Lecture - Introduction to Dosage Forms PDF

LECTURE -1 Introduction to Dosage Forms 1 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Contents Of This Chapter...

LECTURE -1 Introduction to Dosage Forms 1 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Contents Of This Chapter Introduction to dosage forms Classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms, definitions with examples. 2 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, student will be able to - Explain the importance of dosage forms - Define various dosage forms - Classify dosage forms with examples - Identify different solid dosage forms 3 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Pure Drug 1. Un palatable 2. Obnoxius taste, odour 3. Dirty colour 4. Difficult to handle 4 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Definitions 1. Drug - agent, intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in animals 2. Excipients- additives are used to -Give a particular shape -To increase its efficacy - To increase its stability - For palatability - For elegance 5 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Definitions contd… Dosage form Drug + Excipients 6 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  NEED FOR DOSAGE FORM Protection Clarity Masking- taste/ smell Solubility Modify drug release For topical administration For insertion - body cavities. For introduction - blood stream/ body tissues. For inhalation 7 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Classification ( according to Physical State ) DOSAGE FORMS SEMI- SOLID D.F LIQUID D.F GASEOUS SOLID D.F Unit D.F Bulk D.F Monophasic Biphasic Internal External Internal External 8 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Classification ( according to Physical State ) contd… DOSAGE FORMS SOLID D.F Unit D.F Bulk D.F Tablets Internal External Capsules Effervescent Dusting Powders Granules powder Or Powders Pills Suppositories Insufflations Pessaries Dentifrices Snuffs 9 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  DOSAGE FORMS LIQUID D.F Monophasic Biphasic Internal External Emulsions Syrups Liniments Suspensions Elixirs Lotions Linctus Gargles Paediatric Mouthwash drops Throat paints Sprays Eye lotions Eye drops Nasal drops Douches Enemas 10 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Classification ( according to Physical State ) contd… DOSAGE FORMS SEMI-SOLID D.F Ointments Creams Pastes Jellies 11 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Classification ( according to Physical State ) contd… DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS D.F Aerosols 12 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Classification (according to the route of administration) 1. Oral route 2. Topical route 3. Parenteral route 4. Rectal route 5. Nasal route 6. Ophthalmic /Ocular route 7. Vaginal route 8. Otic route 13 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Solid Dosage Forms 14 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Tablets Solid unit dosage forms compression or moulding methods. Eg. Paracetamol tablets (Analgesic and Anti pyretic ) 15 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Tablet Compression Machine 16 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Tablet Shapes 17 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Tablet Shapes 18 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Tablet Shapes contd.. 19 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Types of Tablets Coated tablets -Film coated tablets -Sugar coated tablets -Enteric coated tablets Buccal & sublingual tablets -Lozenges Effervescent tablets Chewable tablet 20 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Coated Tablets 21 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Coloured Tablets 22 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Sugar coated tablets 23 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Buccal And Sublingual Tablets Buccal- cheek Sublingual- Below the tongue 24 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Chewable Tablets To be chewed 25 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  26 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Effervescent Tablets Before administration, dissolve in water effervescence. 27 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Capsules Solid unit dosage forms - drugs - in a tasteless hard or soft soluble shell made of gelatin. Hard Gelatin Capsule Cap Body 28 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Sizes of Hard gelatin capsules Sizes from 000 to 5 000 is the largest and 5 the smallest 29 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Soft Gelatin Capsules 30 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Pills Small, round - solid dosage forms 31 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Lozenges Solid dosage forms- medicaments + flavored base They dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth. 32 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Lollipops Sugar-based lozenge on a stick The lollipop provides almost immediate relief as the drug starts being absorbed in the mouth and starts to work within minutes 33 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Lollipops Fentanyl Actiq (Cephalon) is a raspberry lollipop that contains Fentanyl citrate It has an off-white color Actiq is the first product specifically designed to aid in controlling breakthrough pain in cancer patients It is indicated only for the management of breakthrough cancer pain in patients with malignancies who are already taking and are tolerant to opioids. 34 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Powders Solid dosage forms - internal or external use Crystalline or amorphous forms 35 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Suppositories Solid dosage forms Conical, bullet or ovoid shaped Insertion into the body cavities-such as rectum, vagina, urethra, nose and ears. Melt or dissolve in the cavity fluids URETHRA- URETHRAL BOUGIES NOSE- NASAL BOUGIES EAR- AURINARIA OR EAR CONES 36 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  37 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Types of Suppositories 38 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Illustration of the Large Intestine 39 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  40 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Pessaries Solid dosage forms Conical or ovoid in shape Insertion into the vagina 41 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  42 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Dusting Powder 43 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Dusting Powder contd… Dusting powders - bulk powders External application to the skin. Mixtures of 2 or more than 2 ingredients. E.g. starch, talc, kaolin, zinc oxide etc. 2 types i) Medical D.P ii ) Surgical D.P 44 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Insufflations Finely divided powders Introduction into body cavities such as ears, nose, tooth sockets Insufflator is used 45 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Nebulizer and Inhaler 46 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Dentifrices (Tooth Powder) Solid dosage forms Cleaning the surface of the teeth. Applied with the help of fingers or a tooth brush. Contain an abrasive, detergent, sweeteners and colour. 47 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Snuffs Finely divided solid dosage forms Inhaled into the nostrils Antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestant action. 48 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Effervescent Powders/Granules Solid dosage forms Internal use Medicament + citric acid + tartaric acid + sodium bicarbonate. Before administration, the granules are dissolved in water- effervescence. E.g. ENO granules 49 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Effervescent Powders/Granules 50 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Summary 1. Drug- Therapeutic action 2. Excipients – Non therapeutic ingredients 3. Dosage form- Drug + Excipients 4. Classification of dosage forms - Physical state: Solid , Liquid, Semi-solid & Gaseous - Route of administration: Oral, Topical, Parenteral, Rectal, Vaginal, Nasal, Ophthalmic 5. Solid dosage forms: Tablets, Capsules, Pills, Suppositories, Pessaries and Powders 51 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Summary contd… 6.Tablets- Solid unit dosage forms prepared by compression or moulding methods. 7. Capsules- Solid unit dosage forms in which the drug is enclosed in a gelatin shell 8. Pills- Small, round - solid dosage forms 9. Suppositories- Solid dosage forms meant for insertion into the body cavities such as rectum, urethra, nose and ears 10. Pessaries- Solid dosage forms meant for insertion into the vagina 11. Powders- Solid dosage forms which are crystalline /amorphous forms 52 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  LECTURE -7 Introduction to Dosage Forms contd…. 53 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, student will be able to – Identify different liquid dosage forms – Define various dosage forms – Classify liquid dosage forms – Differentiate between syrups and elixirs – Differentiate between gargles and mouthwashes – Differentiate between suspensions and emulsions 54 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Classification of Liquid Dosage Forms DOSAGE FORMS LIQUID D.F Monophasic Biphasic Internal External Emulsions Syrups Liniments Suspensions Elixirs Lotions Linctus Gargles Paediatric Mouthwash drops Throat paints Sprays Eye lotions Eye drops Nasal drops Douches 55 Enemas Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms for Internal use 56 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Syrups Sweet, viscous, saturated solution of sucrose The concentration of sugar is 66.7%w/w Vehicles- bitter drugs. Medicated syrups and Flavoured syrups E.g. Simple syrup, Ginger syrup, Orange syrup 57 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  66.7 % w/w Self preservative High osmotic pressure Survival of microorganisms is difficult Above 66.7 % w/w Crystallization Below 66.7 % w/w Microbial contamination 58 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Elixirs Clear, pleasantly flavoured, sweetened, hydroalcoholic Potent drugs such as antibiotics, antihistaminics and sedatives. Non-medicated elixirs- flavours and vehicles. E.g. Piperazine citrate elixir 59 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Linctuses Viscous, liquid preparations Relief of cough. Demulcent, sedative or expectorant action. Linctuses should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly E.g. Codeine linctus 60 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Paediatric Drops Liquid dosage forms. For pediatric patients Administration –with a dropper. E.g. Phenylephrine and Chlorpheniramine paediatric drops 61 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms for External/Topical use 62 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Liniments Liquid or semi liquid preparations External application -skin. Applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of the skin. Should not be applied to the broken skin. E.g. Camphor liniment 63 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Lotions Liquid preparations External application to the skin, without friction. Contain alcohol & glycerin E.g. Body lotions 64 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms for use in the oral cavity 65 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Mouthwashes Aqueous solutions Pleasant taste and odour Cleans and deodorises the buccal cavity. Should be diluted with water before use. E.g Sodium Chloride mouthwash 66 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Gargles Aqueous solutions Relieve soreness in mild throat infections. Brought into close contact with the mucous membranes of the throat- retained for few seconds and spit out. Concentrated form - dilute with warm water before use. E.g. Potassium chlorate and phenol gargle 67 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Gargles 68 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Throat Paints Viscous liquid preparations Mouth and throat infections. Glycerin is used as the vehicle Applied with a brush. E.g. Mandl’s paint (Compound iodine paint) 69 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Throat Spray Liquid preparations of drug Vehicle may be water, alcohol or glycerin. Applied to the nose or throat with an atomiser or nebuliser (large droplets). E.g. Atropine spray 70 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms instilled/ used in body cavities 71 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Nasal Drops Aqueous solutions Instilled into the nose with a dropper. Antiseptic, local analgesic and decongestant property. E.g. Oxymetazoline nasal drops (Nasivion) and Otrivin 72 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Nasal Drops contd.. 73 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Eye Drops Sterile aqueous or oily solutions Instillation into the eye. Sterile, isotonic , free from foreign particles. Glass containers (containing a glass dropper with a rubber teat) or plastic containers. Antiseptic, anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, mydriatic or miotic E.g Ciprofloxacin eye drops (antiseptic) 74 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Eye Lotions Aqueous solutions Washing the eyes. Concentrated form - diluted with warm water immediately before use. Isotonic, free from foreign particles E.g. Sodium Chloride eye lotion (antiseptic) 75 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Douches Medicated solutions Rinsing body cavities such as nose, vagina or urinary bladder. VAGINAL DOUCHE- VAGINA IRRIGATIONS: URINARY BLADDER NASAL DOUCHE: NOSE Irrigations & Vaginal douches- sterile in nature E.g. Potassium Permanganate vaginal douche 76 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  77 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Irrigations 78 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Procedure for administering Irrigations 79 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Enemas Aqueous / oily solutions / suspensions Introduction into the rectum Purgative, sedative, anthelmintic and anti- inflammatory effects. X-ray examination of the lower bowel. E.g Barium sulphate enema 80 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Barium Enemas 81 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Procedure for administering Enemas 82 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms 83 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Emulsions Biphasic heterogenous systems- 2 immiscible liquids 2 immiscible liquids - water and oil. Mixed with each other by the addition of an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are of 2 types O/W and W/O E.g Liquid paraffin emulsion (laxative) 84 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Common emulsions are mayonnaise, egg , milk 85 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  86 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Suspensions Biphasic heterogenous systems Finely divided solid particles suspended or dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Oral administration: E.g Gelusil, Digene ( antacids) External application: Calamine lotion (protective) Parenteral administration: Vaccines 87 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  For biphasic preparations the labeling : “SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE” is mandatory 88 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Summary 1. Liquid dosage forms- Monophasic And Biphasic 2. Differences between monophasic and biphasic preparations- One phase/ two phase 3. Monophasic liquid dosage forms- Internal use, external use, in oral cavity and in body cavities. 4. Biphasic liquid dosage forms- Emulsions and Suspensions 5. Emulsions – Liquid + liquid ( Immiscible) 6. Suspensions – Insoluble solid + liquid 89 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  LECTURE -8 Introduction to Dosage Forms contd…. 90 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, student will be able to – Define various semi-solid dosage forms – Identify different semi-solid dosage forms – Differentiate between ointments and creams 91 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Semi Solid Dosage Forms DOSAGE FORMS SEMI-SOLID D.F Ointments Creams Pastes Gels 92 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Ointments Semisolid preparations External application to the skin and mucous membrane Greasy in nature Medicated ointments Ophthalmic ointments – eye - sterile and free from irritation. E.g Neosporin ointment ( Anti-bacterial) 93 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Creams Semisolid preparations External application Less greasy/ not greasy when compared to ointments E.g. Candid Cream ( Anti- fungal) 94 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Gels Semi- solid preparations Transparent or translucent Non greasy External application. Lubricating surgical gloves, rectal thermometers. E.g. Hair styling gels, Toothpastes 95 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Hair Gels Shower Gels 96 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Pastes Semi solid preparations Solid content is more Non greasy External application. E.g. Toothpastes 97 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Other Dosage Forms 98 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Aerosols Pressurized dosage forms of medicament Liquid droplets or solid drug particle is dissolved or suspended in a gas (which is called propellant). The different parts of an aerosol container are: Container Valve Actuator Dip tube. 99 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Parts of an Aerosol Container 100 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Uses of Aerosols 1) Topical use. E.g. Local anaesthetics, local analgesics, anti- inflammatory drugs. E.g. Iodex spray 2) Various body cavities. E.g. Nasal spray 3) Deodorants, perfumes, cosmetics, hair sprays, shaving lotions. 4) Disinfectant sprays, room fresheners and insect killers. E.g Baygon cockroach spray 101 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Poultice Paste like preparations Used externally to reduce inflammation because they retain heat well. Heated and spread thickly on a dressing and applied hot to the affected area. 102 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Applications Liquid or viscous preparations Application to the skin. Can be suspensions or emulsions. E.g. Calamine and lime application (Lime- calcium hydroxide) 103 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Draught Liquid oral preparation Taken as a single dose. Dispensed in small volumes. E.g. Paraldehyde draught (sedative) 104 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Mixtures Liquid preparation for oral administration Medicament is dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle. Supplied only for a small number of doses Should be used within a short period. 105 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Cachet Solid unit dosage form Dry powder - enclosed in a shell Shell is rice flour + water - moulded and dried Wafer capsule. For administering drugs with an unpleasant taste 106 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Cachet contd… Large dose can be enclosed Before administration - immersed in water for a few seconds, placed on the tongue - swallowed with the help of water. 107 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Apparatus for making Cachets 108 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Collodion Liquid preparation External application The vehicle is volatile and evaporates on application Leaves a flexible, protective film on site of application. Used for minor cuts and abrasions, corn removal etc. E.g Salicylic acid collodion (Corn remover) 109 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Corns 110 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Inhalations Liquid preparations Contain volatile substances Used to relieve congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract. E.g. Eucalyptus oil - added to boiling water and the vapour is inhaled. Effective in relieving nasal congestion. 111 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Summary 1. Types of semi solid dosage forms - Ointments: Greasy preparations for external application - Creams: Less greasy preparations for external application - Gels: Transparent or translucent preparations which are non greasy and for external application - Pastes: Preparations with high solid content nad are meant for external application 112 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences  Summary contd… 2. Miscellaneous dosage forms - Aerosols: Pressurized packages containing a propellant - Applications: Viscous preparations for external application - Draught: Liquid orals taken as a single dose - Mixtures: Liquid orals supplied for small doses - Collodions: Volatile preparations for external application - Inhalations: Liquid preparations meant to be inhaled 113 Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences