widow marriages. Prostitutes of Augustus &Tiberias were found. were also given respect. The coins of emperor Claudius were found in Dancers used to apply “Aradalam” as make- Gutiparti of Nalgonda. up. Women used to wear Uttariya (Kabari Bandhalu) instead of blouse. Gold and Silver coins were found in Gutiparti, Yeleswaram and Akkinapally of Nalgonda Men and women used to wear headgear / district. turban known as “Ushniya”. Golden coins of Roman empire were found at Slavery was prevalent during this period. Nagavarappadu of Khammam district and Vatsayana’s Kamasutra have mentioned the Arikamedu, Tamilnadu (Near Puducherry). following festivals.  Arikamedu was Roman Trade Centre  Madanostavam  Koumudi yagam Satavahanas minted coins in metals like  Ghata Nibandhana  Udyanavana Copper, lead, tin, silver and gold, potin alloy.  Halaka Gold coins were called Suvarnas The Musical instruments used were Veena, Silver coins were called Karshapana Flute, Mridangam and Shankam. One gold coin is equal to 35 Karshapanas Religious Conditions Lead coins were minted on large scale. Satavahanas followed Vedic religion Social Conditions (Brahmanism). Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion There was a composite culture during were prominent. Satavahanas. It is a mixture of Dravida culture and Aryan culture. 1) Vedic Religion: Four-fold caste system was followed but it In Nanaghat inscription, there is a mention was not so strong. about the dieties Indra, Agni and Varuna. This As the caste system was not strong, inter- inscription starts with a prayer to God Indra. caste marriages were prevalent. Hala’s Gatha Saptashati starts with a prayer Brahmins were given highest regard in the to Lord Shiva and ends with Gowri Stotram. society. Shaivism: Caste system emerged from Shrenis or guilds, The sect of Shaivism which was prominent was But there is no Caste discrimination. Pashupata Shaivism. The founder of this sect Patriarchal system was followed. There was was “Lakulisa”. This was the 1st sect of Jiont family system. Shaivism. They worshipped “Pashupati”. Women were given freedom. This sect of Shaivism prohibited sacrifices. Women were given property rights and they They gave importance for peace. are free to patronize any religion. The oldest temple of Shaivism in Andhra Women used to participate in Yaga’s / Rituals Pradesh is at Gudimallam (Chittoor). In this along with male. 16 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture temple, there is 14 feet height Shiva lingam. Buddha gave preachings at Amaravati, This belongs to 2nd Century B.C and was according to the belief of Tibetan Buddhists. worshipped by Satavahanas. Even though Satavahana kings patronized 2) Jainism: Vedic religion, they also encouraged Digambara Jainism is Prominent in Andhra. Buddhism, but Satavahana queens According to Jina Prabhasuri’s book patronized Buddhism. “Kalpa Pradeepa”, 52 army chiefs of Gautami Balasree have donated Nasik caves Satavahanas have built 52 jain temples on their in Maharashtra to the sect of “Badraniya names. Buddhism”. Ashoka’s grandson Samprati have embraced The Buddhism Sect which started in Andhra Jainism and sent persons to Andhra to was “Chaityaka Vadham”. propagate Jainism. The founder of chaityaka vadham was The 10th Jain Teerthankara Sheetalanatha’s Mahadeva Bikshuvu. birth place was Bhadrachalam (Badalpuri) Important Buddhist Philosopher during in Khammam district. Satavahanas was Acharya Nagarjuna. Sri Mukha first patronized Jainism, this is Acharya Nagarjuna: evident from the Coins found at Titles: Munulagutta in Karimnagar.  Second Buddha (Second Tathagatha) Kondakundacharya:  Indian Martin Luther He was the prominent digambara jain monk  Indian Einstein during Satavahanas.  Founder of Madhyamika path. He propagated two Jain Philosophies: The book which gives information about  Shadvadam Nagarjuna was Lankavatara Sutra  Anekantha vadam (Maitreya nadha). He divided Digambara sect into 2 sub-sects. According to this book, he was born in the  Balatkara Gachcham village “Vedali” (is in Telangana according  Vakra gachcham to historians). Literary works of Kondakundacharya: He established “Nagarjuna University” on Sri  Samayasara  Pravachanasara Parvatham, this was 2nd University in India  Panchastikayasara (1st Taxsila). Important Jain centres were: Potla Acharya Nagarjuna was expanded Mahayana Cheruvu (Patancheruvu), Munula gutta Buddhism in Andhra Desham. (Karimnagar), Kolanupaka and Vemulavada. He built stone arcade to Mahachaitya at 3) Buddhism: Amaravati and Shilamantapa at Srisailam. Buddhism spread to Andhra and Telangana in Acharya Nagarjuna has written 24 books in the 6th Century B.C during the life time of Sanskrit. The important books are: Gautama Buddha. 1) Suhrullekha: On the request of Shambhala king This book is the summary of the conversations Subendran, Gautama Buddha visited between Acharya Nagarjuna and Yajna Sri Amaravati. Satakarni. PNR Publications 17  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture According to Chinese traveller I-tsing, in that  Khammam – Nelakondapalli period every student used to by-heart this book. (Bronze Buddha’s statue and White stone 2) Ratnavali: stupa was found) This book discuss about “welfare state  Warangal District – Jeelakarragudem concept”. Nagarjuna Konda was well known for Nagarjuna explains about the administrative Mahayana Buddhism, Aparashaila policies in this book. Chaitaka Philosophy. 3) Pragnaparamita Shastram: Nagarjuna konda is the great Island Museum It means Perfection of wisdom. in India. It is an important book for Mahayana Art & Architecture Buddhism. The Architecture was known as “Amaravati Other books of Acharya Nagarjuna: School of Art”.  Aarogya Manjari  Rasavadham (on physics) Amaravati Stupa:  Shunyata Saptathi situated in Guntur district on the banks of  Madhyamika Karika. Krishna River.  Rasa Ratnakaram (on Chemistry) It was identified by Colonel Colin  Pragna Paramita Mackenzie (First Director General of Survey of India) in the year 1797. Nagarjuna started two new philosophies in Mahayana Buddhism. The perimeter of Amaravati stupa is 435 feet and 20 meters height. 1. Madhyamika School It was built during the period Pulomavi-II. 2. Sunyata (emptiness) The symbols related to Buddha’s life are Acharya Nagarjuna is regarded as “Indian shown on the plate of white stone known as Einstein”. Because his Sunyata Philosophy “Ayakapatakam”. contains “Theory of Relativity” which is similar to Einstein’s concepts. 1) Buddha’s Birth – Lotus Disciple of Nagarjuna – Aryadeva 2) Mahabhinishkramana – Horse Aryadeva book was Chittasuddi 3) Enlightenment (Nirvana) – prakaranam. Bodhi / Peepal tree Aryadeva became the head of Nagarjuna 4) Dharma chakra Parivartan – wheel University after the death of Acharya 5) Mahapariniryana (Death) – Stupa. Nagarjuna. The Ayakapatakam also has the pictures of Important Buddhist place / centres in Purna Khumbham and Vinayaka. Satavahana period: Ferguson have described Amaravati  Peddapally District – Dhulikatta Sculptures as Epitome of Indian  Nalgonda District – Architecture. Nandikonda, Gajula Banda Stupa’s in Telangana:  Suryapet District – Phanigiri The stupa’s in Dhulikatta and Pashigam in (Here Buddha’s foot & Dharma chakra are found). Telangana are older than Amaravati stupa. 18 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Dhulikatta stupa was built in 2nd century B.C. Aramam: this has the picture of footprints of Buddha. Aramam is the place where Stupa, Vihara, On one Plaque of Dhulikatta stupa Chaitya are at one place. Nagamuchilinda’s Sculpture along with 5 Example of Aramam in Cave: Guntupalli. heads was engraved (on top of footprints of Gauthama Buddha). Paintings Satavahana’s built Chaitys,Viharas and The Paintings in 9th and 10th caves in Ajanta Stupas. belong to Satavahanas period. The Shweta Gaja Jataka / Shaddantha Stupa: Jataka Katha Paintings in the 10th cave of They are built on the Mortal remains of Ajanta also belong to Satavahana Period. Gauthama Buddha or his associates. For the 1st time “Completely Evolved Oldest Stupa in Andhra Pradesh – Painting” was visible in Ajanta. Bhattiprolu. Ajanta caves are in Aurangabad The other Stupas are in rock -cut caves, they (Maharashtra). are Guntupalli Stupa (West Godhavari) & The best sculpture of Satavahana period was Shankaram Stupa. of Lord Shiva with Trishula in Gudimallam. Stupas are of 3 types: 1) Relics Stupa: contains the Physical Evolution of Telugu Language remains of Buddha and his disciples. Telugu language evolved during Satavahanas 2) Object Stupa: contains objects which are period. used by Buddha and his disciples. 1st word in Telugu was Nagabu (Present on 3) Symbolic Stupa: it represents aspects of Amaravati Inscription). Buddhist teachings. Telugu word in Myakadoni Inscription : Largest Stupa in the world: Borobudur Stupa Vepuru. in Indonesia. 1st Chandorupam inTelugu – Kandam. Largest Stupa in India: Sanchi Stupa. Telugu words in Hala’s Gatha Saptashati : Vihara: Atta, Addam, Potta, Tuppu, Padi, Pandi, Pilla. Vihara refers to a Monastery for Buddhist monks. In Sanskrit Vihara means Dwelling or House. They are square shaped. Chaityas: Prayer halls of Buddhist monks. These are Rectangular in shape. Oldest chaitya in Andhra Pradesh – Guntupally Largest cave chaitya in India – Karle chaitya in Caves (Maharashtra). It was built by Satavahanas. PNR Publications 19  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Ikshvakus 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 (A.D.220-300) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 After the decline of Satavahanas, Ikshvakus Birth place of Ikshvakus declared Independence in Coastal Andhra & There is a difference of opinion regarding the Telangana. birth place of Ikshvakus. Ikshvakus made “Vijayapuri” as capital and Kannada Region – Hegel, Stenko ruled the areas present on both the sides of Tamilnadu – Dr. K. Gopalchary Krishna River. Natives of Andhra Region – Bishop Caldwell The other name for Vijayapuri was Sri North India – Buller, Rapson Parvata, so Ikshvakus are also known as Sri According to Vishnu Purana, Ikshvakus are Parvateyas (Mentioned in Puranas). from North India. The Mountain ranges from Nagarjuna Konda A Portugal Religious Preacher “Bishap to Srisailam are known as “Sri Parvata”. Caldwell” have analyzed the relation between Old name of Sri Parvata is “Nallamalluru”. Telugu and Dravida languages. They worshipped the symbol “Ikshu”. In He wrote a book: “A Comparative Sanskrit, Ikshu means Sugar Cane. Grammar to Dravidian Languages”. In Nagarjuna konda inscription, Ikshvakus As per Alluri Inscription, Ikshvakus are claim themselves as the descendants of Sri feudatories to Satavahanas. Rama Chandra (Ikshvaka clan) and Buddha Alluri inscription was issued by Veera (Sakya Muni). Purusha Datta. According to Dr. R.G. Bhandarkar, Ikshvakus are Kshatriyas. Ikshvakus According to P. Subramanyam kshvakus Founder of Dynasty : Sri Shantamula belongs to Chenchu race Capital : Vijayapuri Historical Sources Official Language : Prakrit Inscriptions of Ikshvakus are found at Symbol / Emblem : Lion Nagarjuna Konda, Jaggayapeta, Ram Religion : Vedic Religion, Reddy Palli, Phanigiri. Buddhism These inscrptions are in Prakrit language and Brahmi Script. Prominent Sculpture : Mandatha Sculpture From the period of Ehuvala Santamula, the inscriptions were issued in Sanskrit (Amaravati School language. of Art) The following were found during the Greatest Ruler : Veera Purusha excavations at Nagarjuna Konda which were Datta of Ikshvakus period (A.D.3rd Cenury). 20 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Fort, Buddha Stupas, Chaitys, Viharas,  He donated lakhs of gold coins. He Temples, Bath Tanks. encouraged Professional guilds/ Sreni’s by First time The remains of Nagarjuna Konda name “Negimalu”. were found by Telugu Assistant Prof. A.  He reconstructed the entrance of Srisailam Ranganath Saraswati who worked in at Eleeshwaram (North east direction). Archaeological Department in the year 1926.  He cleared forests and brought land under The Practise of writing Mother’s name in front cultivation. of kings name was taken from Satavahanas  He donated lakhs of Cows, Ploughs, and this Practise ended with Ikshvakus. Lands and Gold coins for the development The book “Dharmamruta” written by of Agriculture. Nayasena reveals the facts of Sri Parvata. His titles: Ashwagosha’s Buddha charita reveals  Shathasahasra Halaka about the Birth Antecedents of Ikshavakus.  Goshathasahasra  Mahadhanapati Ikshavaku Rulers  Dakshinapadhapati