Lesson 3 Processing (PDF)

LESSON 3 PROCESSING Prepared by: Mr. Virgilio V. Vivo - For LET REVIEW - June 5, 2022 1 INTRODUCTION Goals: To present the various components inside computers and mobile devices. To give an overview of processor, memory, adapters and described various types of memory....

LESSON 3 PROCESSING Prepared by: Mr. Virgilio V. Vivo - For LET REVIEW - June 5, 2022 1 INTRODUCTION Goals: To present the various components inside computers and mobile devices. To give an overview of processor, memory, adapters and described various types of memory. 2  SYSTEM UNIT The system unit, also known as the system chassis, is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system. 3 THE MOTHERBOARD The motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of the computer. Many electronic components, such as the processor and memory, attach to the motherboard; others are built into it. 4 DESKTOP AND LAPTOP MOTHERBOARD 5 PROCESSORS The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. 6 PROCESSORS On a personal computer, all functions of the processor usually are on a single chip. Some computer and chip manufacturers use the term microprocessor to refer to a personal computer processor chip. 7 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations. Arithmetic operations include basic calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Comparison operations involve comparing one data item with another to determine whether the first item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other item. 8 REGISTERS A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. Registers are part of the processor, not part of memory or a permanent storage device. 9 THE SYSTEM CLOCK The processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control the timing of all computer operations. 10  CLOCK SPEED The pace of the system clock, called the clock speed, is measured by the number of ticks per second. Current personal computer processors have clock speeds in the gigahertz range. Giga is a prefix that stands for billion, and a hertz is one cycle per second. Thus, one gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per second. A computer that operates at 3 GHz has 3 billion (giga) clock cycles in one second (hertz) 11  PROCESSOR COOLING Processor chips for laptops, desktops, and servers can generate quite a bit of heat, which could cause the chip to malfunction or fail A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on its surface that absorbs and disperses heat produced by electrical components, such as a processor. 12  BITS AND BYTES The binary system is a number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1, called bits. A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data the computer can process. By itself, a bit is not very informative. When 8 bits are grouped together as a unit, they form a byte. 13 MEMORY Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data (information). 14 TYPES OF MEMORY Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. When the computer’s power is turned off, volatile memory loses its contents. Nonvolatile memory, by contrast, does not lose its contents when power is removed from the computer. 15 RAM Users typically are referring to RAM when discussing computer and mobile device memory. RAM (random access memory), also called main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. 16 TYPES OF RAM (1) Dynamic RAM (DRAM pronounced DEE-ram) chips must be reenergized constantly or they lose their contents. Many variations of DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster than the basic DRAM. (2) Static RAM (SRAM pronounced ESS-ram) chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM chips. These chips do not have to be reenergized as often as DRAM chips; hence, the term, static. SRAM chips, however, are much more expensive than DRAM chips. Special applications, such as cache, use SRAM chips. 17 MEMORY MODULES RAM chips usually reside on a memory module, which is a small circuit board. Memory slots on the motherboard hold memory modules. Two types of memory modules are SIMMs and DIMMs 18  MEMORY CACHE Memory cache helps speed the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data. Most personal computers today have two types of memory cache: Level 1 (L1) cache and Level 2 (L2) cache. L1 cache is built directly on the processor chip. L1 cache usually has a very small capacity. L2 cache is slightly slower than L1 cache but has a much larger capacity. Current processors include advanced transfer cache (ATC), a type of L2 cache built directly on the processor chip. Processors that use ATC perform at much faster rates than those that do not use it. 19 ROM Read-only memory (ROM pronounced rahm) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. The data on most ROM chips cannot be modified — hence, the name read-only. ROM is nonvolatile, which means its contents are not lost when power is removed from the computer. In addition to computers and mobile devices, many peripheral devices contain ROM chips. For example, ROM chips in printers contain data for fonts. 20 FLASH MEMORY Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Most computers use flash memory to hold their start-up instructions because it allows the computer to update its contents easily. 21 BIOS BIOS – Basic Input Output System. Firmware that is built into the computer’s motherboard. Initializes the computer’s hardware as the computer is being booted. 22  CMOS Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other memory chips use complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS pronounced SEE-moss) technology because it provides high speeds and consumes little power. CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. 23 MEMORY ACCESS TIMES Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read data, instructions, and information from memory. A computer’s access time directly affects how fast the computer processes data. 24  MEMORY ACCESS TIMES Today’s manufacturers use a variety of terminology to state access times. Some use fractions of a second, which for memory occurs in nanoseconds. A nanosecond (abbreviated ns) is one billionth of a second. A nanosecond is extremely fast. 25  ADAPTER CARDS An adapter card, sometimes called an expansion card or adapter board, is a circuit board that enhances the functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripheral devices. An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card. 26 ADAPTER CARDS PURPOSES 27 POWER SUPPLY The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power. Different motherboards and computers require different wattages on the power supply. If a power supply is not providing the necessary power, the computer will not function properly. 28  BATTERIES The batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Some mobile devices and computers, such as some ultrathin laptops, do not have removable batteries 29  SUMMARY Presented the various components inside computers and mobile devices. Discussed overview of processor, memory, adapters and described various types of memory. 30 END OF LESSON 3 31