Foundation-IV Map Work PDF

Course Title: Foundation-IV Map Work Geog. 432 Credit Hours: (2+1) 3 MR MUHAMMAD USAMA BS Geography Post Graduate Dip GIS/RS Maps are classified according to their scale, contents and purpose for which they are required. According to scale maps h...

Course Title: Foundation-IV Map Work Geog. 432 Credit Hours: (2+1) 3 MR MUHAMMAD USAMA BS Geography Post Graduate Dip GIS/RS Maps are classified according to their scale, contents and purpose for which they are required. According to scale maps have been divided into following three types: Cadastral Maps Topographical Maps Atlas maps  Cadastral Maps  These maps are drawn on largest scale & on some time known as plans e.g. 1 mile 16 inches & 1 mile to 36 inches.  A large scale shows full details demarcating the boundaries of properties & individual buildings. They are prepared by government to realize revenue & taxation and the management of states. Topographical maps: These maps are based on actual survey & prepared on fairly large scale respectively varies from 1 inch, half inch & quarter inch to a mile.  Topographical maps are large scale maps but are smaller than Cadastral maps. These show general features in detail, comparing both natural landscape, cultural & man made features such as hills, rivers, forests, towns, villages, roads, railways & canals etc. These maps serve as guide to travelers and to soldiers for different purposes and important of all for geographers for studying regional geography of an area.  Atlas maps: Atlas maps are small scale maps than the topographic ones. Most of the topographic details are not shown due to smaller scale. These simply give general impression of any particular area. These are best for educational purposes, at a general glance these show distribution of rainfall, temperature, vegetation & minerals of a particular area.  Based on contents and purposes for which these are required, maps are divided into following types: Physical Maps These maps provide information regarding natural features of the Earth. Cultural Maps These maps give information about man made features.  Types of Physical maps: Orographical Maps: Maps which show relief & drainage system of an area may be mountainous and river basins. Bathymetric maps: These maps provide information regarding depth of the ocean or sea beds. Geological maps: These highlight the distribution of different rocks, their types & structure. Secondly these maps guide us in interpreting physical features & in tracing their evolution, such maps are used as a guide for the development of minerals and soil.  Weather Maps: These maps deal with the atmospheric conditions at the specific instant of time, which are helpful in providing data about temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, rainfall, humidity etc. its main role is in weather forecasting. Climatic Maps: Climatic maps are the sum total of weather conditions spread over longer period. It deals with average climatic data for a considerable number of years or months. Vegetation Maps: These maps provide information regarding natural vegetation cover, its distribution and relationship with other physical features.  Types of Cultural maps: Ethnographic maps: These maps show distribution of different races. Linguistic Maps: It gives distribution of various languages spoken in any area. Population Maps: These show density and distribution of population. Political maps: It highlights political boundaries and administrative units, specifically government territories e.g. roads, railways, towns etc.  Economic & Statistical Maps: These show centers of industrial productions, areas of agricultural yields, quantities produced in different years, details of trade etc. Communication maps: These maps provide information about communication networks, airlines. These are important for navigation as well.