Perpetuation of Life PDF

Perpetuation of Life  All life-forms need to reproduce their kind in order to survive Plants are said to be one of the earliest inhabitants on Earth and fossil imprints of some ancient of some ancient fern serve as evidence of the exixtence of plants during the prehistoric times Organis...

Perpetuation of Life  All life-forms need to reproduce their kind in order to survive Plants are said to be one of the earliest inhabitants on Earth and fossil imprints of some ancient of some ancient fern serve as evidence of the exixtence of plants during the prehistoric times Organisms perpetuate through reproduction and each organism is part of reproductive continuum that goes back countless generations Plants and animals contribute to the diversity of organims on Earth. The reproduce in many ways  LESSON 1 Reproduction in Plants Plant reproduction is the process of generating new plant individuals or offspring. Plants reproduce in two ways: Sexual and Asexual Sexual Reproduction Reproduction in plants involves the fusion of the parents' gametes. this fusion gives rise to an individual that has the genes of both parents. thus, the offspring is not genetically identical with either parent-rather, the offspring carries a combination of both parents' genes. Flower A flower consists of highly specialized male and female reproductive organs, the female reproductive part of the flower, called pistil, has stigma, style, and ovary. The ovary contains the ovule the has the egg nuclei. the stamen, on the other hand, is the male part of the flower, it has the anther that produces pollen grains, which contain the sperms.  Sexual reproduction in plants starts with pollination. Pollination is the process of sexual reproduction in plants, where pollen is transferred from the anther to the flower's stigma, absorbing moisture and producing a pollen tube. Two male gametes enter the ovary, where they fertilize the egg, forming a diploid (2n) and endosperm (3n), respectively. The ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. A pollen grain contains the two sperm nuclei that fertilize the egg and the polar nuclei. soon, it will develop into a seed that houses the embryo.  Seed Consist of a seed coat, embryo, and endosperm. The seed coat protects the internal part, while the endosperm feeds the growing embryo. Eudicot seeds like beans, mango, and jackfruit have two embryos that have three parts: hypocotyl, epicotyl, and radicle. Dicot seed Monocot seed  After the seeds are formed and become matured, they are usually scattered in the environment where the can grow as new plants. This scattering of seeds is knwon as SEED DIPERSAL. This process is very important in the survival and distribution of the plant species. There are different ways by which seeds are dispersed. GERMINATION is the early growth stage of a plant embryo. Germination leads to maturity, which leads to reproduction. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that creates genetically identical offspring. The offspring that arise from asexual reproduction are considered clones of the parent. In most plants, asexual reproduction is an advantageous adaption.  In plants, asexual reproduction may occur from their vegetative parts (stem, roots, and leaves). This is called VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. Some plants may also give rise to new plants using their modified or specialized stems such as STOLONS, TUBERS, BULBS, and CORMS  Stolons or runners are Rhizomes are stems that specialized stems of some grow horizontally under plants, such as strawberry. the ground like ginger.  Tubers are both used Bulbs are underground for starch storage and stems that give rise to a give rise to new plants new plant.  Corm differs from the bulb since it is also used for storage of food of the plant. It sometimes referred to as the BULBOTUBER. Corms give rise to new small corms in their nodes called CORMELS.  Some plants, such as the BRYOPHYLLUM, reproduce asexually on their leaves. New plants arise from their specialized leaves that can later on be planted on the ground and become new individuals  LESSON 2 Reproduction In Animals Animal Reproduction is the process of producing individuals of the same kind. Most organisms reproduce by mating, which increases the genetic variability of the organism. The males and females have separate reproductive organs known as gonads. These gonads produce gametes that fuse together to form a single cell called the zygote. The process in which the male and female gametes fuse together to form a new individual is called sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in animals example are Cow, fish, dogs, lions, elephants, snails, and many multicellular organisms also reproduce sexually.  Human Reproduction Human reproduction is the biological process by which humans produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of the species. It involves: Male Reproductive System: 1. Testes (produce sperm) 2. Epididymis (stores sperm) 3. Vas deferens (transports sperm) 4. Urethra (ejaculates sperm) 5. Penis (delivers sperm)  Female Reproductive System: 1. Ovaries (produce eggs) 2. Fallopian tubes (transport eggs) 3. Uterus (supports fetal development) 4. Cervix (connects uterus to vagina) 5. Vagina (receives sperm, delivers baby) Types of Human Reproduction: Sexual Intercourse Sexual intercourse, also known as vaginal intercourse or copulation, is the act of inserting the penis into the vagina for pleasure, intimacy, or reproduction. It's a fundamental aspect of human sexuality and relationships. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to medical treatments used to achieve pregnancy through artificial or partially artificial means. ART helps individuals or couples overcome infertility, same-sex couples, and single parents. Surrogacy A pregnancy where a woman (surrogate) carries and delivers a baby for another individual or couple, often due to infertility or other medical reasons. Adaption The permanent transfer of parental rights and responsibilities from birth parents to adoptive parents, providing a forever family for a child.  Asexual Reproduction in Animals Some animals are also capable of asexual reproduction whenever sexual reproduction is not possible. Asexual reproduction in animals occurs in invertebrates and can be done through budding or fragmentation. Budding Budding involves the splitting of new individuals from an existing organism by forming small projections, called buds, from the parent's body. Small buds arise on their bodies and then later on detach from the parent's body and settle to the ground where they become mature individuals. Budding  Fragmentation Fragmentation and regeneration is a type of asexual reproduction wherein a single parent breaks into parts that give rise to new Individuals. Examples of asexual reproduction in animals: Sponges, Planaria, and starfish  Parthenogenesis Parthenenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in some animals that give rise to the growth and development of an embryo without fertilization. Parthenenogenesis occurs in some insects (bees, aphids), crustaceans (water fleas, crayfish), flatwormi same snails, few reptiles, and certain species of fish.  LESSON 3 Transfer of Genes from Parents to Offspring One role of reproduction is the transfer of hereditary materials from parents to offspring. Genes are the molecular unit of heredity of all organisms. Organisms that reproduce through asexual reproduction tend to grow in large numbers but have a disadvantage in terms of species vulnerability. Sexual reproduction yields fewer offspring but it results in a greater gene variation Both the mother and the father contribute to the offspring's genes. The combination of genes makes an individual different yet still has its parents hereditary materials.  LESSON 4 DNA and Protein Synthesis The traits that an organism inherits from its parent(s) are encoded in the genetic material called the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These traits are physically expressed through functional protein molecules. The structures of which determine what it will do and how it will act. Recall that it involves her major steps transcription, which takes place in the nucleus and translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Transcription in the process wherein the DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) by the RNA polymerase enzyme to express the traits embedded in the genes. When this is done, the mRNA will now have the set of codes that need to be translated by the ribosomes into protein molecules in the process called translation.  LESSON 5 The Use of Technology in Reproduction Selective breeding or artificial selection is the process in which animals and plants are bred based on their desired traits. Normally, domesticated animals and some plants are bred by professional breeders or trained farmers. Bred animals are called breeds, while bred plants are called varieties or cultivars. The main goal of selective breeding is to produce offspring of species with desired traits. Animal Breeding: Plant Breeding:  The emergence of sophisticated technology has not lessened the enthusiasm of scientists in plant and animal breeding. Biotechnology is defined as the use of living systems or organisms to create or develop new products. Biotechnology is now being used in the reproduction of new plants and animals. The Use of Technology in Reproduction Selective breeding or artificial selection is the process in which animals and plants are bred based on their desired traits. Normally, domesticated animals and some plants are bred by professional breeders or trained farmers. Bred animals are called breeds, while bred plants are called varieties or cultivars. The main goal of selective breeding is to produce offspring of species with desired traits.  Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the process by which genes from one organism is transferred into another organism of an entirely different species.  The combined DNA is called recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA technique is possible because all organisms share the same DNA chemical structure.  Vitro Fertilization In vitro fertilization is a process wherein a sperm fertilizes an egg outside the body. This is usually done in the laboratory, hence the name "in vitro" (Latin in glass) Only the matured eggs (ovum) will be fertilized by the sperm in a liquid medium under laboratory conditions. The fertilized egg (zygote) is then cultured for days in a growth medium. In humans, this technique is usually chosen by couples who cannot conceive a child naturally. Vitro Fertilization  Plant Tissue Culture Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is a technique used to grow, maintain, and reproduce plant cells and tissues in a nutrient media under controlled sterile conditions. This method allows for the production of exact copies of plants with desirable traits, a large number of new plants in a shorter time span, and plants free of viruses and other crop diseases. Additionally, it enables the production of plant varieties that rarely produce seeds, which can help preserve species that may be at risk of extinction. Plant Tissue Culture Process  Thank You For Listening!