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1  2014 2013 3 949 152 2013 2013 3 949. ISBN 978-9957-551-67 4 [email protected] 0096264659891 11190 927486 00249918064984...

1  2014 2013 3 949 152 2013 2013 3 949. ISBN 978-9957-551-67 4 [email protected] 0096264659891 11190 927486 00249918064984 2 (43 ) 3......... 4 9 13 : 20. : 23. : 25. : 28. : 30. : 38. : 41 : 41 : 42 45 : 47 : 47 : 48 : 53 : 55 : 55 : 5 59 : 61 : 67 : 67 : -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 76 : 78 : 79 : 80 : -1 -2 -3 -4 85 : 6 87 : 88 : 88 : -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 93 : 99 : 115 : 175 189 7................ : -. 9. - -. -. -.. - : -.. -. -. - -. -. ) -.( 10  -. -.. - -. -. -.. - -. -. -. -.. - 11  -... :. -. -. -. -. -.... 12...... 13... (Darke and Smith)....... 14  (Barker). ( 80)......... 15. (Lewin).... 16....... 17.... "Self- "Self- Image" Esteem" "Affective Isolation". (Delisle, G. 1988). (Dugan and Kivet, 1994). 18  (Sawler, 1994). (Helgason, et. al., 2001). (80 - 50) ":.".... 19  :.... Motor ( ).. ( )... : : -. ( ). : - )...(. 20. ( )... ( ).. : -... 21...... ( )....... 22  : : (*) (Amygdala) (Almond) ( )... (**) ( ) (The Hippocampus ). (Eocortex). ( ). Affective ) (Blindness.. ( ).. :. ( ) ( ). (*). ( ) (**) 23... :.. (Joseph Le Doux ).. ( ). ( )... 24..(Softball).. ( ). ( ) :... ( ). ( ).. ( ) ( ). ). (. 25  Neocortex.. (William Styron )...... (... )... " John Mayer.". 26  " " :." " "....... ( ) :..( ). : : -..... 27  : -. :.. : -.. : -. :. 28.. ( ). (Howard Gardener ).. ( ). ( )....... 29  :........ :. : Sophrozyme ( ).Page DU Bois ( ) (Temperantia). ( ).... 30............. 31.. Dr. Winnicott ( ) John Bowlby ( )........ Lithium ( ) ). ( 32... ) Case ( ) Diane Tice( ( ).Western Reserve. 5. ( ). ( ) : ( ) ( ).... 33  ( )......... William Styron ( ) ( ) ( ):.. ) (.... 34... ( ). (Prozac).. ( ) ( )... ( )...... 35.. )..( Susan Nolen Hoecksman ( ). ) (... ). Nolen Hoecksman(... 36  ( ) ( ).... ( ). :.. 6 ).( ) (. 37  _ _ Richard Wenzelaff. :.. ). (Kamran Nezhat ): ): (...( :... (101). 38......... 39  : : (Izard, 1999) (Ekman, 1982). (1109).. - ( ). -. "Affective Tone" - 41  ( ). ( ). ( )..( ). : :. : -1 (Walter Cannon). : -2 (Stanlay (Jerome, E. Simger) Chachter) 42. : -3... (Renouvir) (Rauh). (Bergson).. 43.... :(1) Tension Regression Aggression Fantasy Stereotypy Isolation (1) (1) 44  : : Lester ) (Luborsky.. ( )......: : -. : -. : -. 45.. 46  : :..... : (48 : )... 1895. 47  :"Affective Isolation" :... "The " " ( Wiss, 1973) Experience of Affective and Social Isolation"..... 48........ 49... (Palimkas and Browner, 1995). (Subotnik, 2002).( ).. (Seligson, 1983). 50  : :"Autonomic Arousal" "Sympathetic Division". :"Cognitive Appraisal"...... - -. 51. :. -1. -2. -3 - " :(Detong Gierveld and van Tilburg, 1990)." " :(Petersen, 2002)." " :(Subotnik)." : (Weiss, 1994) "Affective Isolation" ( ) -1. "Social Isolation" -2 52. : : : -1. : -2. : -3.. 53. 54  : :. (Peplau and Perlman). (Younger, 1995). "Loneliness" "Estrangement" "Solitude" "Aloneness". "Alienation" 55  :. "Self- esteem" "Depression" ( ).. "Aloneness". (Sears, 1991)... "Continuum" "Solitude" (Rokach, 1990) 56..." :.".. (Anderson, "Estrangement" 1986). "Alienation" (Rokach, 1988). ": (Younger, 1995)." (Younger). 57.." "...... 58  : :. : "Stresses" -1. -2. -3. -4. -5. 59  -6. -7.. -8. -9.. (Osken, 1989) (Patterson, 1987) (Weiss, 1973). (Rodgers, 1989) (Dugan and Kivett, 1994) (Barron, et. al., 1994) (Rodgers, 1989). (Car and Schellenbach, 1993) 60.. :. 37. ): 1987 Sciences.( 1.6. (2.0).. 61........ 54 20.. 1993. 62. 1933.Goteber 41. (752).... Triglycerides.... (Ohio ) (John Caccioppo ) ) 63....( : ( )... ) (.. ( ). ( ) (James Pennebaker ) Sothern Methodist. ( ). :.. ( ).. 64  ( )..... Dr. David Spiegel ( ).... 37 19. 65  Jimmy Holland ( ) Sloan Kettering Memorial ) ): ( ) (... !.. 66  : :. (R. Weiss) (D. Perlman) (A. Peplau).. (Perry,1986).. : :"Psychoanalytic Theory" : :(Sigmond Freud, 1856- 1939) -1 67 : (Freud) (Super Ego Ego Id ). "Psychoanalytic".... ) ( ) (. ( ) 68.. ( ).... "Undoing". :(Alfredd Adler, 1870- 1939) -2.. :. -1. -2 69. -3 ( ) -4. "Style of life". ( ).... :(Karl Jostaf Young, 1875- 1961) -3. "Thinking" 70 "Intuition" "Sensing" "Feeling".. ( )... :(Horney, K. 1880- 1952) -4.. 71... :.( ) -1.( ) -2.( ) -3.. 72..... :(Sullivan, H.S. 1892- 1949) -5...... 73. :(Erich Fromm, 1900) -6. ( ) ( )..( ).. 74.( ).. :(Erikson, E. 1920) -7 ( ). ( ).. 75.. :"Behaviorism Theory" : "Rewards" "Conditional Learning".... 76.... (Pavlov, 1849- 1936).. (J.B. Watson, 1878- 1958).. (Skinor, 1905).. 77  (Bandura, 1918- 1976)... (Rotter). :"Gesttalt Theory" : : (M. Werthmeir, 1880- 1947; Koffca, 1886- 1941; W, Kohler, 1887- 1967)... 78  : "Confluence" -1. "Deflection" -2. "Interiorisation" -3. "Retro flexion" -4 ( ). "Projection" -5. :"Field Theory" : :(K. Leivin, 1890- 1940) ( ) 79  "Tension"... :"Humanistic Theory" : :(Albort, G., 1897- 1967) -1 ( ) ( ) "Proprium " ( )... 80.. :(Rogers, K., 1902-) -2.... ":." 81..... :(Kelly, G., 1905- 1967) -3 ( ).. "Construct". 82  ":.".... :(Maslow, A., 1908- 1970) -4 ( ) ( )... : 83. "The Physiological Needs" -. "The Safety Need" -. "The Belonging And Love Need" -. "The Self Esteem Need" -. "The Cognitive Need" -. "The Esthetic Need" -. "The Need For Self Actualization" -. "Esteemor Self- Esteem Needs" "Self Confidence" "Self- Respect". "Worth Personality". 84... :"Existentialism" : - 1813) (Boss, 1903) (Bins Wangr, 1881- 1966) (1855 (Lang, 1927) (Rollomay, 1909) (Frankle, 1905). (Maddi, 1933).. 85... ( )....... 86  : : (Murphy, (Angyal, 1941). 1947) :. -1. -2. -3. -4.. ( ). 87. (Pater Lewinsohn).. :(Equability Theory) : :(Adams, 1963).. :(Emotionalit Theories) : :(James- Lange Theory) -1 1890. : 88.( ) -.( ) - ( ) -.( ). :(Canon- Bard Theory, 1871- 1945) -2 "Emergency Theory" (Philip Bard).( ).. ( ):.( ).. 89  :(Makliland, 1950) -3... :"Cognitive Labeling Theory" -4 (Schachter and Singe, 1962) :. -. -... 90  : -5 "Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory" ) (Lazarus, 1982- 1991). (. :... (2). 91  :(Zajonc, 1984) -6.. : -7 "Synthesis Four Factor Theory" (Parkinson, 1994) : -.. ( ) - (Stepper, et. al., - 1988). -. 92. (3) (3) :. 93......... 94 ( ) ( ) ( ).......... 95........ 96........ 97....... 98  :(John Kremer, 1982) -1. (300) ( ).. -2 (Jones, Coppenter and Quintana, 1985) (377) (214) (591)... 99  :(Delisle, 1988) -3. (68). :(Robert Stretch) -4 (164) ) (... :(Antonius, 1992) -5. 100. (231) 1986 ( 1991 - 1986) (37) ( 99) 1987.( 4) ( ).. :(Dugan and Kivett, 1994) -6 (119). 101  :(Sawler, 1994) -7. :(Katherine and Robert, 1994) -8 (8 ). (14 - 11) (2614). -9 (Robert Coplan and et. al., 1994) (48) (4 ). 102. :(Rosen Marvin and et. al., 1995) -10 (PALS).( ): (100). -11 (Alan Shoho and Petrisky, 1996). (361). ( ). 103  :(Thomas and David, 1996) -12 (234). :(Paul and et. al., 1998) -13.. ).( 104. :(Nancy and et. al., 1998) -14 10 - 8 8 - 6) (12 - 10. -15 (Payton, Wardlaw & et. al., 2000).. 105  (17) ) (11) ( (ASEL). :(Myrna Smith, 2000) -16... 106  : -17 (Kunderewicz- Larisa, et. al., 2001). (151).. :(Crystal and et. al., 2001) -18.. :(Helgason, et. al., 2001) -19 (431) (80 - 50) (2 - 1.5) 107  (435). "." :(Rokach Heather, 2002) -20. (633) (338) (295) (30) ( 60) ( 19) ( 21). (1995) (86) 108  ).( (Spss).. :(2003) -21... (300).. 109. - 0.96) "Test- Retest Method".[2 1 ] (49). (0.95 :. -1 -2. -3. -4. : : -1 110. -2. (John Kremer, 1982) (Jones & Quintana, 1985) (Delisle, 1988) (Robert Stretch, 1991) (Antonius, 1992) (Dogan & Kivet, 1994) (Sawler, 1994) (Katherine & Robert, 1994) (Robert, et. al., 1994) (Rosen, et. al., 1995) (Alan & Petrisky, 1996) (Thomas & David, 1996) (Paul, et. al., 1998) (Nancy, et. al., 1998) (Payton, et. al., 2000) 111  (Myrna, 2000) (Kunderewicz, 2001) (Crystal, et. al., 2001) (Helgason, et. al., 2001) (Rokack & ) Heather, 2002) (2003. -3. " ". -4. -5 (Katherine & (2614) (Delisle, 1988) (68)..Robert, 1994) 112  -6. (Nancy, et. (Robert, et. al., 1994) (Antonius, 1992) (Delisle, 1988). al., 1998) (Thomas & David, 1996) (Katherine & Robert, 1994) (Jones, 1985).(Crystal, 2001).(Kunderewicz, 2001) (Helgason, (Dogan & Kivet, 1994) (Robert, 1991) (Rokack & Heather, 2002).2001) (2003 ).. -7 (Robert, 1991) (Delisle, 1988) (Helgason, (Crystal, et. al., 1994) (Alan & Petrisky, 1996). et. al., 2001). -8.. 113...... 115. ).(...... :. :. :.( ) :. : 116. : : : : : :. -1. -2 -3... 117. ( ) : :"Free Association" -1. :"Dream Analysis" -2. 118  ".." : -3. - " ". ) ( 119  : -4.... : -5 : 120.. : : : ( 1) "Classical ( ) Conditioning" ( ) ( ).( ) "Systematic Desensitization" "Aversive Therapy". "Assertive Raining" "Imagery" "Cognitive". "In vivo" :"Systematic Desensitization" - 121 "Counter Conditioning" (Wolpe). "Reciprocal inhibition" ( 1924) (Jones) ( ). ( ) ( ). :. -1. -2. -3. 122  "Phobia" ( ) :... ( ). 16. 23. "Cognitive Behavior Therapy" :.( ) -1. -2.( ) -3 123  : -1.. ( ) : " : ". 15 10... 124. "... " "... " ":.... " : -2.. )..( "Spatio-temporal.(1).hierarchy" (1). 125.. ( ). ( ). 126.( ) 100 ( ) 100 ( ) 10 - 5. :( ) -3 "In vivo". "Covert".. ( )... 127. ) 4 -3. ( 25 - 20. ) (. : "In vivo" 128. : - "Assertive Raining" : -1.. -2 -3. ( ) ( 1975) : : -1. -2.. -3. -4. 129  :. : (Wolpe) (Salter) ( 1948) ( 1958). :. -1 : -2.. -3 : -4. : -5." ": 130  : -6. : : : -1.. ) (... ).( : -2.. 131... : : : -3. "Escalation" (Mcfall & Marston, 1970). :. : -4 100. 132  : -5 ( ) 10 :5. :. ( ) ( ) "Modeling". : (2) (Skinner, 1938).. 133  : :"Reinforcement" ( ) -1 ( ). "Reinforcer". : ( ) : : (... ). ( ) : ( ). 134. : ( ). :"Positive Reinforcement" ( ). :"Negative Reinforcement". ( ) ) (. 135... "Feedback" "Contracting" ( ). 136  :"Punishment" -2. "Positive and Negative Punishment". : -. ( ). : -.. : "Time-out" -. 137  :( ) -. "Overcorrection". :. : - ).( : -....( ) 138  ( ).. : "Extinction" -3.. 139  :"Shaping" -4. ( ) "Response "Successive Approximation" differentiation". ( ) ( ) (... ). "Chaining" :"Chaining" -5 "Successive Approximation" "SAP".. ( ). 140. :"Generalization" -6 ( ) "Stimulus Generalization" ( ) ( ) "Response Generalization". : :.... 141. :. ( ) 30 ( ). ( ). " " ) : " (." "Phenomenology" 142. ( ).... : /. : -1. : -2. : -3.( ) ( ) ( ). : -4 143. : -5. : -6 : -7. : -8. : -9 ( ).. : -10 : -11. : -12. : -13. : -14. : -15. 144. : -16. : -17 : -18. : -19. : -20. : -21. :. : : -1 145. : -2. : -3 " ". 146. :. -1............................... - 2.............................. - 3............................... - 4 : : -1. : -2. : -3. 147  : -4. "." : -5. : -6. : -7 ).(. 148....... 149......... 150  :. -1. -2. -3 -4.. -5. -6. -7. : 151  : -1.... : -2. : -3. : -4 152. ( ). ( ). : : ( ) " " "Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy" 1995 ( ) ( ) "Cognitions" 153  ( ). (RET) 1961 ( ) ( ) (REBT) (Ellis, 1995- 85) ( ).... ( ) ( ) : -1. -2. 154  -3. -4. -5. -6. ( ) ( ) : ( ).( ) (A) (A) (B).. (C) 155  (B) (C) (B). : A. B. C C B A ( ) : : : ( ) :. -1 -2. 156  -3.. -4. -5 -6.. -7 -8. -9.. -10 -11. : : : :. "Exaggeration" -. 157  "Generalization" -. "Judgment" - "Inference".. : :. : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) -1 ( ) -2.. -3 ( ) -4. 158. : ": ( ) ( ) ( ). : :. :. :. :. 159. : -1. -2. : :. : ( ). ( ) 160.... ( ). : :. " "... " ". ( ) 161. : ( ) -1 ( ) ( ). -2. -3. -4 162. -5 ( / ).( ) ( / ) -6 ( / ) (" " ). -7 ( ). (Korchin, 1976) : -1. -2." "" "" " 163  -3. " " -4 ( ). -5. " " (Rollomay) (Victor E. Frankl) ( ). :( ) - ( ) :"Ontological Characteristics" "Neurosis" -1. "Self Affirmation" -2 164. -3 ( ). -4 :. -5 "Insight". 165  -6 ( )...... "Context". 166. "Encounter". : - : :"Existential Vacuum" -1. :"Existential Frustration" -2 ) ( ).( ) -3 "Fear of Responsibility and Escape From Freedom" ( ) :. - 167. -. -. -. :"Existential Anxiety" -4 :. :. :"The freedom of will" -.( ) :"The will of meaning" -. :"The meaning of life" - 168. : : -1.. -2. -3 -4. -5.( ). -6 -7. : 169  ( )... :.. 40 ) 11 ( ) ( ) (. 40. 10 35 1993 170. 1977 90.. 24 - 12).( 90. ( 14) 5..... ( ). ):.. 171..... (GABA) (GABA ).. 1300.. ( ). 172.( ). ).. (MAO) (Serotonine....... 400... 173... 174  (1)............................................... ".".... 175  : : -1.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 176  : -2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 177  : -3.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 21.. : 178  :........ ( ). : : - - : - 179  (2). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 180. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49 181 182 183 184 185 186 187  : : 1.(1987) -1..(1961) -2..(1982) -3..(1981) -4..(1996) -5. 55.(2001) -6..(1982) -7..(1992) -8..(2000) -9.2 27.(2001) - 10 189..(1995) - 11..(1984) - 12..(2001) - 13..(2002) - 14. 56 2.(1968) - 15..(2002) - 16..(1999) - 17 ).1 19 (.(1986) - 18..(1984) - 19...(1985) - 20 190... (1998).. - 21 262. 1.(2001) - 22..(1984) - 23..(1989) - 24..(2002) - 25. 1.(1983) - 26..(1988) - 27..(1990) - 28..(1989) - 29..(1992) - 30 191. 2.(1986) - 31...(1978) - 32.(1999) - 33..(2000) - 34. 36.(2000) - 35..(1997) - 36..(1997) - 37..(1988) - 38..(1980) - 39. 192.(1983) - 40..(1995) - 41..(1987) - 42..(2003) - 43. 2.(1971) - 44. 1.(1988) - 45..(1977) - 46..(1999) - 47..(1996) - 48. 193.(1991) - 49..(1989) - 50. 60.(2001) - 51. 64.(1990) - 52..(1979) - 53. 1.(1992) - 54..(1989) - 55. 1.(2001) - 56..(1986). - 57...(1986) - 58 194.(1971) - 59..(1978) - 60. 4.(1983) - 61..(1987) - 62. 2.(1981) - 63. 1.(2000) - 64. 46.(1995) - 65..(1957) - 66..(2001) - 67. 4.(1988) - 68. 195.(1978) ( ) ( ) - 69..(1995) - 70 2..(2000) - 71..(1999) - 72..(2001) - 73..(1994) - 74..(1998) - 75. 26 - 25 - 76..(1978).(1976) - 77 196..(1979) - 78..(1989) - 79. 2.(1988) - 80..(2002) - 81. http://www.islammemo.com / 2.(1980) - 82..(1986) - 83..(1988) - 84..(1979) - 85. 1 10 : : 1- Alan, S. & Petrisky (1996). 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